汽车专业英语教程教案.ppt

Chapter 5 Automobile Reception and Chapter 5 Automobile Reception and Maintenance EnglishMaintenance English第五章第五章 汽车接待与维修实用英语汽车接待与维修实用英语Section 1 Receptionist EnglishSection 1 Receptionist English第一节第一节 前台接待英语前台接待英语Section 2 Maintenance Reception EnglishSection 2 Maintenance Reception English第二节第二节 接待英语接待英语Section 3 Reading Materials of Automobile MaintenanceSection 3 Reading Materials of Automobile Maintenance第三节第三节 资料选读资料选读Section 4 Reading Materials of Present Automobile Section 4 Reading Materials of Present Automobile TechnologyTechnology第四节第四节 技术资料选读技术资料选读Section 1 Receptionist EnglishSection 1 Receptionist EnglishSection 1 Receptionist EnglishSection 1 Receptionist English第一节第一节第一节第一节 前台接待英语前台接待英语前台接待英语前台接待英语 Lesson One Introduction of New ModelsLesson One Introduction of New Models 第一课第一课 车款推介车款推介 Lesson Two Negotiation of PriceLesson Two Negotiation of Price 第二课第二课 价格讨论价格讨论 Lesson Three Terms of PaymentLesson Three Terms of Payment 第三课第三课 支付方式支付方式 Lesson One Introduction of New ModelsLesson One Introduction of New Models 第一课第一课 车款推介车款推介 Dialogue 1Dialogue 1 对话对话1 1 Dialogue 2 Dialogue 2 对话对话2 2 Dialogue 3 Dialogue 3 对话对话3 3 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NOTES NOTES A A：：Now INow I’’d like to show you the new modeld like to show you the new model，，2000 Toyota 2000 Toyota LandcruiserLandcruiser．． A A：现在我向您介绍一款新车，丰田巡洋舰：现在我向您介绍一款新车，丰田巡洋舰20002000。

B B：：ohoh，，it looks niceit looks nice．． B B：很漂亮 A A：：YesYes，，I bet youI bet you’’ll like it more after my ll like it more after my introductionintroduction．．ItIt’’s Power Steering with Alloy Wheelss Power Steering with Alloy Wheels．．Cruise ControlCruise Control，，4 Wheel Drive4 Wheel Drive．． A A：我肯定在听完我的介绍之后您会更喜欢它它带动力转向的：我肯定在听完我的介绍之后您会更喜欢它它带动力转向的合金车轮，有巡航系统和四轮驱动合金车轮，有巡航系统和四轮驱动 B B：：Very goodVery good．．Could you tell me more about the Could you tell me more about the specifications of this model?specifications of this model? B B：很好。

你能告诉我关于这款车更多的特点吗？：很好你能告诉我关于这款车更多的特点吗？ Dialogue 1Dialogue 1 对话对话1 1 A A：：SureSure．．As you can see itAs you can see it’’s of sports utility body s of sports utility body style with style with MahoghanyMahoghany exterior exterior，，4.7 Liter V8 engine4.7 Liter V8 engine．． A A：当然它的发动机是：当然它的发动机是4.74.7ＬＬ　　V8V8发动机正如您所见，这辆车发动机正如您所见，这辆车有红褐色运动型的外壳，非常好看有红褐色运动型的外壳，非常好看 B B：：I like it very muchI like it very much．．What's the price?What's the price? B B：我非常喜欢它的售价是多少呢：我非常喜欢。

它的售价是多少呢? ? A A：＄：＄49975.0049975.00 A A：：49975.0049975.00美元 B B：：Any discount?Any discount? B B：能打折吗：能打折吗? ? A A：：YesYes，，We can offer you 5We can offer you 5％％0ff0ff．． A A：可以，我们可以给您打：可以，我们可以给您打9.59.5折 B B：：GoodGood．．I I’’ll take itll take it．． B B：好的，那我就买吧好的，那我就买吧 Dialogue 2Dialogue 2 对话对话2 2 A A：：ThisThis wayway，，Mr.SmithMr.Smith．．WhatWhat do you think about our new do you think about our new model Audi A6 Quattro?model Audi A6 Quattro? A A：请这边，史密斯先生。

你觉得我们的新型号奥迪：请这边，史密斯先生你觉得我们的新型号奥迪A6 A6 QuattorQuattor如何如何? ? B B：：ohoh，，it looks goodit looks good．．But IBut I’’d like to know something d like to know something about its featureabout its feature．． B B：看上去不错但是我想：看上去不错但是我想多多了解一些它的特性了解一些它的特性 A A：：ItIt’’s auto transmission and 4 wheel drive with power s auto transmission and 4 wheel drive with power brakesbrakes．．Let me tell you more specificationLet me tell you more specification．．The Mileage is The Mileage is 1441514415．．The engineThe engine，，4.2 Liter V64.2 Liter V6．．The price is The price is ＄＄27299.0027299.00．．I I think itthink it’’s quite a good cars quite a good car．． A A：这辆车带有动力制动器的自动变速器和四轮驱动。

让我告诉：这辆车带有动力制动器的自动变速器和四轮驱动让我告诉你更多它的特性：这辆车行驶了你更多它的特性：这辆车行驶了1441514415英里，英里，4.24.2ＬＬ　　V6V6发动机，售价发动机，售价是是2729927299美元我觉得这是一辆很好的车我觉得这是一辆很好的车 B B：：YesYes，，I think soI think so．．But IBut I’’d like to look around and d like to look around and make a decision after seeing some other modelsmake a decision after seeing some other models．． B B：是的，我也这么想但我还是想看看周围其他的型号然后再：是的，我也这么想但我还是想看看周围其他的型号然后再下决定 A A：：SureSure．． A A：好的 Dialogue 3Dialogue 3 对话对话3 3 A A：：AreAre you interested in our new you interested in our new model?Wouldmodel?Would you like you like to know more about it?to know more about it? A A：你对我们这款新车有兴趣吗：你对我们这款新车有兴趣吗? ?要多了解一下吗要多了解一下吗? ? B B：：YesYes，，I wouldI would．．But does it have Anti-Lock Brakes and But does it have Anti-Lock Brakes and Auto Transmission?Auto Transmission? B B：好的。

它有防抱死刹车装置和自动变速器吗：好的它有防抱死刹车装置和自动变速器吗? ? A A：：YesYes，，of courseof course．．And also with the other features And also with the other features such as Dual Air such as Dual Air BageBage，，Tilt Wheel and Power Locks Etc.Tilt Wheel and Power Locks Etc. A A：当然有而且还有其他的特性，如双层气囊、可调式车轮和：当然有而且还有其他的特性，如双层气囊、可调式车轮和驱动力差速锁等驱动力差速锁等 B B：：PerfectPerfect．．I love itI love it．．think Ithink I’’ll take this onell take this one．． B B：太好了，我很喜欢我想买这辆太好了，我很喜欢我想买这辆 A A：：Thank youThank you．． A A：谢谢。

谢谢 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS：： NOTESNOTES：： Lesson Two Negotiation of PriceLesson Two Negotiation of Price 第二课第二课 价格讨论价格讨论 Dialogue 1Dialogue 1 对话对话1 1 Dialogue 2 Dialogue 2 对话对话2 2 Dialogue 3 Dialogue 3 对话对话3 3 Dialogue 4 Dialogue 4 对话对话4 4 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NOTES NOTES Dialogue 1Dialogue 1 对话对话1 1 A A：：HowHow much is this new model 675 much is this new model 675？？ A A：这款新的：这款新的675675多少钱多少钱? ? B B：：ItIt’’s 465,000 Yuans 465,000 Yuan．． B B：：465000465000元。

元 A A：：I like this car very much but it's bit expensive for I like this car very much but it's bit expensive for meme．．Can you give me Can you give me discotmtdiscotmt? ? A A：噢我很喜欢这辆车，但价钱有点贵，能打折吗：噢我很喜欢这辆车，但价钱有点贵，能打折吗? ? B B：：WellWell，，this is the newest model and very popularthis is the newest model and very popular．．I I think itthink it’’s worths worth．． B B：这是最新的款式，而且非常受欢迎，我觉得这个价格很合理这是最新的款式，而且非常受欢迎，我觉得这个价格很合理 A A：：OkOk，，I I’’ll think about itll think about it．． A A：好吧。

我再考虑一下我再考虑一下 Dialogue 2Dialogue 2 对话对话2 2 A A：：You could save a lot if you would order a little You could save a lot if you would order a little molemole A A：如果你多定一点可以省不少的钱如果你多定一点可以省不少的钱 B B：：How could we do that?How could we do that? B B：怎么说呢：怎么说呢? ? A A：：We offer a discount for large ordersWe offer a discount for large orders．． A A：我们对大量订购有折扣我们对大量订购有折扣 B B：：Let me take another look at our requirementsLet me take another look at our requirements．． B B：那我得看看我们的需要量了。

那我得看看我们的需要量了 Dialogue 3Dialogue 3 对话对话3 3 A A：：We can offer a 10We can offer a 10％％discount for orders over 10 000 discount for orders over 10 000 piecespieces．． A A：订购：订购1000010000个以上，我们可以打九折个以上，我们可以打九折 B B：：I I‘‘m not sure we can use that manym not sure we can use that many．． B B：我怕我们用不了那么多我怕我们用不了那么多 A A：：It would represent quite a savingsIt would represent quite a savings．． A A：这省下的可是一笔不少的钱哩这省下的可是一笔不少的钱哩 B B：：okok，，I I’’ll see what I Can doll see what I Can do．． B B：好吧，我考虑考虑吧。

好吧，我考虑考虑吧 Dialogue 4Dialogue 4 对话对话4 4 A A：：WhyWhy are there three prices quoted for this part? are there three prices quoted for this part? A A：这种零件为什么有：这种零件为什么有3 3种不同的报价种不同的报价? ? B B：：They represent the prices for different quantitiesThey represent the prices for different quantities．． B B：不同的量有不同的价钱不同的量有不同的价钱 A A：：I seeI see．． A A：原来如此原来如此 B B：：The more you orderThe more you order，，the more you wilt savethe more you wilt save．． B B：订购越多，优惠越多。

订购越多，优惠越多 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS：： NOTESNOTES：： Lesson Three Terms of PaymentLesson Three Terms of Payment 第三课第三课 支付方式支付方式 Dialogue 1Dialogue 1 对话对话1 1 Dialogue 2 Dialogue 2 对话对话2 2 Dialogue 3 Dialogue 3 对话对话3 3 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NOTES NOTES Dialogue 1Dialogue 1 对话对话1 1 A A：：LetLet’’s discuss the terms of payments discuss the terms of payment．． A A：我们谈一下支付方式吧。

我们谈一下支付方式吧 B B：：WellWell，，do you accept credit cards or I should pay in do you accept credit cards or I should pay in cashcash？？ B B：好的你们接受信用卡付款还是现金？：好的你们接受信用卡付款还是现金？ A A：：YesYes，，either is OKeither is OK．．And you can pay by installmentAnd you can pay by installment．．The first installment should be paid a week The first installment should be paid a week beforethebeforethe shipmentshipment．．The second one would be paid 1 day before the The second one would be paid 1 day before the shipmentshipment．．Then pay the last installment when you get the Then pay the last installment when you get the carcar．． A A：当然，两种方式都可以。

您还可以采取分三期付款方式：第：当然，两种方式都可以您还可以采取分三期付款方式：第一期在汽车运送之前一期在汽车运送之前1 1星期，第二次于运送前星期，第二次于运送前1 1天，最后，在收到车天，最后，在收到车后付清其余的款项后付清其余的款项 B B：：ThatThat’’s very goods very good．． B B：好的：好的 Dialogue 2Dialogue 2 对话对话2 2 A A：：I'veI've one proposal to make on the mode of payment one proposal to make on the mode of payment．． A A：对于我们的支付方式，我有一个建议对于我们的支付方式，我有一个建议 B B ：：WhatWhat’’s its it？？ B B：什么建议？：什么建议？ A A：：Our business is concluded by way of L/COur business is concluded by way of L/C．．Frankly Frankly speakingspeaking，，a letter of credit will raise the costs of my a letter of credit will raise the costs of my goodsgoods．．I heard you would accept different kinds of paymentsI heard you would accept different kinds of payments．． A A：我们的交易是用信用证支付的，也就是说这会增加我的货物：我们的交易是用信用证支付的，也就是说这会增加我的货物成本，我听说有其他的方式支付。

成本，我听说有其他的方式支付 B B：：ThatThat’’s trues true．．But we canBut we can’’t do itt do it．．Payment by L/C is Payment by L/C is our usual practice of doing businessour usual practice of doing business．． B B：是的不过我们不能这么做信用证支付是我们一向做生意：是的不过我们不能这么做信用证支付是我们一向做生意的惯例 A A：：Would you consider another way of paymentWould you consider another way of payment？？Otherwise Otherwise I would probably stop the businessI would probably stop the business．． A A：那你考虑一下吧否则我要考虑终止和你的交易了那你考虑一下吧否则我要考虑终止和你的交易了。

B B：：OKOK．．I I’’ll think about that and talk to you laterll think about that and talk to you later．． B B：那好，我考虑后再和你联系那好，我考虑后再和你联系 Dialogue 3Dialogue 3 对话对话3 3 A A：：I'mI'm glad our business is going quite smoothly glad our business is going quite smoothly．． A A：很高兴我们的生意进行地如此顺利很高兴我们的生意进行地如此顺利 B B：：YesYes．．But is it OK I pay by BankerBut is it OK I pay by Banker’’s Transfers Transfer？？ B B：是啊我能通过银行汇款付款吗？：是啊我能通过银行汇款付款吗？ A A：：SonySony，，I I’’m afraid notm afraid not．．We accept payments in cash or We accept payments in cash or by credit card onlyby credit card only．． A A：不好意思，恐怕不行。

我们只接受现金和信用卡付款不好意思，恐怕不行我们只接受现金和信用卡付款 B B：：OhOh，，I donI don’’t think I have enough cash with me and I t think I have enough cash with me and I have no credit cardhave no credit card．． B B：噢，我现在没有足够的现金，而且也没有信用卡噢，我现在没有足够的现金，而且也没有信用卡 A A：：We have installment payment that can help youWe have installment payment that can help you．．The The down payment is 1/3 of the pricedown payment is 1/3 of the price．． A A：那可以采用分期付款方式您只要先付：那可以采用分期付款方式您只要先付1/31/3的订金就行的订金就行 B B：：ThatThat’’s greats great．．I I’’ll pay the down payment nowll pay the down payment now．． B B：太好了。

那我现在就付订金那我现在就付订金 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS：： NOTESNOTES：：Section 2 Maintenance Reception EnglishSection 2 Maintenance Reception EnglishSection 2 Maintenance Reception EnglishSection 2 Maintenance Reception English第二节第二节第二节第二节 汽车维修接待英语汽车维修接待英语汽车维修接待英语汽车维修接待英语 Lesson One Reply for Customers' ComplainLesson One Reply for Customers' Complain 第一课第一课 接受顾客投诉接受顾客投诉 Lesson Two Visiting MaintenanceLesson Two Visiting Maintenance 第二课第二课 登门维修登门维修 Lesson Three Users' FeedbackLesson Three Users' Feedback 第三课第三课 用户反馈用户反馈 Lesson One Reply for Customers‘ ComplainLesson One Reply for Customers‘ Complain 第一课第一课 接受顾客投诉接受顾客投诉 Dialogue Dialogue NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NOTES NOTES DialogueDialogue 对话对话 ManagerManager：：HelloHello，，This is Sales DepartmentThis is Sales Department，，New Century New Century Automobile CompanyAutomobile Company．． 您好，新世纪汽车公司销售部。

您好，新世纪汽车公司销售部 CustomerCustomer：：I I’’m afraid I have to make a complaint with m afraid I have to make a complaint with your corporationyour corporation．．ItIt’’s a most unpleasant incidents a most unpleasant incident．． 我得向你公司提出投诉，这并不是一件令人高兴的事情我得向你公司提出投诉，这并不是一件令人高兴的事情 ManagerManager：：OhOh，，what is it what is it about?I′mabout?I′m so sorry to hear so sorry to hear thatthat．． 什么事什么事? ?真遗憾听到此事真遗憾听到此事  CustomerCustomer：：YesYes，，I ordered a set of wheel alignment the I ordered a set of wheel alignment the other dayother day．．1 received and after I examined them one by one1 received and after I examined them one by one，，I found that there must be something wrong with the I found that there must be something wrong with the related related cornputercornputer because it can because it can’’t give any signalt give any signal．．ThatThat’’s s。

why 1 want to see the managerwhy 1 want to see the manager．． 确实是这样的，前几天我订购了一套四轮定位仪，等我收到后确实是这样的，前几天我订购了一套四轮定位仪，等我收到后逐个检查时，我发现配套的计算机屏幕一点信号都没有这就是我逐个检查时，我发现配套的计算机屏幕一点信号都没有这就是我要见经理的原因要见经理的原因 ManagerManager：：I am sure everything is a11 right with that I am sure everything is a11 right with that shipmentshipment．．You see I know youYou see I know you’’re our regular customer and re our regular customer and it is the first time for me to meet with such an it is the first time for me to meet with such an inconvenient thinginconvenient thing．． 我肯定那批货的装运一切都是正常的。

我们是老交易了，这你我肯定那批货的装运一切都是正常的我们是老交易了，这你是知道的，我也是第一次遇到这类问题是知道的，我也是第一次遇到这类问题 CustomerCustomer：：1 want t0 return this1 want t0 return this．． 我要退货我要退货 ManagerManager：：Without sufficient evidence to supportWithout sufficient evidence to support，，your your claim is untenableclaim is untenable．．If we were at faultIf we were at faultwe should be very we should be very glad to compensate for your lossglad to compensate for your loss．． 你必须有足够的证据如果责任在我方，我们当然乐意赔偿你你必须有足够的证据如果责任在我方，我们当然乐意赔偿你方损失。

方损失 CustomerCustomer：：WhatWhat’’s your opinion?s your opinion? 您的意见如何您的意见如何? ? ManagerManager：：I I’’m terribly sorry about thatm terribly sorry about that．．May I know May I know your name and addressyour name and address，，sir?Isir?I’’llll check it and send a check it and send a repairman to your side at oncerepairman to your side at once．． 真的很抱歉，请问您的姓名及地址，等我核实后，我会立即派真的很抱歉，请问您的姓名及地址，等我核实后，我会立即派修理工去你那里处理此事修理工去你那里处理此事 CustomerCustomer：：This is Edward JohnsonThis is Edward Johnson，，from Nofrom No．．120120，，Rose Rose AvenueAvenue．． 我叫爱德华我叫爱德华··约翰森，露丝大街约翰森，露丝大街120120号。

号 NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS：： NOTESNOTES：： NOTESNOTES：： Lesson Two Visiting MaintenanceLesson Two Visiting Maintenance 第二课第二课 登门维修登门维修 Dialogue Dialogue NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NOTES NOTES DialogueDialogue 对话对话 CustomerCustomer：：YouYou’’veve finally arrived finally arrived．． 你们终于来了你们终于来了 RepairmanRepairman：：WhatWhat’’s the matter?s the matter? 什么问题什么问题? ? CustomerCustomer：：I think something must be wrong with the I think something must be wrong with the computer for wheel alignment because there is no signal on computer for wheel alignment because there is no signal on the screenthe screen．． 我想四轮定位仪的计算机一定出了故障，因为屏幕上没有任何我想四轮定位仪的计算机一定出了故障，因为屏幕上没有任何信号。

信号 RepairmanRepairman：：OhOh，，the engine went deadthe engine went dead．． 发动机不转了发动机不转了 RepairmanRepairman：：WeWe’’re s0 sorry t0 have caused you so much re s0 sorry t0 have caused you so much inconvenience and we have to replace itinconvenience and we have to replace it．．Let me have a look Let me have a look at your warranty certificate?at your warranty certificate? 对不起，给您带来了诸多不便，我们得更换它可以看一下您对不起，给您带来了诸多不便，我们得更换它可以看一下您的保修单吗的保修单吗? ? CustomerCustomer：：Here it i sHere it i s．． 给你。

给你 RepairmanRepairman：：WellWell，，your warranty is expiredyour warranty is expired．．We have to We have to charge for the partscharge for the parts．． 哦，抱歉您的保修期已过，所更换的配件需要付款哦，抱歉您的保修期已过，所更换的配件需要付款 CustomerCustomer：：ThatThat’’s all rights all right，，WeWe’’re dying for the re dying for the normal work condition at any expensenormal work condition at any expense．． 没有关系，只要能修好就行没有关系，只要能修好就行 Several minutes laterSeveral minutes later，，The repairman replaced the wrong The repairman replaced the wrong unitunit．． 几分钟后，修理工更换了坏的部件。

几分钟后，修理工更换了坏的部件 RepairmanRepairman：：ItIt’’s OKs OK，，you can turn on the power nowyou can turn on the power now．． 好了，您可以开机了好了，您可以开机了 CustomerCustomer：：I appreciate your coming here in timeI appreciate your coming here in time．． 感谢你们及时维修感谢你们及时维修 RepairmanRepairman：：If anything is wrong with your computerIf anything is wrong with your computer，，dondon’’t hesitate t0 call us a moment and wet hesitate t0 call us a moment and we’’re at your re at your serviceservice．． 如果电脑再出现什么问题，请立刻打给我们，我们随时为如果电脑再出现什么问题，请立刻打给我们，我们随时为您效劳。

您效劳 CustomerCustomer：：Thank youThank you．． 谢谢 RepairmanRepairman：：My pleasureMy pleasure．． 不客气  NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS：： NOTESNOTES：： NOTESNOTES：： Lesson Three Users‘ FeedbackLesson Three Users‘ Feedback 第三课第三课 用户反馈用户反馈 Dialogue Dialogue NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS NOTES NOTES DialogueDialogue 对话对话 SalesmanSalesman：：HelloHello，，This is New Century Automobile CompanyThis is New Century Automobile Company．．I I’’m calling to know whether everything has gone well m calling to know whether everything has gone well with your computerwith your computer．． 您好，这里是新世纪汽车公司。

