翻译第四章 句法的理解与翻译课件.ppt

第四章 句法的理解与翻译,Syntactic Understanding and Translation,41概述(Introduction of Theory) 句法(syntax)一词源于希腊语，由syn和tax两个词素所组成前者意指“共同”，后者为“安排”，因此该词的字面意义为“共同安置”或安排”在语言当中，句法就是研究一种语言中词语组合成句的规则的学问，或者简单地说，是研究句子生成的学问英汉两种语言句法差异悬殊英语的语言形态丰富，被称为屈折语言(inflectional language)或有标记的语言(如用词根或词尾变化区别词类，名词的数和格，动词的时态等)而且词与词之间的关系常有一个客观的词来指示汉语则不同，更多地需要读者自己的解读，这与汉语是非屈折语(non-inflectional language)有关英语高度形式化、逻辑化，句法结构严谨完备，并以动词为核心，重分析轻意合；而汉语则不注重形式，句法结构不必完备，动词的作用没有英语中那么突出，重意合、轻分析汉语是“人治”的语言，而印欧语系的语言是“法治的句法的差异源于英汉思维的差异，是人们使用语言的不同习惯引起的具体看来，句法现象主要体现在句子结构、句序、句子内容的表现手法等方面：例如这两种语言在被动句、倒装句、简单句以及复合句等句子结构使用上差别依然迥异，又如英汉复合句中的主句和从句之间在时间顺序、逻辑顺序等方面不尽相同，他们的先后顺序也不同。

理解英汉句法的各自特点以及他们的异同，可以更好地帮助译者在操作两种语言时准确把握信息，恰当体现语言原有的特色风格4.2 英汉句子的差异与翻译 Differences between English and Chinese Sentences and Translation,英汉两种语言句子使用的差异是翻译过程中特别需要关注的了解掌握这些差异性可以使译者灵活准确地处理原文信息，恰当地转移成译文信息英汉句子差异性主要体现在如下几个方面：英语重形合，汉语重意合；英语时态清晰，汉语时态隐含；英语句子重心在前，汉语句子重心在后；英语多使用被动式，汉语则多主动式等例如：,1 Agriculture advance in so vast a country，with such a large population and backward economy as in China，requires above all else mobilizing，by means of a series of correct policies，the initiative of the farmers to work hard and self-reliantly (我们的国家大，人口众多，经济落后，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要依靠一系列正确的政策调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。

),2He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail Raised his hope of rescue(他绝望了，正在此时，他见到远方的帆影，有了绝处逢生的希望),3Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured(要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题) 4My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country(每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村),一、英语重形合，汉语重意合 英汉两种语言，一个重形合，一个重意合，使得两种语言各有千秋英语重形合，句法结构严谨，表词达意强调准确；汉语重意合，句法结构松散，用词需要担负表达意思的作用，当然汉语也会因此而显得灵活相反，英语往往一览无余，不像汉语把意思蕴藏在字里行间英汉翻译时可能会犯的错误就是将形合的特点迁移到重意合的汉语中，是译文充斥太多的英语句法结构，我们在努力“忠实原文”的基础上还必须牢记译文应该有的汉语语言特征。

1This government of the people，by the people，for the people shall not perish from the earth(林肯葛底斯堡演说) 【译文】这个民有、民治、民享的政府是不会从地球上消失的 【评析】英语用了of，by，for等介词，而汉语译文中没有用任何介词来，但表达了同样的意思英语注重以形显意，句子各成分(包括单词、短语、分句)之间的逻辑关系靠关联词显性连接手段来直接标示；汉语句子没有严格意义上的形态变化标志英语中的关系词、连接词、介词、复合句都是英语形合的手段，翻译时需尊重各自的句法特点，避免“翻译腔”过浓2Even if you go there，there wont be any result 【译文】(你)去也白去 【评析】英文句子的逻辑关系很清晰地表达了出来，译成汉语切不可公式化：即使你去，也不会有什么结果”兵对兵、将对将般的对号入座反而是“得其形似，则失其气韵二、英语时态清晰，汉语时态隐含 时态是表示时间区别的动词语法范畴，朗文语言教学及应用语言学辞典(Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching the tape containing the information required to produce the part can be stored, reused or modified when required. 3. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia in an outpatient facility.,4. Macroeconomics stabilization quickly became a major focus of transition policy, however, with varying degrees of success, often due to political pressure for credits and subsidiaries for the enterprise sector coupled, in some cases, with uncontrollable growth of credit in the form of inter-enterprise arrears.,5. It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities. 6. Ask her to leave a message if she should come. 7. Had you not helped us, we couldnt have finished the work.,8. These branches do business with their foreign counterparts under the guidance of their Beijing head offices and the Shanghai Foreign Trade Bureau and in accordance with Chinas foreign trade policy and guidelines.,9. Development of general key and support technologies that can promote structural upgrading will be accelerated.,Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter. 2. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 3. Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current. 4. Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio,5. He went home quickly, taking out an exercise book from his schoolbag to examine his homework. 6. We have also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.,43 句子的否定与翻译 (Translation of negatin of the sentences) 英语和汉语都有表示否定概念的词语，英语经常使用“no，not，none，never，neither，nor”等来表示否定，而汉语最常使用的否定词就是“不”，以及“毋、无、非、莫、没、别、甭”等。

但我们不难发现，英语的否定形式更加多元化，除了可以通过词汇手段，即使用上述英语否定词，或是含否定意义的前缀和后缀如ab，in，im，no，un，dis，non，less等组成的词语，还可以通过很多形式肯定、意义否定的各类词语和词组另外，英语中否定意义的表达还可以使用一些特定的句法结构，如too to，prefer to，preferrather than，know Better than，wouldrather than等我们在翻译过程中，需要根据英语和汉语不同的语言表达方式和习惯，仔细斟酌，认真分析，根据实际情况，把英语的否定形式翻译成准确恰当，通俗易懂的汉语例如：,1He has nothing to do with it(他和此毫无关系) 2All that glitters is not gold(闪光的未必都是金子) 3His failure to come to visit us was disappointing(他没能来看望我们，真令人扫兴) 4There is no fire without smoke(无烟不起火，无风不起浪) 5Be aware of the wet paint!(当心，油漆未干!) 6You cannot be too careful when crossing the street(穿越马路时，再怎么小心也不为过。

),一、全否定与部分否定 全部否定常指含有“绝无”意义的否定词，如“no，not，never，none，no one，nobody，nothing，nowhere，neithernor”等，汉译时一般只需把表示否定的“不、无、非”等词与动词连用，构成谓语的否定即可达到全部否定一般情况下，英语“no”表示完全否定，但当not与all，always，both。