不知您的计算机现在运转是否您好，这里是新世纪汽车公司不知您的计算机现在运转是否正常 CustomerCustomer：：Thanks a lotThanks a lot．．It works excellently after It works excellently after being repairedbeing repaired．． 非常感谢，维修之后一切正常非常感谢，维修之后一切正常 SalesmanSalesman：：I I’’m very happy to hear you say so and I do m very happy to hear you say so and I do hope the minor problem hope the minor problem didn′tcausedidn′tcause you much inconvenience you much inconvenience．． 很高兴听您这么说，但愿这一小问题没有给您带来太多不便很高兴听您这么说，但愿这一小问题没有给您带来太多不便。

 CustomerCustomer：：Thank you very much for your good serviceThank you very much for your good service．．I I’’m sure your company will m sure your company will bemakingbemaking more money more money．． 谢谢你们真诚的服务，我相信贵公司生意会更加红火谢谢你们真诚的服务，我相信贵公司生意会更加红火 SalesmanSalesman：：It is always our policy to give reliable and It is always our policy to give reliable and satisfactory services to our clientssatisfactory services to our clients．．LetLet’’s find out what s find out what you like by doing a market research and it will give us an you like by doing a market research and it will give us an indicationindication．． 给顾客提供优质、满意的服务是我们的宗旨。

让我们做个市场给顾客提供优质、满意的服务是我们的宗旨让我们做个市场调查吧，我想这将帮助公司成长调查吧，我想这将帮助公司成长 CustomerCustomer：：OkOk，，I feel the height of the computer is too I feel the height of the computer is too high that I have t0 operate by standinghigh that I have t0 operate by standing．． 我认为电脑的高度太高以致我只能站着操作我认为电脑的高度太高以致我只能站着操作 SalesmanSalesman：：ItIt’’s a good suggestions a good suggestion，，1 1’’ll report to the ll report to the manager right now!manager right now! 这是个很好的建议，我会立即向经理汇报这是个很好的建议，我会立即向经理汇报 CustomerCustomer：：I recommend a pleasant color to match with the I recommend a pleasant color to match with the househouse’’s colors color．． 我建议色泽要好看一些，并且与房子的颜色要匹配。

我建议色泽要好看一些，并且与房子的颜色要匹配 SalesmanSalesman：：Thank you for your warm-hearted replyThank you for your warm-hearted reply．．I feel more I feel more optimistic and more confident about our relations in the futureoptimistic and more confident about our relations in the future．． 谢谢您热情的回答我对我们未来的合作更加乐观和充满信心谢谢您热情的回答我对我们未来的合作更加乐观和充满信心 CustomerCustomer：：ItIt’’s just my own opinions just my own opinion，，I I’’d like you to think d like you to think it overit over．． 这仅仅是我个人的观点，希望你们能够再考虑一下。

这仅仅是我个人的观点，希望你们能够再考虑一下 SalesmanSalesman：：WeWe’’lIlI go into it further go into it further，，and let you know what and let you know what decision we reachdecision we reach．． 我们会做深入的调查，并且把我们的决定告诉您我们会做深入的调查，并且把我们的决定告诉您 CustomerCustomer：：I shall be glad to hear from youI shall be glad to hear from you．． 我会很乐意听到你们的决定我会很乐意听到你们的决定 SalesmanSalesman：：Thank youThank you，，bye-bye!bye-bye! 谢谢，再见谢谢，再见! ! CustomerCustomer：：See you laterSee you later．． 再见．再见． NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS：： NOTESNOTES：： NOTESNOTES：：Section 3 Reading Materials of Automobile Section 3 Reading Materials of Automobile Section 3 Reading Materials of Automobile Section 3 Reading Materials of Automobile Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance 第三节第三节第三节第三节 汽车维修资料选读汽车维修资料选读汽车维修资料选读汽车维修资料选读 Lesson One Engine TroubleshootingLesson One Engine Troubleshooting 第一课第一课 发动机故障诊断与维修发动机故障诊断与维修 Lesson Two Fuel Injection ManualLesson Two Fuel Injection Manual 第二课第二课 燃油喷射系统维修手册燃油喷射系统维修手册 Lesson Three Automobile Testing EquipmentLesson Three Automobile Testing Equipment 第三课第三课 汽车检测设备汽车检测设备 Lesson One Engine TroubleshootingLesson One Engine Troubleshooting 第一课第一课 发动机故障诊断与维修发动机故障诊断与维修 Engine overheatinEngine overheatin 发动机过热发动机过热 Cleaning the Cooling SystemCleaning the Cooling System 冷却系的清洗冷却系的清洗 High Oil ConsumptionHigh Oil Consumption 机油消耗过多机油消耗过多 LOW Oil PressureLOW Oil Pressure 机油压力过低机油压力过低 Chassis and Engine VibrationChassis and Engine Vibration 底盘和发动机振动底盘和发动机振动 Abnormal Engine Noises and their CausesAbnormal Engine Noises and their Causes 发动机异响及其原因发动机异响及其原因 NEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONS：： PHRASESPHRASES Notes on the TextNotes on the Text Engine overheatinEngine overheatin 发动机过热发动机过热 There are many conditions of the automobile that result There are many conditions of the automobile that result in overheatingin overheating，，and the degree of overheating is indicated and the degree of overheating is indicated by the temperature gauge on the instrument panelby the temperature gauge on the instrument panel．．Some Some conditions will cause only a slight change in the recorded conditions will cause only a slight change in the recorded temperaturetemperature，， other causes will result in a rapid rise in other causes will result in a rapid rise in temperature and violent boiling of the coo1anttemperature and violent boiling of the coo1ant．． Still Still others while causing only a slight increase in recorded others while causing only a slight increase in recorded temperaturetemperature，，while will be more noticeable in engine while will be more noticeable in engine performanceperformance．． 汽车在很多工况下都会有发动机过热产生，此时的温度会则在汽车在很多工况下都会有发动机过热产生，此时的温度会则在仪表板上的温度表中显示。

有些工况会引起发动机温度的微小变化，仪表板上的温度表中显示有些工况会引起发动机温度的微小变化，而另外工况则会引起发动机温度迅速上升并使得冷却水剧烈沸腾而另外工况则会引起发动机温度迅速上升并使得冷却水剧烈沸腾同时也有些工况会对发动机温度上升稍有影响，但对发动机性能影同时也有些工况会对发动机温度上升稍有影响，但对发动机性能影响会更显著响会更显著 When troubleshooting the cause for overheating and When troubleshooting the cause for overheating and consequent 1oss of Coolantconsequent 1oss of Coolant，，the 6rst step is to make the 6rst step is to make careful visual inspection to see if there is any evidence careful visual inspection to see if there is any evidence of external 1eakageof external 1eakage．． A1l surfaces of the radiator and its A1l surfaces of the radiator and its hose connections should be carefully inspectedhose connections should be carefully inspected．．Leaks Leaks generally cause corrosiongenerally cause corrosion，，which is easily seenwhich is easily seen．．The Visual The Visual inspection also must include the cooling fan and its drive inspection also must include the cooling fan and its drive beltbelt．．It is not too unusual for cracks to form in the It is not too unusual for cracks to form in the engine water jacketengine water jacket．．When cracks occurWhen cracks occur，，the condition is the condition is usually indicated by extreme overheatingusually indicated by extreme overheating．．The crack is The crack is often difficult to locateoften difficult to locate，，because it is not always visible because it is not always visible to the naked eyeto the naked eye．．The condition is also complicated by the The condition is also complicated by the fact that the crack usually will close when the engine is fact that the crack usually will close when the engine is coldcold，，and open only when the engine is at operating and open only when the engine is at operating temperaturetemperature．． 当要查找引起发动机过热和随之而来的冷却水丧失的原因时，当要查找引起发动机过热和随之而来的冷却水丧失的原因时，首先要进行仔细的外观检查，确保是否有外部泄漏问题。

对散热器首先要进行仔细的外观检查，确保是否有外部泄漏问题对散热器的所有表面和软管连接处进行仔细的检查冷却水泄漏处通常有锈的所有表面和软管连接处进行仔细的检查冷却水泄漏处通常有锈蚀，这容易被看到同时也要对冷却水风扇和驱动皮带进行外观检蚀，这容易被看到同时也要对冷却水风扇和驱动皮带进行外观检查发动机水套的开裂也偶尔存在当开裂发生时，发动机就会表查发动机水套的开裂也偶尔存在当开裂发生时，发动机就会表现出过热水套开裂一般很难被查找到，因为对肉眼而言通常是不现出过热水套开裂一般很难被查找到，因为对肉眼而言通常是不可见的发动机冷态时开裂处闭合，只有在发动机热态时开裂处才可见的发动机冷态时开裂处闭合，只有在发动机热态时开裂处才开启，所以寻找开裂处会很复杂开启，所以寻找开裂处会很复杂 冷却系的清洗冷却系的清洗 High Oil ConsumptionHigh Oil Consumption Unless very severely clogged with rust and hard scaleUnless very severely clogged with rust and hard scale，，cooling systems can be cleaned with special chemicals cooling systems can be cleaned with special chemicals designed for the purposedesigned for the purpose．．The procedure is to fill the The procedure is to fill the system with watersystem with water，，then put in the chemicalthen put in the chemical．．The chemicalThe chemical，，after dissolving the rust and scaleafter dissolving the rust and scale，，is flushed from the is flushed from the systemsystem．．In severe cases of c1ogged radiatorsIn severe cases of c1ogged radiators．．it is it is necessary to remove them and have them cleaned by necessary to remove them and have them cleaned by specialized equipmentspecialized equipment．． 冷却系内除非已被铁锈和水垢严重堵塞，否则可以使用特殊的冷却系内除非已被铁锈和水垢严重堵塞，否则可以使用特殊的化学物质来清洗。

先给冷却系加注水，然后加入化学物质化学物化学物质来清洗先给冷却系加注水，然后加入化学物质化学物质将铁锈和水垢溶解，之后被水冲洗掉散热器严重阻塞时，可将质将铁锈和水垢溶解，之后被水冲洗掉散热器严重阻塞时，可将散热器拆卸，并用专门的设备对散热器进行清理散热器拆卸，并用专门的设备对散热器进行清理 High Oil ConsumptionHigh Oil Consumption 机油消耗过多机油消耗过多 Quite often high oil consumption is blamed on the Quite often high oil consumption is blamed on the piston ringspiston rings．．While worn piston rings and cylinder walls do While worn piston rings and cylinder walls do cause increased oil consumptioncause increased oil consumption，，there are a great number there are a great number of other things that could be at faultof other things that could be at fault，，either singly or either singly or in combinationin combination．．Worn valve guides are also a frequent cause Worn valve guides are also a frequent cause of high oil consumptionof high oil consumption．．When oil is being consumed by When oil is being consumed by passing through the enginepassing through the engine，，it usually will cause heavy it usually will cause heavy blue smoke to come from the exhaustblue smoke to come from the exhaust，，particularly after the particularly after the engine has idled for several minutesengine has idled for several minutes．． 通常认为机油消耗过多归咎于活塞环。

活塞环和气缸壁的磨损通常认为机油消耗过多归咎于活塞环活塞环和气缸壁的磨损确实会引起机油消耗过多，但还有很多其他零部件单独或同时出现确实会引起机油消耗过多，但还有很多其他零部件单独或同时出现故障也导致机油消耗过多气门导管磨损也时常引起机油消耗过大故障也导致机油消耗过多气门导管磨损也时常引起机油消耗过大润滑油窜到燃烧室燃烧时，通常会产生浓的蓝烟从排气管中排出，润滑油窜到燃烧室燃烧时，通常会产生浓的蓝烟从排气管中排出，这种现象在发动机怠速了一段时间后更加明显这种现象在发动机怠速了一段时间后更加明显 LOW Oil PressureLOW Oil Pressure 机油压力过低机油压力过低 In most cases of low oil In most cases of low oil pressurepressure，，thethe pressure is pressure is satisfactory when the engine is first started satisfactory when the engine is first started upup，，thenthen it it drops as the engine warms drops as the engine warms upup．．ThisThis condition is almost condition is almost positive proof that excessive clearance exists at some positive proof that excessive clearance exists at some pointpoint，，oror pointspoints，，suchsuch as connecting rod as connecting rod bearingsbearings，，mainmain bearingsbearings，，camshaftcamshaft bearingsbearings，，etcetc．．WhenWhen coldcold，，thethe oil has oil has thickened and does not flow as readily through the thickened and does not flow as readily through the clearanceclearance．．WhenWhen the oil heats up and thins the oil heats up and thins outout，，itit flows flows through the worn bearings so fast that the pump cannot through the worn bearings so fast that the pump cannot maintain sufficient pressuremaintain sufficient pressure．． 多数机油压力偏低的情况是：发动机冷起动时，压力合格，当多数机油压力偏低的情况是：发动机冷起动时，压力合格，当发动机走热后，压力下降。

这肯定说明在某处或多处间隙过大，如发动机走热后，压力下降这肯定说明在某处或多处间隙过大，如在连杆轴承、主轴承、凸轮轴承等地方冷态时，机油粘度大，不在连杆轴承、主轴承、凸轮轴承等地方冷态时，机油粘度大，不容易流人这些间隙机油温度上升时，粘度下降，机油很快流人磨容易流人这些间隙机油温度上升时，粘度下降，机油很快流人磨损的轴承，油泵不能维持足够的油压损的轴承，油泵不能维持足够的油压 Chassis and Engine VibrationChassis and Engine Vibration 底盘和发动机振动底盘和发动机振动 Consider the case where there is a pronounced vibration Consider the case where there is a pronounced vibration in the car at a certain speed rangein the car at a certain speed range．．First of all it is First of all it is necessary to determine whether the unbalance is in the necessary to determine whether the unbalance is in the engine or the chassisengine or the chassis．． Or bothOr both．．If it is in the engineIf it is in the engine，，or or the parts that rotate with the enginethe parts that rotate with the engine，，the vibration should the vibration should occur at the critical engine speed when the car is not in occur at the critical engine speed when the car is not in motionmotion．． If it is in the chassisIf it is in the chassis，，it will occur only when it will occur only when the ear is operated at the critical speedthe ear is operated at the critical speed．．It is most It is most likely to be found in the chassislikely to be found in the chassis，，because the engine because the engine assembly is carefully balanced at the factoryassembly is carefully balanced at the factory．．Out-of-Out-of-balance tires and propeller shafts are the most common balance tires and propeller shafts are the most common causes of chassis vibrationcauses of chassis vibration．． 假如汽车在一定的速度范围内产生明显的振动。

首先有必要假如汽车在一定的速度范围内产生明显的振动首先有必要是发动机内还是底盘处或是两者同时出现了不平衡如果振动是在是发动机内还是底盘处或是两者同时出现了不平衡如果振动是在发动机内产生，则当汽车停止而零件随着发动机旋转时，振动应该发动机内产生，则当汽车停止而零件随着发动机旋转时，振动应该在发动机的某个临界转速下产生如果振动在底盘，则只有当汽车在发动机的某个临界转速下产生如果振动在底盘，则只有当汽车达到了某个临界速度时发生通常振动出现在底盘，因为发动机总达到了某个临界速度时发生通常振动出现在底盘，因为发动机总成在出厂前已经被仔细地平衡过轮胎和传动轴动不平衡是底盘振成在出厂前已经被仔细地平衡过轮胎和传动轴动不平衡是底盘振动的最常见原因动的最常见原因 Abnormal Engine Noises and their CausesAbnormal Engine Noises and their Causes 发动机异响及其原因发动机异响及其原因 The following listing will point out the most common The following listing will point out the most common causes of sound itself and what must be done to eliminate causes of sound itself and what must be done to eliminate themthem．． 下面列举了产生各种异响的常见原因及其排除方法。

下面列举了产生各种异响的常见原因及其排除方法 1.Piston slap is a very common noise most noticeable 1.Piston slap is a very common noise most noticeable when an engine is coldwhen an engine is cold．．A piston that slaps against the A piston that slaps against the cylinder wall produces a hollowcylinder wall produces a hollow，，muffledmuffled，，belllikebelllike Sound Sound．．quite audible when an engine is operating under load at low quite audible when an engine is operating under load at low rpmrpm．．Piston slap results from worn pistons or cylindersPiston slap results from worn pistons or cylinders，，collapsed piston skirtscollapsed piston skirts，，excessive piston-to-cylinder wall excessive piston-to-cylinder wall clearanceclearance，，misaligned connecting rodsmisaligned connecting rods，，or a lack of or a lack of lubricating oillubricating oil．．ThereforeTherefore，，in order to correct piston slapin order to correct piston slap，，it will be necessary to replaced or resize theit will be necessary to replaced or resize thepistonspistons，，reborerebore the cylinder or replace the sleeves the cylinder or replace the sleeves，，replace or realign the rodsreplace or realign the rods，，or add oil to the engineor add oil to the engine．． 1.1.活塞敲缸是非常常见的异响噪声，尤其在发动机冷态时最明显。

活塞敲缸是非常常见的异响噪声，尤其在发动机冷态时最明显活塞敲击气缸壁产生了一种空的，沉闷的，敲钟状的声音，当发动活塞敲击气缸壁产生了一种空的，沉闷的，敲钟状的声音，当发动机在低速带负荷下非常容易听得见活塞敲缸声是因活塞或气缸的机在低速带负荷下非常容易听得见活塞敲缸声是因活塞或气缸的磨损、活塞裙部变形、活塞与气缸壁间间隙过大、连杆变形、以及磨损、活塞裙部变形、活塞与气缸壁间间隙过大、连杆变形、以及润滑油不足润滑油不足 等而产生的所以，为解决敲缸声音，有必要更换或等而产生的所以，为解决敲缸声音，有必要更换或改变活塞尺寸，镗缸或更换缸套，更换或校正连杆，或给发动机加改变活塞尺寸，镗缸或更换缸套，更换或校正连杆，或给发动机加机油 2 2. .An abnormal sound originating from some form of An abnormal sound originating from some form of piston-ring problem is audible during engine piston-ring problem is audible during engine accelerationacceleration．．ToTo correct the cause of ring correct the cause of ring noisenoise，，itit may be may be necessarynecessary，，thereforetherefore，，toto replace the replace the ringsrings，，thethe pistonspistons，，oror the the sleeves or sleeves or reborerebore the cylinders the cylinders．． 2.2.当发动机加速时会产生明显的来自活塞环的噪声。

为解决活当发动机加速时会产生明显的来自活塞环的噪声为解决活塞环噪声问题，有必要更换活塞环、活塞、缸套或对气缸进行镗缸塞环噪声问题，有必要更换活塞环、活塞、缸套或对气缸进行镗缸 3.A sound not frequently heard in an engine is that of 3.A sound not frequently heard in an engine is that of a piston ring striking the ring ridge at the top of the a piston ring striking the ring ridge at the top of the cylindercylinder．．This particular problem causes a very distinct This particular problem causes a very distinct and high-pitchedand high-pitched，，metallic rapping or clicking noise metallic rapping or clicking noise audible at all engine speeds but particularly on audible at all engine speeds but particularly on decelerationdeceleration．．To repair the cause of this soundTo repair the cause of this sound，，it will be it will be necessary to replace the piston pin or connecting rod necessary to replace the piston pin or connecting rod bearingsbearings．． 3.3.发动机内有种不常见的异响是活塞到达气缸上止点时活塞环发动机内有种不常见的异响是活塞到达气缸上止点时活塞环敲击活塞环槽造成的。

这种特殊故障会引起一阵清晰高音的金属敲敲击活塞环槽造成的这种特殊故障会引起一阵清晰高音的金属敲击声，它在发动机的各个速度范围内均产生，尤其在发动机减速时击声，它在发动机的各个速度范围内均产生，尤其在发动机减速时明显为排除这种噪声，有必要更换活塞销或连杆轴承为排除这种噪声，有必要更换活塞销或连杆轴承 4 4. .A piston-pin knock is noticeable most of the time A piston-pin knock is noticeable most of the time when an engine is when an engine is idlingidling．．PistonPiston pin noise is usually the pin noise is usually the resultresultofof a worn piston a worn piston pinpin，，pistonpiston-pin -pin bossboss，，pinpin bushingbushing，，oror a lack of a lack of oiloil．．ToTo correct this correct this problemproblem，，installinstall oversize oversize pinspins，，replacereplace the bushings and the bushings and pinspins，，oror service service the engine with oilthe engine with oil．． 4.4.活塞销敲击声在发动机怠速时显而易见。

活塞销噪声通常是活塞销敲击声在发动机怠速时显而易见活塞销噪声通常是由活塞销磨损、活塞销座孔磨损、销轴瓦磨损或机油缺乏等原因引由活塞销磨损、活塞销座孔磨损、销轴瓦磨损或机油缺乏等原因引起的安装大尺寸的活塞销，更换销轴瓦和销，或给发动机添加机起的安装大尺寸的活塞销，更换销轴瓦和销，或给发动机添加机油能排除这种故障油能排除这种故障 5.An abnormal noise that is audible when the engine is 5.An abnormal noise that is audible when the engine is running at speeds above 35 miles per hourrunning at speeds above 35 miles per hour（（mphmph））without a without a load is usually the result of loose connecting-rod bearingsload is usually the result of loose connecting-rod bearings．．Loose rod bearings cause a light to heavy knock or poundLoose rod bearings cause a light to heavy knock or pound，，depending on how badly the bearings are worndepending on how badly the bearings are worn．．ConnectingConnecting．．rod bearing noise can be due to a worn bearingrod bearing noise can be due to a worn bearing，，crankpincrankpin，，misaligned rodmisaligned rod，，or lack of oilor lack of oil．．To correct the noiseTo correct the noise，，it it will be necessary to replace the bearingswill be necessary to replace the bearings，，service or service or replace the crankshaftreplace the crankshaft，，realign or replace the rodrealign or replace the rod，，or or service the engine with oilservice the engine with oil．． 5.5.发动机在无负荷下运行，若活塞线性速度超过发动机在无负荷下运行，若活塞线性速度超过3535英里／小时英里／小时就产生噪声，则通常是由连杆轴承松动造成的。

随连杆轴承磨损程就产生噪声，则通常是由连杆轴承松动造成的随连杆轴承磨损程度不同，松动的连杆轴承会引起不同轻重的碰撞声连杆轴承、曲度不同，松动的连杆轴承会引起不同轻重的碰撞声连杆轴承、曲柄销磨损，连杆弯曲或缺乏机油都会引起连杆噪声这种故障可通柄销磨损，连杆弯曲或缺乏机油都会引起连杆噪声这种故障可通过更换连杆轴承、维修或更换曲轴，校正或更换连杆，以及添加发过更换连杆轴承、维修或更换曲轴，校正或更换连杆，以及添加发动机润滑油等方法来排除动机润滑油等方法来排除 6 6. .An abnormal noise that is audible upon engine An abnormal noise that is audible upon engine acceleration under load is usually the result of a loose acceleration under load is usually the result of a loose crankshaft main or thrust crankshaft main or thrust bearingbearing．．MainMain or thrust bearing or thrust bearing noise is usually the result of worn noise is usually the result of worn bearingsbearings，，crankshaftcrankshaft journalsjournals，，oror a lack of a lack of oiloil．．ToTo correct this correct this noisenoise，，itit will will be necessary to replace the be necessary to replace the bearingsbearings，，crankshaftcrankshaft，，oror Service the engine with oilService the engine with oil．． 6.6.发动机在带负荷下加速时产生的噪声通常是曲轴主轴承或推发动机在带负荷下加速时产生的噪声通常是曲轴主轴承或推力轴承松动引起的。

主轴承或推力轴承噪声通常是由于轴承磨损、力轴承松动引起的主轴承或推力轴承噪声通常是由于轴承磨损、曲轴轴颈磨损，以及缺乏机油等引起的为解决此故障，有必要更曲轴轴颈磨损，以及缺乏机油等引起的为解决此故障，有必要更换轴承、曲轴，以及添加发动机润滑油等来实现换轴承、曲轴，以及添加发动机润滑油等来实现 7.A loose Vibration damper or flywheel can also cause 7.A loose Vibration damper or flywheel can also cause abnormal engine noisesabnormal engine noises．．This sound is more noticeable This sound is more noticeable during engine acceleration from idle under load or at an during engine acceleration from idle under load or at an uneven idleuneven idle．．but it is less apparent at higher engine rpm but it is less apparent at higher engine rpm or during smoother engine operationor during smoother engine operation．．A loose flywheelA loose flywheel，，on on the other handthe other hand，，sets up either a heavy thump or a light sets up either a heavy thump or a light knock at the back of the engineknock at the back of the engine，，depending upon the amount depending upon the amount of play the flywheel has and the type of engineof play the flywheel has and the type of engine．．You can You can detect a loose flywheel by shutting off the ignition switch detect a loose flywheel by shutting off the ignition switch at idle and then turning it on again just before the engine at idle and then turning it on again just before the engine stops rotatingstops rotating．．AlsoAlso，，operating the clutch pedaloperating the clutch pedal，， at the at the same time the noise is audible at running speedssame time the noise is audible at running speeds，，will vary will vary the sound enough so that it is easier to identify and then the sound enough so that it is easier to identify and then locate its sourcelocate its source．． 7.7.减振器或飞轮松动也会引起发动机异响产生。

发动机在怠速减振器或飞轮松动也会引起发动机异响产生发动机在怠速下加速，或怠速不匀时这种声音非常明显，但在发动机高速或发动下加速，或怠速不匀时这种声音非常明显，但在发动机高速或发动机平稳运转时不明显换句话说，随飞轮的重量和发动机类型的不机平稳运转时不明显换句话说，随飞轮的重量和发动机类型的不同，飞轮松动时，会对发动机后端产生轻重不同的敲击可通过在同，飞轮松动时，会对发动机后端产生轻重不同的敲击可通过在发动机怠速时断开点火开关，并在发动机将近停止时接通点火开关发动机怠速时断开点火开关，并在发动机将近停止时接通点火开关来查看是否有飞轮松动产生踩动离合器踏板，同时噪声仍然听的来查看是否有飞轮松动产生踩动离合器踏板，同时噪声仍然听的见，离合器动作改变了噪音的大小，使得辨认这种异响变得容易，见，离合器动作改变了噪音的大小，使得辨认这种异响变得容易，然后定位出噪声部位然后定位出噪声部位 8.Excessive clearance in the Valve train produces a 8.Excessive clearance in the Valve train produces a noise that is usually more apparent during engine idle rpm noise that is usually more apparent during engine idle rpm than any other timethan any other time．．Valve-train noise is brought about by Valve-train noise is brought about by improper valve adjustmentimproper valve adjustment，，worn or damaged partsworn or damaged parts，，dirty dirty hydraulic lifterhydraulic lifter，，or lack of clean lubricating oilor lack of clean lubricating oil．．In In order to correct the cause of the noiseorder to correct the cause of the noise，，it will be it will be necessary to adjust the valvesnecessary to adjust the valves，， replace worn or damaged replace worn or damaged partsparts，，clean or replace the liftersclean or replace the lifters，，or service the or service the engineengine’’s lubrication systems lubrication system．． 8.8.配气机构间隙过大会产生噪声，这种声音在发动机怠速下更配气机构间隙过大会产生噪声，这种声音在发动机怠速下更为明显。

配气机构噪声是因气门调整不正确、气门部件磨损或损坏、为明显配气机构噪声是因气门调整不正确、气门部件磨损或损坏、液压挺杆污染以及润滑油杂质过多等而产生的在排除这种噪声时，液压挺杆污染以及润滑油杂质过多等而产生的在排除这种噪声时，有必要调整气门、更换磨损或损坏的零件、清洗或更换挺杆，或维有必要调整气门、更换磨损或损坏的零件、清洗或更换挺杆，或维修发动机润滑系修发动机润滑系 9 9. .The one abnormal sound unrelated to The one abnormal sound unrelated to wornworn，，damageddamaged，，looseloose，，oror maladjusted engine parts is detonation maladjusted engine parts is detonation knockknock．．TheThe noise is most noticeable during acceleration with the noise is most noticeable during acceleration with the engine under 1oad and operating at normal engine under 1oad and operating at normal temperaturetemperature．．ExcessiveExcessive detonation is very harmful to the detonation is very harmful to the engineengine，，andand you you should do everything possible to correct the cause as soon should do everything possible to correct the cause as soon as as possiblepossible．．DetonationDetonation knock in an engine is usually the knock in an engine is usually the product of advanced ignition timingproduct of advanced ignition timing，， excessive carbon excessive carbon buildup in the combustion buildup in the combustion chamberschambers，，oror use of too low an use of too low an octane octane fuelfuel．．ToTo correct this correct this malfunctionmalfunction．．checkcheck the the distributordistributor’’s advance s advance mechanismsmechanisms，，checkcheck and reset the and reset the ignition ignition timingtiming，，decarbonizedecarbonize the the engineengine，，oror recommend a recommend a change in fuel to one with a higher octane ratingchange in fuel to one with a higher octane rating．． 9.9.与零件磨损、损坏、松动或发动机零件调整不当等无关的不与零件磨损、损坏、松动或发动机零件调整不当等无关的不正常噪声是爆震。

在发动机带负荷正常工作温度的条件下，车辆加正常噪声是爆震在发动机带负荷正常工作温度的条件下，车辆加速时这种噪声最明显爆震过严重对发动机损坏非常大，这时应想速时这种噪声最明显爆震过严重对发动机损坏非常大，这时应想尽一切办法，尽快地排除故障发动机爆震敲击声通常是因点火提尽一切办法，尽快地排除故障发动机爆震敲击声通常是因点火提前、燃烧室内积炭过多以及燃料油的辛烷值过低等而产生的为排前、燃烧室内积炭过多以及燃料油的辛烷值过低等而产生的为排除这种故障，需要检查分电器点火提前装置，检查和重新进行点火除这种故障，需要检查分电器点火提前装置，检查和重新进行点火正时，去除发动机积碳，建议换用较高辛烷值燃油正时，去除发动机积碳，建议换用较高辛烷值燃油 NEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONS：： PHRASES PHRASES Notes on the Text Notes on the Text NOTE 1NOTE 1NOTE 1NOTE 1 There are many conditions of the automobile that result There are many conditions of the automobile that result in overheatingin overheating，，and the degree of overheating is indicated and the degree of overheating is indicated by the temperature gauge on the instrument panelby the temperature gauge on the instrument panel．． 汽车在很多工况下都会有发动机过热产生，此时的温度会则在汽车在很多工况下都会有发动机过热产生，此时的温度会则在仪表板上的温度表中显示。

仪表板上的温度表中显示 NOTE 2NOTE 2NOTE 2NOTE 2 In severe cases of clogged radiatorsIn severe cases of clogged radiators，，it is necessary it is necessary to remove them and have them cleaned by specialized to remove them and have them cleaned by specialized equipmentequipment．． 散热器严重阻塞时，可将散热器拆卸，并用专门的设备对散热散热器严重阻塞时，可将散热器拆卸，并用专门的设备对散热器进行清理器进行清理 语法：语法：It isIt is……toto中的中的itit是形式主语此句的原始顺序是是形式主语此句的原始顺序是to to remove them and have them cleaned by specialized equipment remove them and have them cleaned by specialized equipment is necessaryis necessary．在英语中表达中，为了避免主语太长，造成句子头．在英语中表达中，为了避免主语太长，造成句子头重脚轻，常用重脚轻，常用itit作为形式主语来引导整个句子，词序需改变。

作为形式主语来引导整个句子，词序需改变 NOTE 3NOTE 3NOTE 3NOTE 3 When oil is being consumed by passing through the When oil is being consumed by passing through the engineengine，，it usually will cause heavy blue smoke to come from it usually will cause heavy blue smoke to come from the exhaustthe exhaust．．particularly after the engine has idled for particularly after the engine has idled for several minutesseveral minutes．． 润滑油窜到燃烧室燃烧时，通常会产生浓的蓝烟从排气管中排润滑油窜到燃烧室燃烧时，通常会产生浓的蓝烟从排气管中排出，这种现象在发动机怠速了一段时间后更加明显。

出，这种现象在发动机怠速了一段时间后更加明显语法：语法：WhenWhen和和afterafter引导的从句都是时间状语从句引导的从句都是时间状语从句  NOTE 4NOTE 4NOTE 4NOTE 4 Piston slap results from word pistons or cylindersPiston slap results from word pistons or cylinders，，collapsed piston skirtscollapsed piston skirts，，excessive pistonexcessive piston．．to-cylinder wall to-cylinder wall clearanceclearance，，misaligned connecting rodsmisaligned connecting rods，，or a lack of or a lack of lubricating oillubricating oil．． 活塞敲缸声是因活塞或气缸的磨损、活塞裙部变形、活塞与气活塞敲缸声是因活塞或气缸的磨损、活塞裙部变形、活塞与气缸壁间间隙过大、连杆变形、以及润滑油不足等而产生的。

缸壁间间隙过大、连杆变形、以及润滑油不足等而产生的ResultResult……fromfrom表示表示““（因而）发生，产生，出现（因而）发生，产生，出现””强调的是原因强调的是原因 例如：例如：injuries resulting from a fallinjuries resulting from a fall因摔倒而受的伤因摔倒而受的伤区别于区别于resultresult……inin它表示““产生某种作用或结果产生某种作用或结果””强调的是结强调的是结果 例如：例如：The efforts resulted in successThe efforts resulted in success．我们的努力终于成．我们的努力终于成功了 NOTE 5NOTE 5NOTE 5NOTE 5 Valve-train noise is brought about by improper valve Valve-train noise is brought about by improper valve adjustmentadjustment，，wornworn or damaged or damaged partsparts，，dirtydirty hydraulic hydraulic lifterlifter．．oror lack of clean lubricating oil lack of clean lubricating oil．． 气门机构噪声是因气门调整不正确、气门部件磨损或损坏、液气门机构噪声是因气门调整不正确、气门部件磨损或损坏、液压挺杆污染、以及润滑油杂质过多等而产生的。

压挺杆污染、以及润滑油杂质过多等而产生的 NOTE 6NOTE 6NOTE 6NOTE 6 Detonation knock in an engine is usually the product of Detonation knock in an engine is usually the product of advanced ignition timingadvanced ignition timing，，excessive carbon buildup in the excessive carbon buildup in the combustion chamberscombustion chambers，，or use of too low an octane fuelor use of too low an octane fuel．． 发动机爆燃敲击声通常是因点火提前、燃烧室内积炭过多以及发动机爆燃敲击声通常是因点火提前、燃烧室内积炭过多以及燃料油的辛烷值过低等而产生的燃料油的辛烷值过低等而产生的 Lesson Two Fuel Injection ManualLesson Two Fuel Injection Manual 第二课第二课 燃油喷射系统维修手册燃油喷射系统维修手册 Pretest System ChecksPretest System Checks 系统预备检查系统预备检查 Fuel systemFuel system 燃油系燃油系 Electrical SystemElectrical System 电路系统电路系统 BatteryBattery＆＆Charging SystemCharging System 蓄电池和充电系蓄电池和充电系 MiscellaneousMiscellaneous 其他项目其他项目 Typical Fuel Injection Pressure TestTypical Fuel Injection Pressure Test 典型燃油喷射压力测试典型燃油喷射压力测试 Procedure to Relieve Fuel System PressureProcedure to Relieve Fuel System Pressure 释放燃油系油压发热步骤释放燃油系油压发热步骤 ………… Pretest System ChecksPretest System Checks 系统预备检查系统预备检查 The following basic checks should be performed and any The following basic checks should be performed and any detected faults corrected beforedetected faults corrected before．．e a fuel system test is e a fuel system test is performedperformed．． 对燃油供给系测试前，先要进行下列基本检查，并将所有检查对燃油供给系测试前，先要进行下列基本检查，并将所有检查出的故障排除。

出的故障排除 Fuel systemFuel system 燃油系燃油系 A.LookA.Look for broken or 1oose fuel 1ines for broken or 1oose fuel 1ines（（metal or metal or rubberrubber）．）． B.MakeB.Make sure fuel tank has sufficient fuel sure fuel tank has sufficient fuel（（do not rely do not rely on fuel gaugeon fuel gauge）．）． C.CheckC.Check for water or other contaminants in fuel for water or other contaminants in fuel．． D.CheckD.Check condition of fuel system related fuses condition of fuel system related fuses．． E.CheckE.Check condition of fuel tank venting systems condition of fuel tank venting systems．． F.CheckF.Check condition of fuel tank filler cap condition of fuel tank filler cap．． A A. .查看油管（金属或橡胶）断裂或松动。

查看油管（金属或橡胶）断裂或松动 B B. .确保油箱内燃油足够（不要依赖油表读数）确保油箱内燃油足够（不要依赖油表读数） C C. .查看燃油内是否有水或其他污染物查看燃油内是否有水或其他污染物 D D. .查看燃油系的电路上的熔断丝状况查看燃油系的电路上的熔断丝状况 E E. .查看油箱通风装置状况查看油箱通风装置状况 F F. .查看油箱加油口盖状况查看油箱加油口盖状况 Electrical SystemElectrical System 电路系统电路系统 A A. .IfIf engine won engine won’’t t startstart，，checkcheck for ignition spark for ignition spark using a test using a test plugplug．．IfIf no no sparkspark，，repairrepair ignition system ignition system．． B B. .ObserveObserve check engine lamps or other computer fault check engine lamps or other computer fault indicatorsindicators．． C C. .LookLook for ignition wires for ignition wires brokenbroken，，disconnecteddisconnected or or arcingarcing．． D D. .LookLook for distributor cap or rotor disconnected or for distributor cap or rotor disconnected or arcingarcing．． E E. .CheckCheck for component grounds 1oose or corroded for component grounds 1oose or corroded．． F F. .LookLook for disconnected electrical components for disconnected electrical components．． A A. .如发动机不起动，用测试火花塞检查火花强度。

如无火花，如发动机不起动，用测试火花塞检查火花强度如无火花，维修点火系维修点火系 B B. .观察发动机指示灯或其他计算机故障指示灯观察发动机指示灯或其他计算机故障指示灯 C C. .查看点火系线路断路、未连接或放火花情况查看点火系线路断路、未连接或放火花情况 D D. .查看分电器盖或分火头处断路或放火花情况查看分电器盖或分火头处断路或放火花情况 E E. .查看零部件搭铁是否松动或腐蚀查看零部件搭铁是否松动或腐蚀 F F. .查看未连接的电子元件查看未连接的电子元件 BatteryBattery＆＆Charging SystemCharging System 蓄电池和充电系蓄电池和充电系 A A. .CheckCheck battery battery conditioncondition．．A A weak battery will not weak battery will not ensure proper pump delivery or injector ensure proper pump delivery or injector triggeringtriggering．．ShouldShould be over 12 voltsbe over 12 volts．． B B. .CheckCheck basic operation of charging system basic operation of charging system．． C C. .LookLook for loose or corroded battery cables for loose or corroded battery cables．． A A. .查看蓄电池状况。

蓄电池容量不足将不能保证正确的油泵泵查看蓄电池状况蓄电池容量不足将不能保证正确的油泵泵送量和喷油器的触发蓄电池电压应高于送量和喷油器的触发蓄电池电压应高于1212伏 B B. .查看充电系的基本电路查看充电系的基本电路 C C. .查看蓄电池连接线缆的松动或腐蚀情况查看蓄电池连接线缆的松动或腐蚀情况 MiscellaneousMiscellaneous 其他项目其他项目 A A. .CheckCheck vacuum lines for loose or disconnected lines vacuum lines for loose or disconnected lines．． B B. .LookLook for water leaks for water leaks．． C C. .LookLook for excessive oil leaks for excessive oil leaks．． D D. .ListenListen for any audible air for any audible air leaksleaks，，unusualunusual noisesnoises，，fuelfuel pump pump buzzbuzz（（a a noisy pump may not be noisy pump may not be an indication of an indication of poor operating poor operating conditioncondition），），engineengine rattles or knocks rattles or knocks．． E E. .CheckCheck Valve timing and adjustment Valve timing and adjustment．． A A. .检查真空管是否松动或未连接。

检查真空管是否松动或未连接 B B. .检查冷却水是否泄漏检查冷却水是否泄漏 C C. .检查机油是否大量泄漏检查机油是否大量泄漏 D D. .听是否有空气泄漏声，油泵嗡嗡声（油泵有声音并不意味着听是否有空气泄漏声，油泵嗡嗡声（油泵有声音并不意味着工作不良），发动机卡嗒卡嗒声或爆震声工作不良），发动机卡嗒卡嗒声或爆震声 E E. .检查气门正时并调整检查气门正时并调整 Typical Fuel Injection Pressure TestTypical Fuel Injection Pressure Test 典型燃油喷射压力测试典型燃油喷射压力测试 All pressure tests should be made at idle on the high-All pressure tests should be made at idle on the high-pressure side of the systempressure side of the system．． 所有压力测试均在发动机怠速下，测定燃油系的高压侧压力。

所有压力测试均在发动机怠速下，测定燃油系的高压侧压力 1.With engine off1.With engine off，，locate fuel pressure portlocate fuel pressure port（（Schrader Schrader ValveValve））and attach fuel pressure gaugeand attach fuel pressure gauge．．If no If no schraderschrader Valve Valve is provided and system must be openedis provided and system must be opened，， residual pressure residual pressure must be released before fittings are loosened to keep must be released before fittings are loosened to keep gasoline from spraying all overgasoline from spraying all over，，possibly causing eye possibly causing eye injury or a fireinjury or a fire．．Connect tester using the correct adapter Connect tester using the correct adapter and access pointand access point．． Always wrap a shop towel around fitting Always wrap a shop towel around fitting before looseningbefore loosening．． 1 1. .关闭发动机，查找油压端口（斯奇拉德阀）并安装燃油压力关闭发动机，查找油压端口（斯奇拉德阀）并安装燃油压力表。

如没有斯奇拉德阀，而又要将燃油系打开时，必需在这之前将表如没有斯奇拉德阀，而又要将燃油系打开时，必需在这之前将残压释放，以便防止汽油四处喷射，引起眼睛受伤或火灾使用合残压释放，以便防止汽油四处喷射，引起眼睛受伤或火灾使用合适的连接器和入口将测试仪连接好通常用车间用毛巾裹在要旋松适的连接器和入口将测试仪连接好通常用车间用毛巾裹在要旋松的装置上的装置上 2.If the adapter you use is a banjo bolt adapter2.If the adapter you use is a banjo bolt adapter，，ours ours is designed to use with standard banjosis designed to use with standard banjos．．If a car If a car manufacturer uses a nonstandard banjomanufacturer uses a nonstandard banjo，，more than one washer more than one washer may be needed on either or both sides of the banjomay be needed on either or both sides of the banjo．． 2 2. .如果你的连接器是个中空螺栓连接器，而我们提供的是标准如果你的连接器是个中空螺栓连接器，而我们提供的是标准中空管。

如果汽车厂使用非标准中空管，则在中空管一端或两端均中空管如果汽车厂使用非标准中空管，则在中空管一端或两端均需要使用垫片需要使用垫片 3.With gauge connected to system using proper adapters3.With gauge connected to system using proper adapters，， reactivate fuel pumpreactivate fuel pump．．start the engine and check for start the engine and check for leaksleaks．． If no leaks are detectedIf no leaks are detected，，observe gaugeobserve gauge．．Pressure Pressure should rise to slightly above operating pressure and then should rise to slightly above operating pressure and then stabilize at operating pressurestabilize at operating pressure．． 3 3. .当使用合适的配接器将油压表连接到燃油系上后，起动油泵，当使用合适的配接器将油压表连接到燃油系上后，起动油泵，起动发动机并检查泄漏。

如果未发现泄漏，观察油表压力应慢慢起动发动机并检查泄漏如果未发现泄漏，观察油表压力应慢慢升到超过工作压力然后稳定在工作压力上升到超过工作压力然后稳定在工作压力上 4 4. .start start engineengine．．IfIf an adjustable fuel pressure an adjustable fuel pressure regulator is regulator is usedused，，pressurepressure should be maintained during should be maintained during runningrunning．．IfIf a compensating fuel pressure regulator is a compensating fuel pressure regulator is usedused，，pressurepressure should drop approximately 8-9 should drop approximately 8-9 PSIPSI，，dependingdepending on on manifold vacuummanifold vacuum．． 4 4. .起动发动机。

若使用了可调节式燃油压力调节器，燃油压力起动发动机若使用了可调节式燃油压力调节器，燃油压力在发动机运行中将保持恒定如果采用补偿式燃油压力调节器，则在发动机运行中将保持恒定如果采用补偿式燃油压力调节器，则根据不同的歧管真空度，燃油压力将下降大约根据不同的歧管真空度，燃油压力将下降大约8-9PSI8-9PSI 5.Locate a flexible hose on the return side and gently 5.Locate a flexible hose on the return side and gently squeeze off return flow brieflysqueeze off return flow briefly．．Never squeeze a steel Never squeeze a steel braided hosebraided hose．．CAUTIONCAUTION：：Some pump designs can be damaged by Some pump designs can be damaged by this test and test should not be performed unless this test and test should not be performed unless recommended by manufacturerrecommended by manufacturer．．Observe rapid increase in Observe rapid increase in dead-end pressuredead-end pressure．．CAUTIONCAUTION：：Pressure could exceed 75 PSI Pressure could exceed 75 PSI and may blow any loose fittings or defective linesand may blow any loose fittings or defective lines．．Observe Observe condition of system before this testcondition of system before this test．． 5 5. .查找到回油侧的软管，并稍微轻轻挤压掉回油。

千万别挤压查找到回油侧的软管，并稍微轻轻挤压掉回油千万别挤压外裹有钢编织层的软管注意：有些油泵在这种测试中会损坏掉，外裹有钢编织层的软管注意：有些油泵在这种测试中会损坏掉，因此要在厂家的建议下进行该项测试观察末端的压力上升注意：因此要在厂家的建议下进行该项测试观察末端的压力上升注意：压力可能会超过压力可能会超过75PSI75PSI，并且可能吹掉松动零件和松动管路注意测，并且可能吹掉松动零件和松动管路注意测试前的系统状况试前的系统状况 6 6. .If pressure is If pressure is acceptableacceptable，，somesome manufacturers also manufacturers also require a flow require a flow testtest．．IfIf soso，，atat this point open then fuel this point open then fuel system into a graduated plastic container and observe flow system into a graduated plastic container and observe flow raterate．．CloseClose system system．． 6 6. .如果压力合格，有些厂家还要求进行燃油流量测试。

测试时，如果压力合格，有些厂家还要求进行燃油流量测试测试时，将燃油系接到一个塑料量筒内，观察流速关闭系统将燃油系接到一个塑料量筒内，观察流速关闭系统 7.Turn key off and observe residual pressure7.Turn key off and observe residual pressure．．Some Some manufacturers prescribe a minimum holding timemanufacturers prescribe a minimum holding time．． 7 7. .断开点火开关，并观察残压有些厂家规定了最小的保持时断开点火开关，并观察残压有些厂家规定了最小的保持时间 8.In conjunction with an injector pulse tester8.In conjunction with an injector pulse tester，，turn turn key onkey on，，observe pressureobserve pressure．．pulse one injectorpulse one injector，，observe observe pressure droppressure drop，，turn key offturn key off，， move tester to next injectormove tester to next injector，，turn key onturn key on，， observe pressureobserve pressure，，pulse injectorpulse injector，，observe observe dropdrop，，turn key offturn key off，，continue with remaining injectorscontinue with remaining injectors．． CAUTIONCAUTION：：Do not repeat this test more than manufacturerDo not repeat this test more than manufacturer’’s s recommendationsrecommendations．． 8 8. .进行喷油器脉冲测试，闭合点火开关，观察油压，脉冲一个进行喷油器脉冲测试，闭合点火开关，观察油压，脉冲一个喷油器，观察压力降，断开点火开关，将测试仪移到下一个喷油器，喷油器，观察压力降，断开点火开关，将测试仪移到下一个喷油器，闭合点火开关，观察油压，脉冲喷油器，观察压力降，断开点火开闭合点火开关，观察油压，脉冲喷油器，观察压力降，断开点火开关，继续下面的喷油器检查。

注意：这种实验不能做得超过厂家建关，继续下面的喷油器检查注意：这种实验不能做得超过厂家建议次数 9 9. .Deactivate fuel pump and relieve fuel system if Deactivate fuel pump and relieve fuel system if necessarynecessary．．WithWith key key offoff．．putput bleedbleed．．offoff tubing in a fuel tubing in a fuel can and press bleed-off can and press bleed-off valvevalve．．IfIf your tester has no your tester has no bleedbleed．．offoff valve valve assemblyassembly，，wrapwrap rags around connections and rags around connections and release slowlyrelease slowly．． 9 9. .停止油泵并且在必要时释放燃油系的燃油。

断开点火开关，停止油泵并且在必要时释放燃油系的燃油断开点火开关，将泄放管伸人到燃油罐中，按下泄放阀如果测试仪未带泄放阀装将泄放管伸人到燃油罐中，按下泄放阀如果测试仪未带泄放阀装置，那么要在连接处裹上碎布并缓慢释放燃油置，那么要在连接处裹上碎布并缓慢释放燃油 10.Remove tester and reconnect all lines10.Remove tester and reconnect all lines．． 1010. .拆除测试仪并重新接好管路拆除测试仪并重新接好管路 11.Start engine ad check for leaks11.Start engine ad check for leaks．． 1111. .起动发动机并检查泄漏起动发动机并检查泄漏 12.Remove fuel from all hoses12.Remove fuel from all hoses．．If fuel remains in gauge If fuel remains in gauge hose assemblyhose assembly，，connect the smallest banjo bolt adapter into connect the smallest banjo bolt adapter into the quick coupler over a fuel containerthe quick coupler over a fuel container．．Hold gauge above Hold gauge above hose and fuel will now into the fuel callhose and fuel will now into the fuel call．． 1212. .清除所有软管中的燃油。

如果油压表的软管中残有燃油，应清除所有软管中的燃油如果油压表的软管中残有燃油，应将油表上最小的中空螺栓接头接到快速耦合连接器上，并伸入到燃将油表上最小的中空螺栓接头接到快速耦合连接器上，并伸入到燃油容器内将油表抬高于软管之上，燃油将流人燃油容器中油容器内将油表抬高于软管之上，燃油将流人燃油容器中 Procedure to Relieve Fuel System PressureProcedure to Relieve Fuel System Pressure 释放燃油系油压发热步骤释放燃油系油压发热步骤 1.Do not smoke1.Do not smoke．． 2.Wear a pair of safety glasses2.Wear a pair of safety glasses．． 3.Keep a dry chemical3.Keep a dry chemical（（Class BClass B））fire extinguisher near fire extinguisher near youyou．． 4.Release gas cap with ignition off4.Release gas cap with ignition off．． 5.disable fuel pump5.disable fuel pump．． 6.on some vehicles6.on some vehicles，，a satisfactory method of disabling a satisfactory method of disabling the fuel pumpthe fuel pump（（s s））is to remove the fuel pump fuseis to remove the fuel pump fuse（（s s）．）． But on other VehiclesBut on other Vehicles，，removing the fusesremoving the fuses（（s s））disables the disables the fuel injectors or ignitionfuel injectors or ignitionSystemsSystems，，so another disabling method must be usedso another disabling method must be used．． 7.Some vehicles not specifically mentioned in 7.Some vehicles not specifically mentioned in ourour““FuelFuel Pressure Pressure ReleaseRelease””chartchart may have two fuel pumps may have two fuel pumps．． Make Make sure both are disabledsure both are disabled．． 8.Turn the ignition key on and start the engine8.Turn the ignition key on and start the engine．． 9.Run the engine until it stalls9.Run the engine until it stalls．． 10.Try to restart the engine for 3-5 seconds10.Try to restart the engine for 3-5 seconds．．For cars For cars with inertia switch pressure reliefwith inertia switch pressure relief．．engage starter 15 engage starter 15 seconds to relieve fuel pressureseconds to relieve fuel pressure．． 11.Turn ignition key off11.Turn ignition key off．． 1 1. .勿吸烟。

勿吸烟 2 2. .戴上一副安全眼镜戴上一副安全眼镜 3 3. .将干化学（将干化学（B B类）灭火器置于身旁类）灭火器置于身旁 4 4. .断开点火开关后，旋松油箱盖断开点火开关后，旋松油箱盖 5 5. .停止油泵工作停止油泵工作 6 6. .在有些汽车上，可通过拆除油泵熔断丝来停止油泵工作但在有些汽车上，可通过拆除油泵熔断丝来停止油泵工作但在其他的汽车上，拆卸熔断丝只能使喷油器或点火系统失效，所以，在其他的汽车上，拆卸熔断丝只能使喷油器或点火系统失效，所以，必须使用其他得方法来使燃油泵工作停止必须使用其他得方法来使燃油泵工作停止 7 7. .在在““油压释放油压释放””中未提及的有些汽车上可能有两个油泵注中未提及的有些汽车上可能有两个油泵注意确保两个油泵均停止工作意确保两个油泵均停止工作 8 8. .闭合点火开关，起动发动机闭合点火开关，起动发动机 9 9. .运行发动机直至停止运行发动机直至停止 1010. .试着重新起动发动机试着重新起动发动机3535秒。

对于使用惯性开关压力释放装置秒对于使用惯性开关压力释放装置的汽车，应使起动机工作的汽车，应使起动机工作1515秒来释放燃油压力秒来释放燃油压力 1111. .断开点火开关断开点火开关 Additional Instructions for Testing GM TBIAdditional Instructions for Testing GM TBI 测试测试GMGM节气们体燃油喷射系统的额外说明节气们体燃油喷射系统的额外说明 1 1. .Relieve fuel system pressureRelieve fuel system pressure．． 2 2. .Remove the air cleaner assemblyRemove the air cleaner assembly．． 3 3. .Temporarily plug the vacuum port on the throttle Temporarily plug the vacuum port on the throttle bodybody. . 4 4. .Using proper adaptersUsing proper adapters，， install the tester in line install the tester in line between the fuel filter and throttle bodybetween the fuel filter and throttle body．． 5 5. .IF steel tubing is IF steel tubing is removedremoved，，useuse two wrenches to two wrenches to prevent damageprevent damage．． 6 6. .On some On some carscars，，itit is easier to put the car on a lift is easier to put the car on a lift and test from underneathand test from underneath．． 7 7. .On some cars with GM TBI On some cars with GM TBI systemssystems，，itit is hard to is hard to install adaptersinstall adapters．． 8 8. .Reactivate fuel Reactivate fuel pumppump，，startstart the engine and check for the engine and check for leaksleaks．． 9 9. .When fuel pressure has stabilized after a minute or When fuel pressure has stabilized after a minute or soso，，gaugegauge should read 9-13 PSI should read 9-13 PSI（（62-90kPa62-90kPa）．）． 10 10. .Deactivate fuel Deactivate fuel pumppump，，andand relieve fuel system relieve fuel system pressurepressure．．WithWith key key offoff，，putput bleedbleed．．offoff tubing in a fuel can tubing in a fuel can and press bleed-off and press bleed-off valvevalve．．IfIf your tester has no bleed-off your tester has no bleed-off valve valve assemblyassembly，，wrapwrap rags around connections and release rags around connections and release slowlyslowly．． 11 11. .Remove tester and reconnect all linesRemove tester and reconnect all lines．． 12 12. .Start engine and check for leaksStart engine and check for leaks．． 13 13. .Remove fuel from all Remove fuel from all hoseshoses．．IfIf fuel remains in gauge fuel remains in gauge hose hose assemblyassembly，，connectconnect the smallest banjo b1ot adapter into the smallest banjo b1ot adapter into the quick coupler over a fuel the quick coupler over a fuel containercontainer．．HoldHold gauge above gauge above hose and fuel will now into the fuel canhose and fuel will now into the fuel can．． 14 14. .Remove the plug from the vacuum port and replace air Remove the plug from the vacuum port and replace air cleanercleaner．． 1 1. .释放燃油系的油压。

释放燃油系的油压 2 2. .拆除空气滤清器总成拆除空气滤清器总成 3 3. .暂时将节气们体的真空端口堵上暂时将节气们体的真空端口堵上 4 4. .用合适的连接器将测试仪安装在燃油滤清器和节气们体之间用合适的连接器将测试仪安装在燃油滤清器和节气们体之间 5 5. .若拆除钢管，需用两个扳手来防止损坏若拆除钢管，需用两个扳手来防止损坏 6 6. .在有些汽车上，容易将汽车开到举升器上，从而在汽车下方在有些汽车上，容易将汽车开到举升器上，从而在汽车下方测试 7 7. .在安装有在安装有GMGM节气们体燃油喷射系统的某些汽车上，较难安装节气们体燃油喷射系统的某些汽车上，较难安装连接器 8 8. .接通燃油泵，起动发动机并检查泄漏接通燃油泵，起动发动机并检查泄漏 9 9. .当燃油压力在几分钟左右后稳定，油压表读数应为当燃油压力在几分钟左右后稳定，油压表读数应为9 9～～13 13 PSIPSI（（6262～～90kPa90kPa） 1010. .切断燃油泵电路，释放燃油系压力。

关断点火开关后，将燃切断燃油泵电路，释放燃油系压力关断点火开关后，将燃油释放管接入到一个燃油罐内并按下释放阀如果测试仪没有释放油释放管接入到一个燃油罐内并按下释放阀如果测试仪没有释放阀装置，则用布条裹在连接处并慢慢释放油压阀装置，则用布条裹在连接处并慢慢释放油压 1111. .拆下测试仪并重新接好所有管路拆下测试仪并重新接好所有管路 1212. .起动发动机并检查泄漏起动发动机并检查泄漏 1313. .清除所有软管内燃油如果油压表的软管中残有燃油，应将清除所有软管内燃油如果油压表的软管中残有燃油，应将油表上最小的中空螺栓接头接到快速耦合连接器上，并伸入到燃油油表上最小的中空螺栓接头接到快速耦合连接器上，并伸入到燃油容器内将油表抬高于软管之上，燃油将流入燃油容器中将油表抬高于软管之上，燃油将流入燃油容器中 1414. .将塞子从真空端口拆下并更换空气滤清器将塞子从真空端口拆下并更换空气滤清器 Fuel Pressure DiagnosisFuel Pressure Diagnosis 燃油压力诊断燃油压力诊断 Fuel Pressure problems generally fall into two Fuel Pressure problems generally fall into two categoriescategories：：higherhigher than normal and lower than normal than normal and lower than normal operating operating pressurespressures．．TheThe fuel supply system is a closed fuel supply system is a closed loop loop systemsystem．．FuelFuel is pumped from the tank to the pressure is pumped from the tank to the pressure regulator and injectorsregulator and injectors，， and excess fuel is returned to and excess fuel is returned to the the tanktank．．TheThe fuel pressure regulator is the dividing point fuel pressure regulator is the dividing point between the supply side and the return side .A higher than between the supply side and the return side .A higher than normal pressure is generally caused by a malfunction in the normal pressure is generally caused by a malfunction in the return return sideside，，andand a lower than normal pressure is generally a lower than normal pressure is generally caused by a problem in the supply sidecaused by a problem in the supply side．． 燃油压力问题通常属于两大类：高于正常工作压力和低于正常燃油压力问题通常属于两大类：高于正常工作压力和低于正常工作压力。

燃油供给系是个封闭的循环系统燃油从油箱内泵出，工作压力燃油供给系是个封闭的循环系统燃油从油箱内泵出，送到燃油压力调节器和喷油器，过多的燃油回到油箱燃油压力调送到燃油压力调节器和喷油器，过多的燃油回到油箱燃油压力调节器是供油管和回油管之间的分界点高于正常的压力通常是回油节器是供油管和回油管之间的分界点高于正常的压力通常是回油管路故障引起的，低于正常的压力通常是供油管路故障引起的管路故障引起的，低于正常的压力通常是供油管路故障引起的 Higher than normal pressures can usually be attributed Higher than normal pressures can usually be attributed to faults such asto faults such as：： ··defective fuel pressure regulator defective fuel pressure regulator ·· restriction restriction（（bend or kinkbend or kink））in return linein return line ·· flexible coupling at tank flexible coupling at tank ··excessive tank pressure caused by a poor vent systemexcessive tank pressure caused by a poor vent system高于正常燃油压力通常归因于下列故障：高于正常燃油压力通常归因于下列故障： ··燃油压力调节器损坏燃油压力调节器损坏 ··回油管受阻（管路弯曲或缠结）回油管受阻（管路弯曲或缠结） ··油箱连接处松动油箱连接处松动 ··通风不良导致的燃油箱内压力过高通风不良导致的燃油箱内压力过高 Lower than normal pressures can usually be attributed Lower than normal pressures can usually be attributed to faults such asto faults such as：： ··clogged fuel filterclogged fuel filter ··restrictionrestriction（（bend or kinkbend or kink））in supply linein supply line ··defective fuel pumpdefective fuel pump ··defective pressure regulatordefective pressure regulator ·· flexible coupling at tank flexible coupling at tank ··clogged fuel filter sock in tankclogged fuel filter sock in tank ··1ow pressure in tank1ow pressure in tank（（vacuumvacuum））caused by improper caused by improper ventingventing 低于正常燃油压力通常归因于下列故障：低于正常燃油压力通常归因于下列故障： ··燃油滤清器堵塞燃油滤清器堵塞 ··供油管受阻（管路弯曲或缠结）供油管受阻（管路弯曲或缠结） ··油泵损坏油泵损坏 ··燃油压力调节器损坏燃油压力调节器损坏 ··油箱连接处松动油箱连接处松动 ··油箱内滤清器堵塞不工作油箱内滤清器堵塞不工作 ··通风不正确导致的油箱内压力过低（真空产生）通风不正确导致的油箱内压力过低（真空产生） Restrictions are usually coupled with a low flow rateRestrictions are usually coupled with a low flow rate，， whereas a defective pump or pressure regulator could whereas a defective pump or pressure regulator could maintain proper now rate but not maintain proper now rate but not pressurepressure．．IfIf any of these any of these conditions conditions existexist，，componentcomponent isolation is generally the isolation is generally the fastest rate of fastest rate of diagnosisdiagnosis（（ExampleExample：：wheneverwhenever possiblepossible，，disconnectdisconnect lines before and after component or lines before and after component or lineline．．CheckCheck pressure and flow before and after component or linepressure and flow before and after component or line）．）． 油管受阻通常伴随着燃油流量下降，然而，油泵或压力调节器油管受阻通常伴随着燃油流量下降，然而，油泵或压力调节器损坏可能仍会维持正确的流量，而不是油压。

如果上述情况存在，损坏可能仍会维持正确的流量，而不是油压如果上述情况存在，则元件分离法通常是最快的诊断方法（比如：如有可能，则在故障则元件分离法通常是最快的诊断方法（比如：如有可能，则在故障元件或油管的前和后分别断开油管，检查元件或管路的前和后的燃元件或油管的前和后分别断开油管，检查元件或管路的前和后的燃油压力和流量）油压力和流量） NEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONS：： PHRASESPHRASES Notes on the TextNotes on the Text NOTE 1NOTE 1NOTE 1NOTE 1 The following basic checks should be performed and any The following basic checks should be performed and any detected faults corrected before a fuel system test is detected faults corrected before a fuel system test is performedperformed．． 对燃油供给系测试前，先要进行下列基本检查，并将所有检查对燃油供给系测试前，先要进行下列基本检查，并将所有检查出的故障排除。

出的故障排除 语法：语法：before a fuel system test is performedbefore a fuel system test is performed是时间状语是时间状语从句 NOTE 2NOTE 2NOTE 2NOTE 2 If an adjustable fuel pressure regulator is usedIf an adjustable fuel pressure regulator is used，，pressure should be maintained during running.pressure should be maintained during running. 若使用了可调节式燃油压力调节器，燃油压力在发动机运行中若使用了可调节式燃油压力调节器，燃油压力在发动机运行中将保持恒定将保持恒定 语法：语法：during runningduring running是时间状语从句是时间状语从句 NOTE 3NOTE 3NOTE 3NOTE 3 If Fuel remains in gauge hose assemblyIf Fuel remains in gauge hose assembly，，connect the connect the smallest smallest banjbanj。

bolt adapter into the quick coupler over a bolt adapter into the quick coupler over a fuel containerfuel container．． 若燃油油残留在油表软管总成中，则将最小的中空螺栓连接器若燃油油残留在油表软管总成中，则将最小的中空螺栓连接器与快速偶合器连接，并置于燃油容器之上与快速偶合器连接，并置于燃油容器之上 NOTE 4NOTE 4NOTE 4NOTE 4 But on other vehiclesBut on other vehicles，，removing the fusesremoving the fuses（（s s））disables disables the fuel injectors or ignition systemsthe fuel injectors or ignition systems，，so another so another disabling method must be useddisabling method must be used．． 但在其它的汽车上，拆卸熔断丝只能使喷油器或点火系统失效，但在其它的汽车上，拆卸熔断丝只能使喷油器或点火系统失效，所以，必须使用其他得方法来使燃油泵失效。

所以，必须使用其他得方法来使燃油泵失效 语法：removing‘g the fuses（s）是动名词作主语 NOTE 5NOTE 5NOTE 5NOTE 5 A higher than normal pressure is generally caused by a A higher than normal pressure is generally caused by a malfunction in the return sidemalfunction in the return side，，and a lower than normal and a lower than normal pressure is generally caused by a problem in the supply pressure is generally caused by a problem in the supply sideside．． 高于正常的压力通常是回油管路故障引起的，低于正常的压力高于正常的压力通常是回油管路故障引起的，低于正常的压力通常是供油管路故障引起的。

通常是供油管路故障引起的 Lesson Three Automobile Testing EquipmentLesson Three Automobile Testing Equipment 第三课第三课 汽车检测设备汽车检测设备 The tune-up technician must be very familiar with and The tune-up technician must be very familiar with and competent in the use of various forms of test equipmentcompetent in the use of various forms of test equipment．．With the aid of this equipmentWith the aid of this equipment，，the technician can perform the technician can perform two very important taskstwo very important tasks．．For instanceFor instance，，the test the test instruments when properly used quickly pinpoint instruments when properly used quickly pinpoint malfunctions within the engine and the ignitionmalfunctions within the engine and the ignition，，fuelfuel，，electricalelectrical，，and emission control systemsand emission control systems．．In additionIn addition，，this this same equipment is an excellent quality control toolsame equipment is an excellent quality control tool．． 汽车修理技师必需熟悉和掌握各种各样的检测仪器。

应用这些汽车修理技师必需熟悉和掌握各种各样的检测仪器应用这些仪器，技师能完成两种重要的任务例如，正确使用检测仪器有助仪器，技师能完成两种重要的任务例如，正确使用检测仪器有助于快速查找发动机、点火系、燃油系、电器和排放控制系统内的故于快速查找发动机、点火系、燃油系、电器和排放控制系统内的故障另外，这些仪器也是很好的汽车维修质量控制设备另外，这些仪器也是很好的汽车维修质量控制设备 Leak detectorLeak detector泄漏检查器泄漏检查器 Diesel Smoke MeterDiesel Smoke Meter柴油机烟度计柴油机烟度计 ………… Leak detectorLeak detector 泄漏检查器泄漏检查器 This instrument is used for locating leaks in any This instrument is used for locating leaks in any pressure and vacuum pressure and vacuum systemsystem，，andand is also used to examine the is also used to examine the discharge troubles in electric discharge troubles in electric apparatusapparatus．．TheThe instrument instrument consists of main consists of main bodybody，，ultrasonicultrasonic probeprobe．．ultrasonicultrasonic microphone and ultrasonic transmitter etcmicrophone and ultrasonic transmitter etc．． 泄露检查器用于查找所有压力和真空系统中的泄露点，也用于泄露检查器用于查找所有压力和真空系统中的泄露点，也用于检查电气设备中的漏电故障。

这个仪器由仪器主体、超声波探测器、检查电气设备中的漏电故障这个仪器由仪器主体、超声波探测器、超声波扩音器和超声波信号发送器等组成超声波扩音器和超声波信号发送器等组成 Diesel Smoke MeterDiesel Smoke Meter 柴油机烟度计柴油机烟度计 This instrument is used for the measurement of smoke This instrument is used for the measurement of smoke emitted from vehicle with diesel engineemitted from vehicle with diesel engine．．The instrument is The instrument is thus suitable for investigating both steady-state and thus suitable for investigating both steady-state and transient conditionstransient conditions，，but suffers from lack of sensitivitybut suffers from lack of sensitivity．．AlsoAlso，，with smoke other than completely blackwith smoke other than completely black，，changes in changes in ambient light may influence readingsambient light may influence readings．．The The opacimeteropacimeter is is essentially an instrument for use a engine test bed or essentially an instrument for use a engine test bed or chassis dynamometer and an exhaust extraction system is chassis dynamometer and an exhaust extraction system is neededneeded；；this should not cause distortion of the plumethis should not cause distortion of the plume．．If If used in the open air it is clear that the plume must be used in the open air it is clear that the plume must be shielded from windshielded from wind．． 该仪器是用于柴油机碳烟排放的测定。

这个仪器能适于发动机该仪器是用于柴油机碳烟排放的测定这个仪器能适于发动机稳态和瞬态工况下烟度的测量，不过烟度计常有灵敏度低的缺点稳态和瞬态工况下烟度的测量，不过烟度计常有灵敏度低的缺点并且，在排烟未全黑的情况下，烟度计读数会受到环境光线的影并且，在排烟未全黑的情况下，烟度计读数会受到环境光线的影Fig.5-1 Diesel Smoke MeterFig.5-1 Diesel Smoke Meter响吸光系数烟度计实际上是用于发动机试验台或底盘测功机上的响吸光系数烟度计实际上是用于发动机试验台或底盘测功机上的仪器，它要与废气采集系统同时使用，这种烟度计测量烟度时不会仪器，它要与废气采集系统同时使用，这种烟度计测量烟度时不会错误若在开放条件下测量烟度，那么必需将烟柱遮蔽起来，免受错误若在开放条件下测量烟度，那么必需将烟柱遮蔽起来，免受风的影响风的影响 Automotive Emission AnalyzerAutomotive Emission Analyzer 汽车排气分析仪汽车排气分析仪 This is a type of non-dispersive infrared absorption This is a type of non-dispersive infrared absorption analyze-analyze-r r．．TheThe infrared analyzer is a device that measures infrared analyzer is a device that measures the amount of the amount of hydrocarbonshydrocarbons（（HCHC））andand carbon carbon monoxidemonoxide（（COCO））inin a vehiclea vehicle’’s s exhaustexhaust．．BothBoth of these compounds are harmful of these compounds are harmful air pollutant-air pollutant-s s．．HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons in a Vehicle in a Vehicle’’s exhaust s exhaust represent unburned represent unburned gasolinegasoline．．IfIf the engine does not burn up the engine does not burn up all the fuel during the combustion all the fuel during the combustion processprocess，，rawraw gasoline gasoline goes out the tailpipe and registers as HC on the goes out the tailpipe and registers as HC on the metermeter．．thethe meter on the analyzer measures HC emissions in parts per meter on the analyzer measures HC emissions in parts per million million （（ppmppm）．）．onon the analyzer the analyzer’’s s cometercometer，，thethe richness richness or leanness of a mixture is shown by the position of the or leanness of a mixture is shown by the position of the needleneedle．．TheThe richer the richer the mixturemixture，，forfor exampleexample，，thethe higher the higher the needle needle deflectsdeflects，，indicatingindicating a greater percentage of CO in a greater percentage of CO in the exhaust the exhaust samplesample．．TheThe analyzer measures the amount of analyzer measures the amount ofCO in the CO in the exhaustexhaust．．UsingUsing a percentage a percentage figurefigure．．otherother than than the task of measuring emission levels to determine if a the task of measuring emission levels to determine if a vehicle′svehicle′s exhaust emissions comply with legal exhaust emissions comply with legal standardsstandards，，thethe infrared analyzer has three other common infrared analyzer has three other common usagesusages．．FirstFirst，，youyou can perform emission tests with this machine at can perform emission tests with this machine at various engine speeds and conditions to uncover quickly a various engine speeds and conditions to uncover quickly a variety of variety of engineengine，，ignitionignition，，andand fuel-system fuel-system malfunctionsmalfunctions．．SecondSecond，，thethe analyzer provides the accuracy and range for analyzer provides the accuracy and range for checking and adjusting most carburetorschecking and adjusting most carburetors，， except except those found on many vehicles with catalytic those found on many vehicles with catalytic convertersconverters．．FinallyFinally，，thethe analyzer serves as a valuable analyzer serves as a valuable qualityquality．．controlcontrol tool after a tune-up to make sure that all the repair work tool after a tune-up to make sure that all the repair work and adjustments corrected a noted problem and restored the and adjustments corrected a noted problem and restored the vehicle to manufacturervehicle to manufacturer’’s specifications specification．． 这是种非分散型的吸收式红外分析仪。

这种吸收式红外分析仪这是种非分散型的吸收式红外分析仪这种吸收式红外分析仪可以检测汽车排气中碳氢可以检测汽车排气中碳氢( (HcHc) )和一氧化碳和一氧化碳(C0)(C0)的排放量这两种化的排放量这两种化合物都是有害空气污染物汽车排气中碳氢代表未燃的汽油如果合物都是有害空气污染物汽车排气中碳氢代表未燃的汽油如果发动机在燃烧过程中未能将燃油燃烧完全，纯汽油就从排气尾管中发动机在燃烧过程中未能将燃油燃烧完全，纯汽油就从排气尾管中排出，并在仪器上显示为排出，并在仪器上显示为HCHC排放分析仪上测量排放分析仪上测量HCHC排放是以百万分排放是以百万分之几为单位的分析仪上之几为单位的分析仪上COCO计是以指针偏转位置来显示计是以指针偏转位置来显示c0c0的浓度的的浓度的混合物的浓度越高，指针偏转的越高，表明排出的样气中混合物的浓度越高，指针偏转的越高，表明排出的样气中c0c0的百分的百分比越大分析仪用百分比来显示排气中比越大分析仪用百分比来显示排气中C0C0含量除了检测排放水平，含量除了检测排放水平，来决定汽车排放是否达到法规标准，红外分析仪还具有其他三大常来决定汽车排放是否达到法规标准，红外分析仪还具有其他三大常规用途。

首先，可用仪器规用途首先，可用仪器测量发动机在不同转速和工况下测量发动机在不同转速和工况下的排放，以发现发动机、点火系的排放，以发现发动机、点火系和燃油系的各种故障其次，除和燃油系的各种故障其次，除了在安装有催化转化器的汽车上，了在安装有催化转化器的汽车上，分析仪可衡量对多数化油器的检分析仪可衡量对多数化油器的检验和调试的效果最后，分析仪验和调试的效果最后，分析仪还是个优秀的维修质量控制工具，还是个优秀的维修质量控制工具，在发动机维修后能确保所作的维在发动机维修后能确保所作的维修和调整工作已经校正了显著的修和调整工作已经校正了显著的故障并将汽车恢复到厂商的技术故障并将汽车恢复到厂商的技术规格Fig.5-2 Automotive EmissionFig.5-2 Automotive Emission Analyzer Analyzer MicrocomputerisedMicrocomputerised Engine Analyzer Engine Analyzer 计算机控制的发动机分析仪计算机控制的发动机分析仪 It consists of the main partIt consists of the main part，， sensors and sensors and indicatorindicator．．TheThe main part is a measuring and main part is a measuring and datadata．．handlinghandling system with system with a microcomputera microcomputer．． There are seven sensors- There are seven sensors-ignitionignition，，powerpower supplysupply，，voltagevoltage，，oiloil pressurepressure，，cylindercylinder pressurepressure，，VibrationVibration and fuel injection sensorsand fuel injection sensors．． 它由仪器主体、传感器和指示仪表组成。

主体是个带微机的测它由仪器主体、传感器和指示仪表组成主体是个带微机的测量和数据处理系统传感器则有量和数据处理系统传感器则有7 7种：点火传感器、电源传感器、电种：点火传感器、电源传感器、电压传感器、机油压力传感器、气缸压力传感器、爆震传感器和燃油压传感器、机油压力传感器、气缸压力传感器、爆震传感器和燃油喷射传感器等喷射传感器等 Chassis DynamometerChassis Dynamometer 底盘测功机底盘测功机 The chassis dynamometer is another very important The chassis dynamometer is another very important diagnostic tooldiagnostic tool，，found in many tune-up specialty shopsfound in many tune-up specialty shops．．The chassis dynamometer measures the mechanical power of The chassis dynamometer measures the mechanical power of the vehicle at the drive-wheels and provides the operator the vehicle at the drive-wheels and provides the operator with a readout in units of road speed and powerwith a readout in units of road speed and power．．In In additionaddition，，the chassis dynamometer along with an engine the chassis dynamometer along with an engine analyzer permits the operator to examine engine systems in analyzer permits the operator to examine engine systems in detail with the vehicle operating under a 1oaded conditiondetail with the vehicle operating under a 1oaded condition．．The typical chassis dynamometer consists of two rollersThe typical chassis dynamometer consists of two rollers，，a remote control pendanta remote control pendant．．and readout instrumentsand readout instruments．．The two The two rollers cradle the Vehiclerollers cradle the Vehicle’’s drive wheelss drive wheels．．one of the one of the rollers couples directly to a power absorption unitrollers couples directly to a power absorption unit．．The The power absorption unit applies apower absorption unit applies avarying load on this roller upon command from the operatorvarying load on this roller upon command from the operator．．The power absorption unit then acts as a very effective The power absorption unit then acts as a very effective brakebrake，，which applieswhich applies，，through the rollerthrough the roller，，resistance to resistance to drive-wheel rotationdrive-wheel rotation．．The greater the 1oad applied by the The greater the 1oad applied by the absorption unit to the rollerabsorption unit to the roller，，the more horsepower is the more horsepower is necessarily to turn it at any given speednecessarily to turn it at any given speed．．ThusThus，，at constant driveat constant drive．．wheel speedwheel speed，，the horsepower output the horsepower output can be made to vary by changing the 1oadcan be made to vary by changing the 1oad，，applied by the applied by the absorption unitabsorption unit．．AlsoAlso，，the operator can vary the horsepower the operator can vary the horsepower output with a constant load applied to the driveoutput with a constant load applied to the drive．．wheels by wheels by changing the engine speedchanging the engine speed．．The remote pendant is a hand-The remote pendant is a hand-held contro1 used to activate the power absorption unitheld contro1 used to activate the power absorption unit．．The control itself has two buttonsThe control itself has two buttons：：on and offon and off．．When the When the technician pushes the on button intechnician pushes the on button in，，the power absorption the power absorption unit begins to load the rollerunit begins to load the roller．．The off buttonThe off button，，on theon theother handother hand，，deenergizesdeenergizes the power absorption unit the power absorption unit，，thus thus releasing the load from the rollerreleasing the load from the roller．．The speed and power The speed and power instrument panel contains two largeinstrument panel contains two large，，illuminated metersilluminated meters：：speed and powerspeed and power．． 底盘测功机是另外一种非常重要的诊断工具，常出现在许多汽底盘测功机是另外一种非常重要的诊断工具，常出现在许多汽车专业维修店。

底盘测功机能测量车辆驱动轮上的机械功率，并能车专业维修店底盘测功机能测量车辆驱动轮上的机械功率，并能给操作员提供出以道路行车速度和功率为单位的读数另外，底盘给操作员提供出以道路行车速度和功率为单位的读数另外，底盘测功机和发动机分析仪一起使用可使操作员仔细检查汽车在带负荷测功机和发动机分析仪一起使用可使操作员仔细检查汽车在带负荷的条件下其发动机的技术状况常见的底盘测功机包括两根滚筒，的条件下其发动机的技术状况常见的底盘测功机包括两根滚筒，一个遥控面板，一个读数仪器两根滚筒托起汽车驱动轮其中一一个遥控面板，一个读数仪器两根滚筒托起汽车驱动轮其中一根滚筒与动力吸收装置直接耦合动力吸收装置根据操作员命令而根滚筒与动力吸收装置直接耦合动力吸收装置根据操作员命令而将不同的负荷作用在这根滚筒上动力吸收装置然后起到一个有效将不同的负荷作用在这根滚筒上动力吸收装置然后起到一个有效的制动作用，通过滚筒阻止驱动轮的旋转动力吸收装置作用在滚的制动作用，通过滚筒阻止驱动轮的旋转动力吸收装置作用在滚筒上的载荷越大，就需要驱动轮发出更大的功率来使滚筒按给定转筒上的载荷越大，就需要驱动轮发出更大的功率来使滚筒按给定转速转动。

因此，在驱动轮稳定转速下，可通过改变动力吸收装置的速转动因此，在驱动轮稳定转速下，可通过改变动力吸收装置的作用载荷来改变驱动轮输出功率同时，在固定作用在驱动轮的载作用载荷来改变驱动轮输出功率同时，在固定作用在驱动轮的载荷下，操作员也可以通过改变发动机转速来改变驱动轮输出功率荷下，操作员也可以通过改变发动机转速来改变驱动轮输出功率遥控面板是个手持式控制装置用以遥控动力吸收装置遥控面板上遥控面板是个手持式控制装置用以遥控动力吸收装置遥控面板上有两个按钮：有两个按钮：““启动启动””和和““停止停止””当技师按下当技师按下““启动启动””按钮，动按钮，动力吸收装置开始给滚筒加载按下力吸收装置开始给滚筒加载按下““停止停止””按钮，相反，动力吸收按钮，相反，动力吸收装置断电，使滚筒卸载速度和功率仪表板有两个大的指示计：速装置断电，使滚筒卸载速度和功率仪表板有两个大的指示计：速度计和功率计度计和功率计 Fig.5-3 Fig.5-3 ChasisChasis Dynamometer Dynamometer Automobile Front wheel AlignerAutomobile Front wheel Aligner 汽车前轮定位仪汽车前轮定位仪 This is a special device for measuring the wheel camberThis is a special device for measuring the wheel camber，，the kingpin caster and the kingpin inclination of the kingpin caster and the kingpin inclination of automobileautomobile．． 这个是专门用于测量汽车车轮外倾角、主销后倾角和主销内倾这个是专门用于测量汽车车轮外倾角、主销后倾角和主销内倾角的装置。

角的装置 Automobile side-slip TesterAutomobile side-slip Tester 汽车测滑仪汽车测滑仪 This instrument is used for testing the dynamic This instrument is used for testing the dynamic location of the front wheels of location of the front wheels of automobileautomobile．．ItIt consists of consists of the testing the testing devicedevice，，thethe quantitative indicating device and quantitative indicating device and the qualitative displaying device of the sideslipthe qualitative displaying device of the sideslip．． 这种仪器用于检测汽车前轮的动力学部位。

它由侧滑检测装置、这种仪器用于检测汽车前轮的动力学部位它由侧滑检测装置、侧滑量指示装置和侧滑量显示装置组成侧滑量指示装置和侧滑量显示装置组成Fig.5-4 Automobile side-slip Tester Automobile Speedometer TesterAutomobile Speedometer Tester 汽车车速表测试仪汽车车速表测试仪 This equipment is used for checking the precision and This equipment is used for checking the precision and the performance of automobile speedometerthe performance of automobile speedometer．．It consists of It consists of the speed-test devicethe speed-test device，，speed-display device and speedspeed-display device and speed．． 这是用来检查汽车车速表的准确性和工作特性的设备。

它由车这是用来检查汽车车速表的准确性和工作特性的设备它由车速检测装置、车速显示装置和车速警报装置组成速检测装置、车速显示装置和车速警报装置组成 TorquemeterTorquemeter 扭矩测试仪扭矩测试仪 This is a This is a torquemetertorquemeter with with microcomputermicrocomputer；；itit’’s s used used for measuring for measuring torquetorque，，speedspeed and power of and power of engineengine，，motormotor and and gearboxgearbox，，etcetc．． 扭矩测试仪带有微机，用于测量发动机、起动机和变速箱的扭扭矩测试仪带有微机，用于测量发动机、起动机和变速箱的扭矩、转速和功率矩、转速和功率 Reaction Type Automobile Brake TesterReaction Type Automobile Brake Tester 反力式汽车制动实验台反力式汽车制动实验台 This is an instrument for checking the braking This is an instrument for checking the braking performance of automobileperformance of automobile．．It consists of the actuating It consists of the actuating devicedevice，，braking force supporting devicebraking force supporting device，，braking force braking force detecting device and braking force indicating devicedetecting device and braking force indicating device．． 这是个检测汽车制动性能的仪器。

它由执行装置、制动力支撑这是个检测汽车制动性能的仪器它由执行装置、制动力支撑装置、制动力检测装置和制动力显示装置组成装置、制动力检测装置和制动力显示装置组成 Automobile Comprehensive TesterAutomobile Comprehensive Tester 汽车综合测试仪汽车综合测试仪 This instrument is used for the determination of This instrument is used for the determination of dynamic and economic property in automobile testdynamic and economic property in automobile test．．1t 1t consists of main part and consists of main part and sensorssensors．．TheThe main part consists main part consists of a single board computer and an interface circuit of a single board computer and an interface circuit plateplate．．SensorsSensors include the 6fth wheel include the 6fth wheel sensorsensor，，fuelfuel consumption consumption sensorsensor，，pullingpulling force force sensorsensor，，revolutionrevolution sensor and brake sensor and brake pedal sensorpedal sensor．． 这个仪器用于测量汽车的动力性和经济性。

它由主体部分和传这个仪器用于测量汽车的动力性和经济性它由主体部分和传感器组成主体部分由单片机和界面电路板组成传感器包括五轮感器组成主体部分由单片机和界面电路板组成传感器包括五轮传感器、燃油消耗传感器、牵引力传感器、转数传感器和制动踏板传感器、燃油消耗传感器、牵引力传感器、转数传感器和制动踏板传感器 Performance Tester of Internal-Combustion-EnginePerformance Tester of Internal-Combustion-Engine 内燃机性能测试内燃机性能测试 This is a tester for measuring the powerThis is a tester for measuring the power，，fuel fuel consumption and rotational speed of engineconsumption and rotational speed of engine．．It consists of It consists of a microcomputer and a printing systema microcomputer and a printing system．．It is used in engine It is used in engine test run in combination with various dynamometerstest run in combination with various dynamometers．． 这是测量发动机功率、燃油消耗和发动机转速的仪器。

它由一这是测量发动机功率、燃油消耗和发动机转速的仪器它由一个微机和一个打印系统组成它与底盘测功机结合，可用于发动机个微机和一个打印系统组成它与底盘测功机结合，可用于发动机测试 Wheel Dynamic BalancerWheel Dynamic Balancer 车轮动平衡仪车轮动平衡仪 This is a special equipment for conducting This is a special equipment for conducting balancingbalancing．．TheThe electrical logging system analyses and handles signals electrical logging system analyses and handles signals with a single board with a single board computercomputer．．DynamicDynamic imbalanceimbalance．．UnlikeUnlike static static imbalanceimbalance，，cancan only be detected when the wheel is only be detected when the wheel is rotatingrotating．．DynamicDynamic balancers of the first type require the balancers of the first type require the tire to be in static balance before any dynamic balancing tire to be in static balance before any dynamic balancing is is attemptedattempted．．DynamicDynamic imbalance can then be checked as the imbalance can then be checked as the wheel is wheel is spunspun．．TheThe weights of the size indicated are placed weights of the size indicated are placed on the wheel rim in the proper positionon the wheel rim in the proper position（（180180°°from each from each other on opposite wheel other on opposite wheel rimsrims）．）．TheThe wheel is wheel is respunrespun to make to make sure that the imbalance has been sure that the imbalance has been correctedcorrected．．BalancersBalancers of of the second the second typetype，，thosethose that combine static and dynamic that combine static and dynamic balance balance functionsfunctions，，useuse a sensing mechanism that is a sensing mechanism that issensitive to the entire weight characteristic of the tire sensitive to the entire weight characteristic of the tire and wheel and wheel assemblyassembly．．ThisThis allows imbalance to be corrected allows imbalance to be corrected with one weight on each side of the wheelwith one weight on each side of the wheel．． 这是个专门用于校正平衡的装备。

其电子记录系统使用单片机这是个专门用于校正平衡的装备其电子记录系统使用单片机来分析和处理信号和静不平衡不同，动不平衡只有在车轮旋转时来分析和处理信号和静不平衡不同，动不平衡只有在车轮旋转时才能被检测到用第一种动平衡仪才能被检测到用第一种动平衡仪测试车轮动平衡前需要对轮胎进行测试车轮动平衡前需要对轮胎进行静平衡然后当车轮旋转起来时动静平衡然后当车轮旋转起来时动不平衡才能被检测到显示的平衡不平衡才能被检测到显示的平衡重块要安装在轮辋正确的位置上重块要安装在轮辋正确的位置上（平衡重块间在轮辋上呈（平衡重块间在轮辋上呈180180°°对对立）然后，要将车轮再次旋转，立）然后，要将车轮再次旋转，以确保动不平衡已被纠正第二种以确保动不平衡已被纠正第二种动平衡仪，同时具有静平衡和动平动平衡仪，同时具有静平衡和动平衡功能，它使用对轮胎和车轮总成衡功能，它使用对轮胎和车轮总成的整重特性敏感的感应装置这样，的整重特性敏感的感应装置这样，可以使用一个平衡重块安装到车轮可以使用一个平衡重块安装到车轮对应位置上来纠正不平衡对应位置上来纠正不平衡Fig.5-5 Wheel Dynamic Fig.5-5 Wheel Dynamic BalancerBalancer NEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONS：： PHRASES PHRASES Notes on the Text Notes on the Text NOTE 1NOTE 1NOTE 1NOTE 1 This instrument is used for locating leaks in any This instrument is used for locating leaks in any pressure and vacuum systempressure and vacuum system．．and is also used to examine the and is also used to examine the discharge troubles in electric apparatusdischarge troubles in electric apparatus．． 泄露检查器用于查找所有压力和真空系统中的泄露点，也用于泄露检查器用于查找所有压力和真空系统中的泄露点，也用于查找电气设备中的漏电故障。

查找电气设备中的漏电故障 NOTE 2NOTE 2NOTE 2NOTE 2 This instrument is used for the measurement of smoke This instrument is used for the measurement of smoke emitted from vehicle with diesel engineemitted from vehicle with diesel engine．． 该仪器是用于柴油机排放碳烟的测定该仪器是用于柴油机排放碳烟的测定 NOTE 3NOTE 3NOTE 3NOTE 3 The The opacimeteropacimeter is essentially an instrument for use on is essentially an instrument for use on engine test bed or chassis dynamometer and an exhaust engine test bed or chassis dynamometer and an exhaust extraction system is neededextraction system is needed：：this should not cause this should not cause distortion of the plumedistortion of the plume．． 吸光系数烟度计实际上是用于发动机试验台或底盘测功机上的吸光系数烟度计实际上是用于发动机试验台或底盘测功机上的仪器，它要与废气采集系统同时使用，这种烟度计测量烟度时不会仪器，它要与废气采集系统同时使用，这种烟度计测量烟度时不会错误。

错误 NOTE 4NOTE 4NOTE 4NOTE 4 The richer the The richer the mixturemixture，，forfor exampleexample，，thethe higher the higher the needle needle deflectsdeflects，，indicatingindicating a greater percentage of CO in a greater percentage of CO in the exhaust samplethe exhaust sample．． 混合物的浓度越高，指针偏转得越高，表明所排出样气中混合物的浓度越高，指针偏转得越高，表明所排出样气中COCO的的百分比含量越大百分比含量越大 语法：语法：the richerthe richer……the higherthe higher是是the morethe more……the morethe more的变体的变体形式在英语中，常用这种类似的方法来表达形式在英语中，常用这种类似的方法来表达““越越…………越越……”……”。

 NOTE 5NOTE 5NOTE 5NOTE 5 The chassis dynamometer measures the mechanical power The chassis dynamometer measures the mechanical power of the vehicle at the drive-wheels and provides the of the vehicle at the drive-wheels and provides the operator with a readout in units of road speed and poweroperator with a readout in units of road speed and power．． 底盘测功机能测量车辆驱动轮上的机械功率，并能给操作员显底盘测功机能测量车辆驱动轮上的机械功率，并能给操作员显示车辆的道路行车速度和功率具体读数示车辆的道路行车速度和功率具体读数 NOTE 6NOTE 6NOTE 6NOTE 6 This is a special device for measuring the wheel This is a special device for measuring the wheel cambercamber．．thethe kingpin caster and the kingpin inclination of kingpin caster and the kingpin inclination of automobileautomobile．． 这个是专门用于测量汽车车轮外倾角、主销后倾角和主销内倾这个是专门用于测量汽车车轮外倾角、主销后倾角和主销内倾角的装置。

角的装置Section 4 Reading Materials of Present Automobile Section 4 Reading Materials of Present Automobile Section 4 Reading Materials of Present Automobile Section 4 Reading Materials of Present Automobile Technology Technology Technology Technology 第四节第四节第四节第四节 汽车技术资料选读汽车技术资料选读汽车技术资料选读汽车技术资料选读 Lesson One Introduction to the Emission Control SystemLesson One Introduction to the Emission Control System 第一课第一课 汽车排放控制技术介绍汽车排放控制技术介绍 Lesson Two ITS and GPSLesson Two ITS and GPS 第二课第二课 智能运输系统和全球定位系统智能运输系统和全球定位系统 AppendixAppendix 附录附录 Lesson One Introduction to the Emission Control Lesson One Introduction to the Emission Control SystemSystem 第一课第一课 汽车排放控制技术介绍汽车排放控制技术介绍 The purpose of the emission control system is just The purpose of the emission control system is just that; it controls the emissions and exhaust from your that; it controls the emissions and exhaust from your vehicle. The idea is to turn the harmful gases your vehicle. The idea is to turn the harmful gases your manufactures into harmless ones that don't ruin the manufactures into harmless ones that don't ruin the environment, or us. Some of the problem gases are:environment, or us. Some of the problem gases are: ··Hydrocarbons(unburnedHydrocarbons(unburned) ) ··Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide ··Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide ··Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides ··Sulfur dioxideSulfur dioxide ··PhosphorusPhosphorus ··Lead and other metalsLead and other metals 汽车在很多工况下都会有发动机过热产生，此时的温度会则在汽车在很多工况下都会有发动机过热产生，此时的温度会则在仪表板上的温度表中显示。

有些工况会引起发动机温度的微小变化，仪表板上的温度表中显示有些工况会引起发动机温度的微小变化，而另外工况则会引起发动机温度迅速上升并使得冷却水剧烈沸腾而另外工况则会引起发动机温度迅速上升并使得冷却水剧烈沸腾同时也有些工况会对发动机温度上升稍有影响，但对发动机性能影同时也有些工况会对发动机温度上升稍有影响，但对发动机性能影响会更显著响会更显著 ··碳氢化合物（未燃）碳氢化合物（未燃） ··一氧化碳一氧化碳 ··二氧化碳二氧化碳 ··氮氧化物氮氧化物 ··二氧化硫二氧化硫 ··磷磷 ··铅及其他金属铅及其他金属 To help control these substances.To help control these substances.，，some changes have some changes have been made in our gasoline to eliminate them. We also have been made in our gasoline to eliminate them. We also have developed ways to test emissions. Which have caused developed ways to test emissions. Which have caused automotive manufacturers to develop better, safer emission automotive manufacturers to develop better, safer emission systems. Although emission control systems vary between systems. Although emission control systems vary between manufacturers and vehicles. They all have the same goal and manufacturers and vehicles. They all have the same goal and use many of the same methods. Emission controls have use many of the same methods. Emission controls have reduced carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission by about reduced carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission by about ninety-six percent from pre control vehicles. Hydrocarbons, ninety-six percent from pre control vehicles. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen are created during carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen are created during the combustion process and are emitted into the atmosphere the combustion process and are emitted into the atmosphere from the tail pipe. There are also hydrocarbons emitted as from the tail pipe. There are also hydrocarbons emitted as a result of vaporization of gasoline and from the crankcase a result of vaporization of gasoline and from the crankcase of the automobile. The need to control the emissions from of the automobile. The need to control the emissions from automobiles gave rise to the computerization of theautomobiles gave rise to the computerization of theautomobile. An oxygen sensor was installed in the exhaust automobile. An oxygen sensor was installed in the exhaust system and would measure the fuel content of the exhaust system and would measure the fuel content of the exhaust stream. It then would send a signal to a microprocessor. stream. It then would send a signal to a microprocessor. Which would analyze the reading and operate a fuel mixture Which would analyze the reading and operate a fuel mixture or air mixture device to create the proper air/fuel ratio. or air mixture device to create the proper air/fuel ratio. [4]As computer systems progressed. They were able to adjust [4]As computer systems progressed. They were able to adjust ignition spark timing as well as operate the other emission ignition spark timing as well as operate the other emission controls that were installed on the vehicle. The computer controls that were installed on the vehicle. The computer is also capable of monitoring and diagnosing itself. is also capable of monitoring and diagnosing itself. Devices related to the emission control system installed on Devices related to the emission control system installed on the automobile are: Tailpipe, Muffler, EGR valve. Catalytic the automobile are: Tailpipe, Muffler, EGR valve. Catalytic Converter, Air pump, PCV valve, Charcoal Canister.Converter, Air pump, PCV valve, Charcoal Canister. 为有助于控制这些物质，已经对汽油组分进行了改进，以消除为有助于控制这些物质，已经对汽油组分进行了改进，以消除有害排放。

我们也制定了相应的排放检测方法，这也促进汽车厂商有害排放我们也制定了相应的排放检测方法，这也促进汽车厂商研制更好、更环保的排放控制系统虽然排放控制系统会随着厂商研制更好、更环保的排放控制系统虽然排放控制系统会随着厂商和车辆的不同而有所差别，但他们的作用都相同，且多数使用相同和车辆的不同而有所差别，但他们的作用都相同，且多数使用相同的方法与未装排放控制装置的汽车相比，装有排放控制装置的汽的方法与未装排放控制装置的汽车相比，装有排放控制装置的汽车可以将一氧化碳和碳氢化合物排放降低车可以将一氧化碳和碳氢化合物排放降低9696％碳氢化合物、一氧％碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和氮氧化物是在燃烧过程中产生的，并通过排气管排到大气中化碳和氮氧化物是在燃烧过程中产生的，并通过排气管排到大气中也有一些碳氢化合物是以汽油蒸发物和从曲轴箱中窜人大气的形式也有一些碳氢化合物是以汽油蒸发物和从曲轴箱中窜人大气的形式排放的对汽车排放控制的需要促进了汽车的计算机控制化在排排放的对汽车排放控制的需要促进了汽车的计算机控制化在排气系统中安装氧传感器用于测量废气流中的氧含量氧气传感器将气系统中安装氧传感器用于测量废气流中的氧含量。

氧气传感器将信号传递给微处理机，微处理机分析读数并控制燃油／空气混合装信号传递给微处理机，微处理机分析读数并控制燃油／空气混合装置以便获得正确的空燃比当计算机系统按程序设定后，计算机可置以便获得正确的空燃比当计算机系统按程序设定后，计算机可以像控制其他安装在车辆上的排放装置一样调整点火时刻计算机以像控制其他安装在车辆上的排放装置一样调整点火时刻计算机同时能够自我检测和诊断安装在汽车上与排放系统有关的装置有：同时能够自我检测和诊断安装在汽车上与排放系统有关的装置有：排气尾管、消声器、排气尾管、消声器、EGREGR阀、催化转化器、空气泵、阀、催化转化器、空气泵、PCVPCV阀以及活性阀以及活性炭罐等 Exhaust ManifoldExhaust Manifold 排气歧管排气歧管 The exhaust manifold, usually constructed of cast iron, The exhaust manifold, usually constructed of cast iron, is a pipe that conducts the exhaust gases from the is a pipe that conducts the exhaust gases from the combustion chambers to the exhaust pipe. It has smooth combustion chambers to the exhaust pipe. It has smooth curves in it from improving the flow of exhaust. The curves in it from improving the flow of exhaust. The exhaust manifold is bolted to the cylinder head.exhaust manifold is bolted to the cylinder head. 材料通常为铸铁的排气歧管是将废气从燃烧室引入排气管的管材料通常为铸铁的排气歧管是将废气从燃烧室引入排气管的管道。

内部流线形结构改善了排气流排气歧管采用螺栓联接固定在道内部流线形结构改善了排气流排气歧管采用螺栓联接固定在气缸盖上气缸盖上 Exhaust PipeExhaust Pipe 排气管排气管 The exhaust pipe is the bent-up or convoluted pipes you The exhaust pipe is the bent-up or convoluted pipes you will notice underneath you car. Some are shaped to go over will notice underneath you car. Some are shaped to go over the rear axle, allowing the rear axle to move up and down the rear axle, allowing the rear axle to move up and down without bumping into the exhaust pipe; some are shaped to without bumping into the exhaust pipe; some are shaped to bend around under the floor of the bend around under the floor of the car,connectingcar,connecting the the catalytic converter with the muffler.catalytic converter with the muffler. 排气管是我们在汽车底部看到的弯曲或盘旋的管道。

有些是做排气管是我们在汽车底部看到的弯曲或盘旋的管道有些是做成一定形状，它能穿越过后桥之上，这样，后桥上下运动时就不会成一定形状，它能穿越过后桥之上，这样，后桥上下运动时就不会触及排气管；有些是在汽车地板下方，连接催化转化器和消声器触及排气管；有些是在汽车地板下方，连接催化转化器和消声器 MufflerMuffler 消声器消声器 Exhaust gases leave the engine under extremely high Exhaust gases leave the engine under extremely high pressure. The pressure of the gases is reduced w hen they pressure. The pressure of the gases is reduced w hen they pass through the muffler, so they go out of the tail pipe pass through the muffler, so they go out of the tail pipe quietly. The muffler is made of metal and is located quietly. The muffler is made of metal and is located underneath the body of the car. It's connected between the underneath the body of the car. It's connected between the tail pipe and the catalytic converter.tail pipe and the catalytic converter. 废气在非常高的压力下排出发动机。

气体经过消声器后，压力废气在非常高的压力下排出发动机气体经过消声器后，压力减小，所以离开排气尾管时很安静消声器用金属材料制造，被安减小，所以离开排气尾管时很安静消声器用金属材料制造，被安装在车身底部连接在排气尾管和催化转化器之间装在车身底部连接在排气尾管和催化转化器之间 TailpipTailpip 排气尾管排气尾管 The tailpipe is a long metal tube attached to the The tailpipe is a long metal tube attached to the muffler.Itmuffler.It discharges the exhaust gases from the muffler of discharges the exhaust gases from the muffler of your engine into the air outside the car.your engine into the air outside the car. 排气尾管是安装在消声器后的长金属管。

排气尾管将流经消声排气尾管是安装在消声器后的长金属管排气尾管将流经消声器的发动机废气排到汽车物停留在曲轴箱内，则会产生各种副作用器的发动机废气排到汽车物停留在曲轴箱内，则会产生各种副作用( (如锈蚀，腐蚀及生成油泥的组分如锈蚀，腐蚀及生成油泥的组分) )，因此，必须将它们清除出去因此，必须将它们清除出去Fig.5-7 Location Emission Control Fig.5-7 Location Emission Control SystenmSystenm Dual Exhaust SystemDual Exhaust System 双排气系统双排气系统 The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the engine exhausts more freely, there by lowering the back engine exhausts more freely, there by lowering the back pressure which is inherent in a exhaust system. With a dual pressure which is inherent in a exhaust system. With a dual exhaust system, a sizable increase in engine horsepower can exhaust system, a sizable increase in engine horsepower can be obtained because the be obtained because the ““breathingbreathing”” capacity of the capacity of the engine is improved, leaving less exhaust gases in the engine is improved, leaving less exhaust gases in the engine at the end of each exhaust stroke.engine at the end of each exhaust stroke. 双排气系统的优点是使发动机排气更加通畅，因此降低了单排双排气系统的优点是使发动机排气更加通畅，因此降低了单排气系统中的固有的背压。

使用双排气系统后，大大增加了发动机功气系统中的固有的背压使用双排气系统后，大大增加了发动机功率这是因为双排气系统使得每个排气冲程终了时留在发动机内的率这是因为双排气系统使得每个排气冲程终了时留在发动机内的残余废气减少，从而增大了发动机吸气量残余废气减少，从而增大了发动机吸气量 Catalytic ConverterCatalytic Converter 催化转化器催化转化器 When you engine burns When you engine burns fuel,itfuel,it produces gases that are produces gases that are bad fro the bad fro the environment.Theseenvironment.These noxious gases are noxious gases are hydrocarbons,carbonhydrocarbons,carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen oxides.Tooxides.To prevent prevent the engine from polluting the environment with thee the engine from polluting the environment with thee gases,wegases,we include a catalytic converter in our emission include a catalytic converter in our emission systems.Thesystems.The catalytic converter is installed in the exhaust catalytic converter is installed in the exhaust line,betweenline,between the exhaust manifold and the the exhaust manifold and the muffler,andmuffler,and makes makes use of chemicals that act as a use of chemicals that act as a catalyst.Incatalyst.In the case of the the case of the catalytic catalytic converter,theconverter,the chemicals it contains cause a chemicals it contains cause a reaction in the pollutants in the reaction in the pollutants in the exhaust.Theexhaust.The converter is converter is lined with chemicals such as aluminum lined with chemicals such as aluminum oxide,platinumoxide,platinum and and palladium.Thesepalladium.These chemicals cause the carbon monoxide and chemicals cause the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to change into water vapor and carbon hydrocarbons to change into water vapor and carbon dioxide.Somedioxide.Some converters have a third lining of converters have a third lining ofchemicals.Platinumchemicals.Platinum and rhodium, that reduce nitrogen oxides and rhodium, that reduce nitrogen oxides （（three-way, dual bed converterthree-way, dual bed converter））. . 当发动机燃烧燃油时，它产生有害于环境的废气。

这些有害气当发动机燃烧燃油时，它产生有害于环境的废气这些有害气体是体是HCHC、、COCO、、NONOx x为防止发动机排放的这些气体污染环境，在排放　为防止发动机排放的这些气体污染环境，在排放　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　系统里安装了催化转化器催化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　系统里安装了催化转化器催化　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　转化器安装在排气管内，位于排　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　转化器安装在排气管内，位于排 气歧管和消声器之间，利用化学气歧管和消声器之间，利用化学 制品作为催化剂催化转化器内制品作为催化剂催化转化器内 的化学物质使得用橡胶软管将的化学物质使得用橡胶软管将PCVPCV 系统连接在发动机和进气歧管之系统连接在发动机和进气歧管之 间。

曲轴箱正压强制通风装置间曲轴箱正压强制通风装置 (PCV)(PCV)的作用是将正常燃烧过程中的作用是将正常燃烧过程中 曲轴箱产生的油气改道引入可燃曲轴箱产生的油气改道引入可燃 混合气的进气系统中以便燃烧混合气的进气系统中以便燃烧Fig.5-8 Catalytic ConverterFig.5-8 Catalytic Converter PCV ValvePCV Valve PCV PCV阀阀 The process of combustion forms several gases and The process of combustion forms several gases and vapors; many of them are quite corrosive. Some of these vapors; many of them are quite corrosive. Some of these gases get past the piston rings and into the crankcase. If gases get past the piston rings and into the crankcase. If left in the crankcase, these substances would cause all left in the crankcase, these substances would cause all kinds of bad thingskinds of bad things（（rust, corrosion, and formation of rust, corrosion, and formation of sludgesludge））, so they have to be removed. The PCV system uses a , so they have to be removed. The PCV system uses a host connected between the engine and the intake manifold. host connected between the engine and the intake manifold. The purpose of the positive crankcase The purpose of the positive crankcase ventilationventilation（（PCVPCV））system, is to take the vapors produced in system, is to take the vapors produced in the crankcase during the normal combustion process, and the crankcase during the normal combustion process, and redirect them into the air/fuel intake system to be burned redirect them into the air/fuel intake system to be burned during combustion.during combustion. 燃烧过程生成多种气体和蒸汽；其中有很多气体是具有腐蚀性燃烧过程生成多种气体和蒸汽；其中有很多气体是具有腐蚀性的。

有些气体经过活塞环进入到曲轴箱内如果这些燃烧产物停留的有些气体经过活塞环进入到曲轴箱内如果这些燃烧产物停留在曲轴箱内，则会在曲轴箱内，则会产生各种副作用产生各种副作用（如锈蚀，腐蚀及（如锈蚀，腐蚀及生成油泥的组分），生成油泥的组分），因此，必须将它们因此，必须将它们清除出去用橡胶清除出去用橡胶软管将软管将PCVPCV系统连接系统连接在发动机和进气歧在发动机和进气歧管之间曲轴箱正管之间曲轴箱正压强制通风装置压强制通风装置（（PCVPCV）的作用是将）的作用是将正常燃烧过程中曲正常燃烧过程中曲轴箱产生的油气改轴箱产生的油气改道引入可燃混合气道引入可燃混合气的进气系统中以便的进气系统中以便燃烧Fig.5-9 PCV ValveFig.5-9 PCV Valve EGR ValveEGR Valve EGR EGR阀阀 The Exhaust Gas Recirculation The Exhaust Gas Recirculation （（EGREGR）） valve is used to valve is used to send some of the exhaust gas back into the cylinders to send some of the exhaust gas back into the cylinders to reduce combustion temperature. Nitrous oxides reduce combustion temperature. Nitrous oxides （（nasty nasty pollutantspollutants）） form when the combustion temperature gets form when the combustion temperature gets above 2,500 degrees F. This happens because at such above 2,500 degrees F. This happens because at such temperatures, the nitrogen in the air mixes with the oxygen temperatures, the nitrogen in the air mixes with the oxygen to create nitrous oxides, which the sun hits will turn into to create nitrous oxides, which the sun hits will turn into smog. The EGR valve tries to prevent this. By smog. The EGR valve tries to prevent this. By recirculatingrecirculating some of the exhaust gas back through the intake manifold to some of the exhaust gas back through the intake manifold to the cylinders, which dilutes the air/fuel mixture so as to the cylinders, which dilutes the air/fuel mixture so as to lower the combustion chamber temperature. Lowering the lower the combustion chamber temperature. Lowering the combustion temperature lowers the amount of nitrous oxide combustion temperature lowers the amount of nitrous oxide produced. Consequently, less of it comes out the tail pipe.produced. Consequently, less of it comes out the tail pipe. 废气再循环废气再循环(EGR)(EGR)阀将一部分废气引入到气缸内，用于降低燃烧阀将一部分废气引入到气缸内，用于降低燃烧温度。

氮氧化合物温度氮氧化合物( (有害污染物有害污染物) )在燃烧温度超过在燃烧温度超过25002500华氏度时产生华氏度时产生在高温时，空气中氮与氧混合后生成氮氧化合物，它遇到太阳照射在高温时，空气中氮与氧混合后生成氮氧化合物，它遇到太阳照射后将变成烟雾后将变成烟雾EGREGR阀用于阻止氮氧化合物的产生通过将部分废气阀用于阻止氮氧化合物的产生通过将部分废气重新经进气歧管引入到气缸，废气冲稀了可燃混合气，从而降低了重新经进气歧管引入到气缸，废气冲稀了可燃混合气，从而降低了燃烧室的温度降低燃烧室的温度就降低了氮氧化合物的生成量燃烧室的温度降低燃烧室的温度就降低了氮氧化合物的生成量因此，降低了经排气尾管的氮氧化合物排放量因此，降低了经排气尾管的氮氧化合物排放量 Evaporative ControlsEvaporative Controls 蒸发控制蒸发控制 Gasoline evaporates quite easily. 20% of all HC Gasoline evaporates quite easily. 20% of all HC emissions from the automobile are from the gas tank. An emissions from the automobile are from the gas tank. An evaporative control system was developed to eliminate this evaporative control system was developed to eliminate this source of pollution. The function of the fuel evaporative source of pollution. The function of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and store evaporative emissions control system is to trap and store evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is used to trap the fuel vapors.used to trap the fuel vapors. 汽油非常容易蒸发。

汽油非常容易蒸发2020％的汽车碳氢化合物排放来自油箱蒸发％的汽车碳氢化合物排放来自油箱蒸发排放所以研制出了蒸发控制装置来消除这种污染源燃油蒸发控排放所以研制出了蒸发控制装置来消除这种污染源燃油蒸发控制系统的作用是捕集和存储来自油箱和化油器的蒸发排放活性炭制系统的作用是捕集和存储来自油箱和化油器的蒸发排放活性炭罐用于捕集燃油蒸发物罐用于捕集燃油蒸发物 Air InjectionAir Injection 空气喷射空气喷射 Since no internal combustion engine is 100% efficient. Since no internal combustion engine is 100% efficient. There will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. There will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. This increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this This increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this source of emissions an air injection system was created. source of emissions an air injection system was created. Combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat. Without and one Combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat. Without and one of the three, combustion cannot occur. Inside the exhaust of the three, combustion cannot occur. Inside the exhaust manifold there is sufficient heat to support combustion, if manifold there is sufficient heat to support combustion, if we introduce some oxygen, then any unburned fuel will we introduce some oxygen, then any unburned fuel will ignite. This combustion will not produce any power, but it ignite. This combustion will not produce any power, but it will reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. Unlike in the will reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. Unlike in the combustion chamber, this combustion is uncontrolled, so if combustion chamber, this combustion is uncontrolled, so if the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive, explosions, the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive, explosions, which sound like popping, will occur. There are times when which sound like popping, will occur. There are times when under normal conditions, such as deceleration, the fuelunder normal conditions, such as deceleration, the fuelcontent is excessive. Under these conditions we would want content is excessive. Under these conditions we would want to shut off the air injection system. This is accomplished to shut off the air injection system. This is accomplished through the use of a diverter valve, which instead of through the use of a diverter valve, which instead of shutting the air pump off, diverts the air away from the shutting the air pump off, diverts the air away from the exhaust manifold. Since all of this is done after the exhaust manifold. Since all of this is done after the combustion process is complete. This is one emission combustion process is complete. This is one emission control that has no effect on engine performance. The only control that has no effect on engine performance. The only maintenance that is required is a careful inspection of the maintenance that is required is a careful inspection of the air pump drive belt.air pump drive belt. 由于没有一个内燃机的工作效率是由于没有一个内燃机的工作效率是100100％，因而在排气中总会存％，因而在排气中总会存在未燃的燃油。

这导致了碳氢排放的增加为消除这种类型的碳氢在未燃的燃油这导致了碳氢排放的增加为消除这种类型的碳氢排放，空气喷射系统应运而生燃烧需要燃油、氧和热量三者缺排放，空气喷射系统应运而生燃烧需要燃油、氧和热量三者缺一，燃烧都不会发生在排气歧管内有足够的热量引起燃烧，若我一，燃烧都不会发生在排气歧管内有足够的热量引起燃烧，若我们引入一些氧，则未燃的燃油就能燃烧这种燃烧不作任何功，但们引入一些氧，则未燃的燃油就能燃烧这种燃烧不作任何功，但会降低过多的碳氢排放和燃烧室内的燃烧不同，排气歧管内燃烧会降低过多的碳氢排放和燃烧室内的燃烧不同，排气歧管内燃烧是不受控制的所以，如果排气中燃油过多，则燃烧将以爆炸的是不受控制的所以，如果排气中燃油过多，则燃烧将以爆炸的式进行，并产生爆裂声在某些正常工况下，如减速工况，排气中式进行，并产生爆裂声在某些正常工况下，如减速工况，排气中燃油含量将过多在这些工况下，我们希望能关闭空气喷射系统燃油含量将过多在这些工况下，我们希望能关闭空气喷射系统通过使用转向阀，而不是关闭空气泵，可将空气从排气歧管中引出通过使用转向阀，而不是关闭空气泵，可将空气从排气歧管中引出因为所有这些都是在燃烧过程完成后进行的，所以这种排放控制方因为所有这些都是在燃烧过程完成后进行的，所以这种排放控制方法对发动机性能无任何影响。

唯一需要的维修是认真检查空气泵驱法对发动机性能无任何影响唯一需要的维修是认真检查空气泵驱动皮带 NEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONS：： PHRASESPHRASES Notes on the TextNotes on the Text NOTE 1NOTE 1NOTE 1NOTE 1 The idea is to turn the harmful gases your car The idea is to turn the harmful gases your car manufactures into harmless ones that donmanufactures into harmless ones that don’’t ruin the t ruin the environmentenvironment，，or usor us．． 使用排放控制装置的目的是将汽车产生的有害的气体转化为不使用排放控制装置的目的是将汽车产生的有害的气体转化为不破坏环境且无害于人类的气体。

破坏环境且无害于人类的气体 语法：语法：that donthat don，，t ruin the environmentt ruin the environment，，or usor us是定语从句，是定语从句，对对harmless onesharmless ones进行补充说明限定性定语从句和它的先行词所指进行补充说明限定性定语从句和它的先行词所指的意义有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，先行词便不能明确的意义有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，先行词便不能明确 表示表示其所指对象其所指对象 例如：例如：Here is the boy who damaged the vaseHere is the boy who damaged the vase．这就是打碎．这就是打碎花瓶的男孩花瓶的男孩 NOTE 2NOTE 2NOTE 2NOTE 2 Emission controls have reduced carbon monoxide Emission controls have reduced carbon monoxide anan（（i i hydrocarbon emissions by about ninety-six percent from pre-hydrocarbon emissions by about ninety-six percent from pre-control vehiclescontrol vehicles．． 与未装排放控制装置的汽车相比，装有排放控制装置的汽车可与未装排放控制装置的汽车相比，装有排放控制装置的汽车可以将一氧化碳和碳氢化合物排放降低以将一氧化碳和碳氢化合物排放降低9696％。

％ 语法：语法：byby在这里表示以某事物为标准或单位在这里表示以某事物为标准或单位 例如：例如：rent the car by dayrent the car by day／／weekweek／／monthmonth NOTE 3NOTE 3NOTE 3NOTE 3 The need to control the emissions from automobiles gave The need to control the emissions from automobiles gave rise to the computerization of the automobilerise to the computerization of the automobile．． 对汽车排放控制的需要引起了汽车的计算机控制化对汽车排放控制的需要引起了汽车的计算机控制化 NOTE 4NOTE 4NOTE 4NOTE 4 It then would send a signal to a It then would send a signal to a microprocessormicroprocessor．．whichwhich would analyze the reading and operate a fuel mixture or air would analyze the reading and operate a fuel mixture or air mixture device to create the proper airmixture device to create the proper air/ /fuel ratiofuel ratio．． 该（氧气）传感器将信号传递给微处理机，处理机分析读数并该（氧气）传感器将信号传递给微处理机，处理机分析读数并操作燃油或空气混合装置以便获得正确的空燃比。

操作燃油或空气混合装置以便获得正确的空燃比 语法：语法：which would analyzewhich would analyze……非限定性定语从句，用来补充说非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明明microprocessormicroprocessor书面语中用逗号隔开，与修饰的先行词关系没书面语中用逗号隔开，与修饰的先行词关系没有限定性定语从句紧密引导词通常是有限定性定语从句紧密引导词通常是whowho，，whomwhom，，whosewhose和和whichwhich等就其意义来说，在句中有时相当于一个并列分句就其意义来说，在句中有时相当于一个并列分句 例如：例如：They had a fine walk tooThey had a fine walk too，，which had done his which had done his liver goodliver good．（．（=They had a fine walk too=They had a fine walk too，，and it had done and it had done his liver goodhis liver good．）．） NOTE 5NOTE 5NOTE 5NOTE 5 Devices related to the emission control system Devices related to the emission control system installed on the automobile areinstalled on the automobile are：：TailpipeTailpipe．．MufflerMuffler，，EGR EGR valvevalve，，Catalytic ConverterCatalytic Converter，，Air pumpAir pump，，PCV valvePCV valve，，Charcoal Charcoal CanisterCanister．． 安装在汽车上与排放系统有关的装置有：排气尾管，消声器，安装在汽车上与排放系统有关的装置有：排气尾管，消声器，EGREGR阀，催化转化器，空气泵，阀，催化转化器，空气泵，PCVPCV阀以及活性碳罐等。

阀以及活性碳罐等 语法：语法：related to the emission control system installed related to the emission control system installed on the automobileon the automobile前省略了前省略了which arewhich are，用来补充说明，用来补充说明devicesdevices，句，句子的主干是子的主干是Devices areDevices are：：TailpipeTailpipe．．MufflerMuffler……．． NOTE 6NOTE 6NOTE 6NOTE 6 The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the engine exhausts more engine exhausts more freelyfreely，，therebythereby lowering the back lowering the back pressure which is inherent in an exhaust systempressure which is inherent in an exhaust system．． 双排气系统的优点是使发动机排气更加通畅，因此降低了单排双排气系统的优点是使发动机排气更加通畅，因此降低了单排气系统中的背压力。

气系统中的背压力 语法：语法：that the engine exhausts more freelythat the engine exhausts more freely是是thatthat引导的引导的从句，作从句，作isis系动词的表语系动词的表语Which is inherent in an exhaust systemWhich is inherent in an exhaust system是定语从句，用来修饰是定语从句，用来修饰先行词先行词the back pressurethe back pressure NOTE 7NOTE 7NOTE 7NOTE 7 These chemicals cause the carbon monoxide and These chemicals cause the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to change into water vapor and carbon dioxidehydrocarbons to change into water vapor and carbon dioxide．． 这些化学物质将一氧化碳和碳氢化合物转化成水蒸汽和二氧化这些化学物质将一氧化碳和碳氢化合物转化成水蒸汽和二氧化碳。

碳 NOTE 8NOTE 8NOTE 8NOTE 8 If left in the If left in the crankcasecrankcase，，thesethese substances would cause substances would cause a11 kinds of bad things f a11 kinds of bad things f rustrust．．corrosioncorrosion，，andand formation of formation of sludgesludge），），soso they have to be removed they have to be removed．． 如果这些燃烧产物留在曲轴箱内，则会产生各种副作用（如锈如果这些燃烧产物留在曲轴箱内，则会产生各种副作用（如锈蚀、腐蚀及生成油泥的组分），因此，必须将它们清除出去蚀、腐蚀及生成油泥的组分），因此，必须将它们清除出去 语法：语法：ifif……wouldwould虚拟语气，此句是虚拟语气的特殊用法，表示虚拟语气，此句是虚拟语气的特殊用法，表示过去的动作对现在事实的影响。

虚拟语气用于非真实条件句中的三过去的动作对现在事实的影响虚拟语气用于非真实条件句中的三种基本结构是：种基本结构是：（（1 1））if+if+一般过去时一般过去时……shouldshould（（wouldwould））+ +动词原形，表示与现在事动词原形，表示与现在事实相反；实相反；（（2 2））if+if+过去完成时过去完成时……shouldshould（（wouldwould））have+have+过去分词，表示与过过去分词，表示与过去事实相反；去事实相反；（（3 3））if+if+一般过去时一般过去时 were+were+不定式不定式 shouldshould（（wouldwould））+ +动词原形，表示与将来事实相反动词原形，表示与将来事实相反 should+should+动词原形动词原形  NOTE 9NOTE 9NOTE 9NOTE 9 The purpose of the positive crankcase The purpose of the positive crankcase ventilationventilation（（PCVPCV））systemsystem，，isis to take the vapors produced in to take the vapors produced in the crankcase during the normal combustion the crankcase during the normal combustion processprocess．．andand redirect them into the airredirect them into the air/ /fuel intake system to be burned fuel intake system to be burned during combustionduring combustion．． 曲轴箱正压强制通风装置（曲轴箱正压强制通风装置（PCVPCV）的作用是将正常燃烧过程中曲）的作用是将正常燃烧过程中曲轴箱产生的油气改道引入可燃混合气的进气系统中以便燃烧。

轴箱产生的油气改道引入可燃混合气的进气系统中以便燃烧 NOTE 10NOTE 10NOTE 10NOTE 10 The function of the fuel evaporative control system is The function of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and store evaporative emissions from the gas tank to trap and store evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetorand carburetor．． 燃油蒸发控制系统的作用是捕集和存储来自油箱和化油器的蒸燃油蒸发控制系统的作用是捕集和存储来自油箱和化油器的蒸发排放 NOTE 11NOTE 11NOTE 11NOTE 11 This is accomplished through the use of a diverter This is accomplished through the use of a diverter valvevalve．．whichwhich instead of shutting the air pump instead of shutting the air pump offoff．．divertsdiverts the air away from the exhaust manifoldthe air away from the exhaust manifold．． 通过使用转向阀，而不是关闭空气泵，可将空气从排气歧管中通过使用转向阀，而不是关闭空气泵，可将空气从排气歧管中引出。

引出 语法：语法：throughthrough藉着；以藉着；以…………；经由 例如：例如：He became rich through hard workHe became rich through hard work．．Which instead of shutting the air pump offWhich instead of shutting the air pump off，，diverts the air diverts the air away from the exhaust manifoldaway from the exhaust manifold是非限定性定语从句，用来补充是非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明说明a diverter valvea diverter valve NOTE 12NOTE 12NOTE 12NOTE 12 The only maintenance that is required is a careful The only maintenance that is required is a careful inspection of the air pump drive beltinspection of the air pump drive belt．． 唯一需要的维修是认真检查空气泵驱动带。

唯一需要的维修是认真检查空气泵驱动带 语法：语法：that is requiredthat is required定语从句，修饰先行词定语从句，修饰先行词maintenancemaintenance Lesson Two ITS and GPSLesson Two ITS and GPS 第二课第二课 智能运输系统和全球定位系统智能运输系统和全球定位系统 ITSITS 智能运输系统智能运输系统 Key Intelligent Transportation ElementsKey Intelligent Transportation Elements ITSITS系统的主要要素系统的主要要素 ITS servicesITS services ITSITS服务项目服务项目 GPSGPS 全球定位系统全球定位系统 NEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONS：： PHRASESPHRASES Notes on the TextNotes on the Text ITSITS 智能运输系统智能运输系统 ITS or ITS or ““Intelligent Transportation Intelligent Transportation SystemsSystems””isis a broad a broad range of diverse technologiesrange of diverse technologies．． ITS can be applied to our ITS can be applied to our vast transportation infrastructure of highwaysvast transportation infrastructure of highways，，streetsstreets，，and bridgesand bridges，，as well as to a growing number of vehiclesas well as to a growing number of vehicles，，including carsincluding cars，，busesbuses，，truckstrucks，，and trainsand trains．． 智能运输系统简称智能运输系统简称ITSITS是一种多样化、应用范围广的技术。

是一种多样化、应用范围广的技术ITSITS可应用在公路、街道、桥梁和数量不断增长的交通工具包括轿车、可应用在公路、街道、桥梁和数量不断增长的交通工具包括轿车、公共汽车、货车和火车等这些庞大的运输基础上公共汽车、货车和火车等这些庞大的运输基础上 SimplySimply，，ITS refers to the integrated application of ITS refers to the integrated application of modem technologies and management strategies in our surface modem technologies and management strategies in our surface transportation systemstransportation systems．．To put it more concretelyTo put it more concretely，，ITS ITS includes many different technical equipmentincludes many different technical equipment：：traffic traffic signals that are centrally controlled by computersignals that are centrally controlled by computer；；electronic toll collection tags that enable drivers to pay electronic toll collection tags that enable drivers to pay without stopping at toll boothswithout stopping at toll booths；；changeable message signs changeable message signs that provide information that provide information concerning the next bus or concerning the next bus or train or about rough traffic train or about rough traffic conditions ahead conditions ahead；；talking talking navigation systems that navigation systems that provide turn-by-turn provide turn-by-turn directions through satellite directions through satellite techno1ogy for drivers while techno1ogy for drivers while en-route en-route．． Fig.5-10 Fig.5-10 NavignationNavignation System System 简单的说，简单的说，ITSITS提供了现代技术和管理策略在我们的地面交通系提供了现代技术和管理策略在我们的地面交通系统中的综合运用。

更具体地说，统中的综合运用更具体地说，ITSITS包括许多不同技术的装置：计算包括许多不同技术的装置：计算机集中控制的交通信号；可以使驾驶员无需在缴费岗亭前停车的电机集中控制的交通信号；可以使驾驶员无需在缴费岗亭前停车的电子缴费标签；变化信息的信号灯提供有关于下一趟巴士、火车或前子缴费标签；变化信息的信号灯提供有关于下一趟巴士、火车或前方大致的交通情况；语音导航系统通过卫星技术对在途中的驾驶员方大致的交通情况；语音导航系统通过卫星技术对在途中的驾驶员进行逐步方向指导进行逐步方向指导 ITS enables people and goods to move more safely and ITS enables people and goods to move more safely and efficiently. Intelligent transportation systems provide efficiently. Intelligent transportation systems provide the tools for skilled transportation professionals to the tools for skilled transportation professionals to co11ectco11ect，，analyzeanalyze，，and archive data about the performance of and archive data about the performance of the systemthe system．．Having this data enhances traffic operators′Having this data enhances traffic operators′ability to respond to incidentsability to respond to incidents，，adverse weather or other adverse weather or other capacity constricting eventscapacity constricting events．． ITSITS可使人和物流动的更加安全、更加有效。

智能运输系统为有可使人和物流动的更加安全、更加有效智能运输系统为有技能的运输业的专业人士提供了工具这些工具用以收集、分析、技能的运输业的专业人士提供了工具这些工具用以收集、分析、保存关于系统运行的数据拥有这些数据提高了交通运行者对事故保存关于系统运行的数据拥有这些数据提高了交通运行者对事故变化、不利天气或者其他交通流量受限等事件作出反应的能力变化、不利天气或者其他交通流量受限等事件作出反应的能力 These information and communications technologies can These information and communications technologies can also be used to better manage and improve how also be used to better manage and improve how transportation providers such as governmentstransportation providers such as governments，，transit transit agencies and truckers offer services to the publicagencies and truckers offer services to the public．．When When applied to our current transportation systemapplied to our current transportation system，，they can help they can help improve safetyimprove safety，，reduce congestionreduce congestion，，enhance mobilityenhance mobility，，minimize environmental impactsminimize environmental impacts，，save energysave energy，，and promote and promote economic productivityeconomic productivity．． 这些信息和通信技术可以用于更好地管理和改进运输提供者这些信息和通信技术可以用于更好地管理和改进运输提供者( (政政府、运输机构和货车驾驶员府、运输机构和货车驾驶员) )给公众提供的运输服务。

将它应用到当给公众提供的运输服务将它应用到当前的运输系统中时，它可以帮助提高安全性、减少交通阻塞、提高前的运输系统中时，它可以帮助提高安全性、减少交通阻塞、提高机动性、将对环境的影响减到最少、节省能量以及提高生产率等机动性、将对环境的影响减到最少、节省能量以及提高生产率等 ITS technologies ale varied and include information ITS technologies ale varied and include information processingprocessing，，communicationscommunications，，controlcontrol and and electronicselectronics．．TheThe challenges lie in the diversity of the challenges lie in the diversity of the technologytechnology，，whichwhich is is highly highly interdisciplinaryinterdisciplinary，，rangingranging from physics to from physics to psychologypsychology．． ITSITS技术多种多样，包括信息处理技术、通信技术、控制技术和技术多种多样，包括信息处理技术、通信技术、控制技术和电子学技术等。

这项技术的难点在于应用技术的多样化，高度的跨电子学技术等这项技术的难点在于应用技术的多样化，高度的跨学科，所涉及的学科范围从物理学到心理学各个学科学科，所涉及的学科范围从物理学到心理学各个学科 Key Intelligent Transportation ElementsKey Intelligent Transportation Elements ITSITS系统的主要要素系统的主要要素 ··Central traffic signal controlCentral traffic signal control ··Freeway managementFreeway management ··Transit & fleet managementTransit & fleet management ··E1ectronic toll collection & fare payment E1ectronic toll collection & fare payment ··Advanced emergency responseAdvanced emergency response ··Regional multi-nodal traveler informationRegional multi-nodal traveler information ··Satellite-based navigation systemsSatellite-based navigation systems ··Driver assistance devicesDriver assistance devices ····中控交通信号；中控交通信号； ··高速公路管理；高速公路管理； ··运线和车队管理；运线和车队管理； ··电子缴费卡和付费；电子缴费卡和付费； ··先进的应急；先进的应急； ··区域的多样性旅客的信息；区域的多样性旅客的信息； ··以卫星为基础的导航系统；以卫星为基础的导航系统； ··驾驶员辅助装置。

驾驶员辅助装置 The future of ITS is promisingThe future of ITS is promising．．YetYet，，ITS itselfITS itself，，is is anything but futuristicanything but futuristic．．AlreadyAlready，，real systemsreal systems．．products products and services are at work throughout the countryand services are at work throughout the country．． StillStill，，the wide-scale development and deployment of these the wide-scale development and deployment of these technologies represent a true revolution in the way wetechnologies represent a true revolution in the way we，，think about transportationthink about transportation．． ITSITS的发展前景广阔，除了它是属于未来派的外，几乎可以完的发展前景广阔，除了它是属于未来派的外，几乎可以完成一切事情。

现在实际的系统、产品、服务已经在全国范围内使用成一切事情现在实际的系统、产品、服务已经在全国范围内使用尽管如此，这些技术在交通运输上的更大范围的发展使用也是一场尽管如此，这些技术在交通运输上的更大范围的发展使用也是一场真实的革命真实的革命 The use of ITS in The use of ITS in USAUSA，，JapanJapan，，EuropeEurope，，andand Australia has Australia has been greatly accelerated through the revolution of advanced been greatly accelerated through the revolution of advanced systemssystems．．TheThe United Stares has invested enormous number of United Stares has invested enormous number of dollars in ITSdollars in ITS．．A projected $209 billion will be invested A projected $209 billion will be invested in ITS between now and the year 2011 with a full 80in ITS between now and the year 2011 with a full 80％％ of of that investment coning from the private that investment coning from the private sectorsector．．TrafficTraffic control centers now operate in dozens of locations across control centers now operate in dozens of locations across the the U.SU.S．．ResemblingResembling mission control for mission control for NASANASA，，workersworkers in in these centers keep an eye on traffic by monitoring dozens these centers keep an eye on traffic by monitoring dozens of often wall-size video images from cameras connected by of often wall-size video images from cameras connected by miles and miles of high tech miles and miles of high tech cablecable．．FromFrom therethere，，thesethese multi-agency centers are able to dispatch emergency multi-agency centers are able to dispatch emergency vehicles as vehicles as neededneeded，，adjustadjust signal timing to reflect current signal timing to reflect current conditions and relay important information to motorists conditions and relay important information to motorists about those about those conditionsconditions．．MeasuredMeasured benefits include air benefits include air quality quality improvementsimprovements，，reductionsreductions in fuel consumption in fuel consumption，，accident mitigation and more efficient use of emergency accident mitigation and more efficient use of emergency servicesservices．．NaturallyNaturally，，traffictraffic control control centers′costscenters′costs vary vary depending on many factors such as their location and depending on many factors such as their location and complexitycomplexity．．TheThe Center in Houston was built for Center in Houston was built for ＄＄13.5 13.5 millionmillion．．ProjectProject costs for the Regional Traffic Management costs for the Regional Traffic Management Center in Center in Minneapolis′TwinMinneapolis′Twin Cities was $23.5 million Cities was $23.5 million offoff．．Indianapolis′TrafficIndianapolis′Traffic Wise system will cost a total of $25- Wise system will cost a total of $25-$30 million$30 million．． 通过先进系统的革命，通过先进系统的革命，ITSITS的应用在美国、日本、欧洲和澳大利的应用在美国、日本、欧洲和澳大利亚已经有了很大的加速。

美国在亚已经有了很大的加速美国在ITSITS上投入了大量的资金从现在到上投入了大量的资金从现在到20112011年，一项年，一项20902090亿美元的工程将投资在亿美元的工程将投资在ITSITS上，其中上，其中8080％的投资来％的投资来自于私营企业现在，交通控制中心在跨越美国的许多站点上运行自于私营企业现在，交通控制中心在跨越美国的许多站点上运行类似于类似于NASA(NASA(美国航空航天局美国航空航天局) )控制任务，这些中心的工作人员通过控制任务，这些中心的工作人员通过监控许多个电视墙上的图像来监视交通，而这些图像发自于有高科监控许多个电视墙上的图像来监视交通，而这些图像发自于有高科技的光缆连接的摄像头技的光缆连接的摄像头从这里，这些多功能的中心按需要疏散危急车辆，调整信号时间以从这里，这些多功能的中心按需要疏散危急车辆，调整信号时间以反映当前交通情况并且将重要信息转播给驾驶员调整的好处包括反映当前交通情况并且将重要信息转播给驾驶员调整的好处包括空气质量提高，减少燃油消耗，减轻事故和更有效的事故处理自空气质量提高，减少燃油消耗，减轻事故和更有效的事故处理自然地，控制中心的成本决定于很多因素如他们处所位置和复杂情况。

然地，控制中心的成本决定于很多因素如他们处所位置和复杂情况休斯敦的控制中心花费休斯敦的控制中心花费13501350万美元明尼阿伯利斯双子城的区域交万美元明尼阿伯利斯双子城的区域交通管理中心则花费通管理中心则花费23502350万美元印第安纳波利斯市的交通系统将总万美元印第安纳波利斯市的交通系统将总共花费共花费25002500万到万到30003000万美元 ITS servicesITS services ITSITS服务项目服务项目 Collect and transmit dynamic information on traffic Collect and transmit dynamic information on traffic conditions and transit schedules for traveler-sconditions and transit schedules for traveler-s．．whether whether they are at homethey are at home，，in the office or en routein the office or en route．．Alerted to Alerted to hazards and delayshazards and delays，，they are able to change their plans to they are able to change their plans to minimize inconvenience.minimize inconvenience. 采集、传送交通条件动态信息，无论是旅行者在家中、在办公采集、传送交通条件动态信息，无论是旅行者在家中、在办公室还是在途中都可以给他们发送进度表。

在被室还是在途中都可以给他们发送进度表在被ITSITS警告有危险或交通警告有危险或交通阻塞后，旅行者可以就此改变他们的计划，以将不便减至最小的程阻塞后，旅行者可以就此改变他们的计划，以将不便减至最小的程度 Expand the capacity of our highways by reducing the Expand the capacity of our highways by reducing the number of traffic incidentsnumber of traffic incidents，，clearing them more quickly clearing them more quickly when they occurwhen they occur，，rerouting traffic flow around themrerouting traffic flow around them．． 通过减少交通事故数量，快速清理已发生的事故以及改变事故通过减少交通事故数量，快速清理已发生的事故以及改变事故周围的交通流向等方法来扩大交通干线的交通流量。

周围的交通流向等方法来扩大交通干线的交通流量 Improve the productivity of commercialImprove the productivity of commercial，，transit and transit and public safety fleets by using automated tracking and public safety fleets by using automated tracking and dispatch systemsdispatch systems，，weigh-in-motion systems and automated weigh-in-motion systems and automated inspection systems.inspection systems. 通过使用自动跟踪和调度系统、动态称重系统和自动监测系统，通过使用自动跟踪和调度系统、动态称重系统和自动监测系统，可以提高商业生产率、保证运输和公共场所的安全可以提高商业生产率、保证运输和公共场所的安全 Assist drivers in reaching a desired destination with Assist drivers in reaching a desired destination with navigational systems enhanced with path finding or route navigational systems enhanced with path finding or route guidance such as guidance such as GPSGPS．．StoredStored directories that are part of directories that are part of such systems will provide information on nearby businesses such systems will provide information on nearby businesses and tourist attractionsand tourist attractions. . 通过使用诸如通过使用诸如GPSGPS等可以提高道路发现和路线指导的导航系统，等可以提高道路发现和路线指导的导航系统，可以帮助驾驶员到达预定的目的地。

储存地址录是这种系统的一部可以帮助驾驶员到达预定的目的地储存地址录是这种系统的一部分，用于提供附近商业和旅游景点信息分，用于提供附近商业和旅游景点信息 These are just a few of the potential products and These are just a few of the potential products and services which ITS may provideservices which ITS may provide．．The complete list is The complete list is lengthy and grows longer every daylengthy and grows longer every day．． 这只是这只是ITSITS所提供的潜在产品和服务的一小部分，还有很多功能所提供的潜在产品和服务的一小部分，还有很多功能这里就不再一一列出，它的新功能几乎每天都会出现这里就不再一一列出，它的新功能几乎每天都会出现 GPSGPS 全球定位系统全球定位系统 Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning System（（GPSGPS））is a satellite-based is a satellite-based radio navigation systemradio navigation system．．GPS permits landGPS permits land，，seasea，，and and airborne users to determine their three-dimensional airborne users to determine their three-dimensional positionposition，，velocityvelocity，，and time 24 hours a dayand time 24 hours a day，，in all weatherin all weather，，anywhere in the world with a precision and accuracy far anywhere in the world with a precision and accuracy far better than other radio navigation systems available today better than other radio navigation systems available today or in the foreseeable futureor in the foreseeable future．．GPS consists of three GPS consists of three segmentssegments：：spacespace，，controlcontrol，，and user.and user. 全球定位系统（全球定位系统（GPSGPS）是一种以人造卫星为基础的无线电导航系）是一种以人造卫星为基础的无线电导航系统。

统GPSGPS使得陆运、海运和航空运输的用户可以在一天使得陆运、海运和航空运输的用户可以在一天2424小时内、任小时内、任何天气条件下、世界任何地方确定它们的三维空间位置、行驶速度何天气条件下、世界任何地方确定它们的三维空间位置、行驶速度和时间GPSGPS比在当今和可预见的未来中可用的其他无线电导航系统比在当今和可预见的未来中可用的其他无线电导航系统要更加精确和准确要更加精确和准确GPSGPS有三个部分组成：空间部分、控制部分和使有三个部分组成：空间部分、控制部分和使用者 The space Segment consists of 24 operational satellites The space Segment consists of 24 operational satellites in six circular orbits 20in six circular orbits 20，，200km above the earth at an 200km above the earth at an inc1ination angle of 55 degrees with a 12-hour periodinc1ination angle of 55 degrees with a 12-hour period．．The The satellites are spaced in orbit so that at any time a satellites are spaced in orbit so that at any time a minimum of 4 satellites will be in view to users anywhere minimum of 4 satellites will be in view to users anywhere in the worldin the world．．The satellites continuously broadcast The satellites continuously broadcast position and time data to users throughout the worldposition and time data to users throughout the world．．There There are currently 27 satellites in orbitare currently 27 satellites in orbit，，or three sparesor three spares，，which assures the availability of 24 operational satelliteswhich assures the availability of 24 operational satellites．． 空间部分由空间部分由2424个运作的人造卫星组成，这些卫星分布在个运作的人造卫星组成，这些卫星分布在6 6个圆形个圆形轨道上，距离地球轨道上，距离地球2.022.02万公里、倾角万公里、倾角5555°°、、1212个小时运行一周期。

个小时运行一周期2424个卫星分布在个卫星分布在6 6个轨道上，就可使世界上任何地方的使用者在任何个轨道上，就可使世界上任何地方的使用者在任何时间最少可被四个卫星覆盖卫星不断地将位置和时间传送给世界时间最少可被四个卫星覆盖卫星不断地将位置和时间传送给世界各地的使用者目前有各地的使用者目前有2727颗人造卫星在轨道上运行，其中颗人造卫星在轨道上运行，其中3 3颗是备用颗是备用卫星这3 3颗是用来确保有颗是用来确保有2424颗人造卫星可以有效地工作颗人造卫星可以有效地工作 The Control Segment consists of a master control The Control Segment consists of a master control station with five monitor stations and three control up-station with five monitor stations and three control up-link stations located throughout the link stations located throughout the worldworld．．MonitorMonitor stations track all GPS satellites in view and collect stations track all GPS satellites in view and collect ranging information from the satellite ranging information from the satellite broadcastsbroadcasts．．TheThe monitor stations Send information they collect from each of monitor stations Send information they collect from each of the satellites back to the master control the satellites back to the master control stationstation，，whichwhich computes extremely precise satellite orbitscomputes extremely precise satellite orbits．． The information is then formatted into updated The information is then formatted into updated navigation messages for each navigation messages for each satellitesatellite．．TheThe updated updated information is transmitted to each satellite via the information is transmitted to each satellite via the control up-link control up-link stationsstations，，whichwhich also transmit and receive also transmit and receive satellite control and monitoring signalssatellite control and monitoring signals．． 控制部分由一个主控站与分布于全世界的五个监测站和三个上控制部分由一个主控站与分布于全世界的五个监测站和三个上传控制站组成。

监测站跟踪检测范围内的所有传控制站组成监测站跟踪检测范围内的所有GPSGPS卫星并收集这些卫卫星并收集这些卫星所发送的定位信息监测站收集每个卫星上的信息，然后将这些星所发送的定位信息监测站收集每个卫星上的信息，然后将这些信息发送到主控站，在主控站里计算出每个卫星的非常准确的飞行信息发送到主控站，在主控站里计算出每个卫星的非常准确的飞行轨道这些信息又被转成每个卫星所使用的最新导航信息，这些最轨道这些信息又被转成每个卫星所使用的最新导航信息，这些最新的信息经由上传控制站传送给每个卫星这些上传控制站同时也新的信息经由上传控制站传送给每个卫星这些上传控制站同时也传送和接收卫星控制和监测信号传送和接收卫星控制和监测信号 The User Segment consists of the receiversThe User Segment consists of the receivers，，processorsprocessors，，and antennas that allow landand antennas that allow land，，seasea，，or airborne operators or airborne operators to receive the GPS satellite broadcasts and compute their to receive the GPS satellite broadcasts and compute their precise positionprecise position，，velocity and timevelocity and time．．The GPS concept of The GPS concept of operation is based upon satellite rangingoperation is based upon satellite ranging．．Users determine Users determine their position by measuring their distance from the group their position by measuring their distance from the group of satellites in spaceof satellites in space．．The satellites act as precise The satellites act as precise reference pointsreference points．．Each GPS satellite transmits anEach GPS satellite transmits anaccurate position and time signalaccurate position and time signal．．The userThe user’’s receiver s receiver measures the time delay for the signal to reach the measures the time delay for the signal to reach the receiverreceiver，，which is the direct measure of the apparent range which is the direct measure of the apparent range to the satelliteto the satellite．．Measurements collected simultaneously Measurements collected simultaneously from four satellites are processed to solve for the three from four satellites are processed to solve for the three dimensions of positiondimensions of position（（1atitude1atitude，，longitudelongitude，，and and altitudealtitude））and timeand time．． 使用者部分由接收器、处理器和天线三个部分组成，这三个部使用者部分由接收器、处理器和天线三个部分组成，这三个部分可使陆、海、空的操作者接收到分可使陆、海、空的操作者接收到GPSGPS卫星广播，并计算出他们精确卫星广播，并计算出他们精确的位置、速度和时间。

的位置、速度和时间GPSGPS的操作观念是建立在人造卫星定位基础上的操作观念是建立在人造卫星定位基础上的使用者经由测量与卫星群的距离从而确定自身的位置人造卫的使用者经由测量与卫星群的距离从而确定自身的位置人造卫星担当精确参考点的角色每一个星担当精确参考点的角色每一个GPSGPS卫星发送一个准确位置和时间卫星发送一个准确位置和时间信号使用者的接收器测量信号到达接收器的延迟时间，也就是直信号使用者的接收器测量信号到达接收器的延迟时间，也就是直接测量与卫星的距离测量结果同时从四个卫星收集，经处理后来接测量与卫星的距离测量结果同时从四个卫星收集，经处理后来确定三维位置（纬度、经度和高度）和时间确定三维位置（纬度、经度和高度）和时间 GPS receiver collect signals from satellites in GPS receiver collect signals from satellites in viewview．．TheyThey display the user display the user’’s s positionposition，，velocityvelocity，，andand timetime，，asas needed for their needed for their marinemarine，，terrestrialterrestrial，，oror aeronautical aeronautical applicationsapplications．．SomeSome display additional data such as distance display additional data such as distance and bearingand bearing. . GPS GPS接收器从被覆盖的卫星处收集信号。

在海运、陆运和航空运接收器从被覆盖的卫星处收集信号在海运、陆运和航空运输的应用中，输的应用中，GPSGPS接收器显示出用户的位置、行驶速度和时间有时接收器显示出用户的位置、行驶速度和时间有时还显示一些附加的数据诸如距离和方向等还显示一些附加的数据诸如距离和方向等 GPS is used to support landGPS is used to support land，，seasea，，and airborne and airborne navigationnavigation，，surveyingsurveying，，geophysical explorationgeophysical exploration，，mapping and mapping and geodesygeodesy，，vehicle location systemsvehicle location systems，，farmingfarming，，transportation transportation systemssystems，，and a wide variety of other additional and a wide variety of other additional applicationsapplications．． GPSGPS可以应用于陆地运输、航海运输和航空运输的导航，测量，可以应用于陆地运输、航海运输和航空运输的导航，测量，地球物理学探测，地球测绘，大地测量学，车辆定位系统，农业，地球物理学探测，地球测绘，大地测量学，车辆定位系统，农业，交通运输系统，以及多种其他的领域。

交通运输系统，以及多种其他的领域 NEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONS：： NEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONSNEW WORDS AND EXPRKSSIONS：： PHRASESPHRASES Notes on the TextNotes on the Text NOTE 1NOTE 1 ITS technologies are varied and include information ITS technologies are varied and include information processingprocessing，，communicationscommunications，，control and electronicscontrol and electronics．． ITSITS技术多种多样，包括信息处理技术、通信技术、信息控制技技术多种多样，包括信息处理技术、通信技术、信息控制技术和电子学技术等。

术和电子学技术等 NOTE 2NOTE 2 GPS permits GPS permits landland，，seasea，，andand airborne users to determine airborne users to determine their three-dimensional their three-dimensional positionposition，，velocityvelocity，，andand time 24 time 24 hours a hours a dayday，，inin all all weatherweather，，anywhereanywhere in the world with a in the world with a precision and accuracy far better than other radio precision and accuracy far better than other radio navigation systems available today or in the foreseeable navigation systems available today or in the foreseeable futurefuture．． GPSGPS使得陆运、海运和航空运输的用户可以在一天使得陆运、海运和航空运输的用户可以在一天2424小时内、任小时内、任何天气条件下、世界任何地方确定他们的三维空间位置、行驶速度何天气条件下、世界任何地方确定他们的三维空间位置、行驶速度和时间。

和时间GPSGPS比在当今和可预见的未来中可用的其他无线电导航系统比在当今和可预见的未来中可用的其他无线电导航系统要更加精确和准确要更加精确和准确 NOTE 3NOTE 3 There are currently 27 satellites in orbitThere are currently 27 satellites in orbit，，or three or three sparesspares，，which assures the availability of 24 operational which assures the availability of 24 operational satellitessatellites．． 目前有目前有2727颗人造卫星在轨道上运行，其中颗人造卫星在轨道上运行，其中3 3颗是备用卫星这颗是备用卫星这3 3颗是用来确保有颗是用来确保有2424颗人造卫星可以有效地工作颗人造卫星可以有效地工作 NOTE 4NOTE 4 The monitor stations send information they collect from The monitor stations send information they collect from each of the satellites back t to the master control each of the satellites back t to the master control stationstation，，whichwhich computes extremely precise satellite orbits. computes extremely precise satellite orbits. 监测站收集每个卫星上的信息，然后将这些信息发送到主控制监测站收集每个卫星上的信息，然后将这些信息发送到主控制站。

在主控制站里计算出每个卫星的非常精确的飞行轨道在主控制站里计算出每个卫星的非常精确的飞行轨道  NOTE 5NOTE 5 GPS is used to support landGPS is used to support land，，seasea，，and airborne and airborne navigationnavigation，，surveyingsurveying，，geophysical explorationgeophysical exploration．．mapping and mapping and geodesygeodesy，，vehicle location systemsvehicle location systems，，farmingfarming，，transportation transportation systemssystems，，and a wide variety of other additional and a wide variety of other additional applicationsapplications．． GPSGPS可以应用于陆地运输、航海运输和航空运输的导航，测量，可以应用于陆地运输、航海运输和航空运输的导航，测量，地球物理学探测，地球测绘，大地测量学，车辆定位系统，农业，地球物理学探测，地球测绘，大地测量学，车辆定位系统，农业，交通运输系统，以及其他不同的领域。

交通运输系统，以及其他不同的领域 AppendixAppendix 附录附录 一、常用汽车英文缩略语一、常用汽车英文缩略语 二、量和单位英中文对照二、量和单位英中文对照 一、常用汽车英文缩略语一、常用汽车英文缩略语 汽车维汽车维修人员接修修人员接修进口电控轿进口电控轿车，查阅相车，查阅相应资料时不应资料时不可避免地要可避免地要涉及到大量涉及到大量的英文缩写，的英文缩写，为便于维修为便于维修人员查阅维人员查阅维修资料，特修资料，特选辑了常用选辑了常用的汽车名词的汽车名词英文缩写列英文缩写列出一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语一一、、常常用用汽汽车车英英文文缩缩略略语语 二、量和单位英中文对照二、量和单位英中文对照 维修人员在对进口汽车进行维修保养工作时，经常会遇到以英维修人员在对进口汽车进行维修保养工作时，经常会遇到以英文形式表达的公制和英制单位，给不懂英文的维修人员带来很多不文形式表达的公制和英制单位，给不懂英文的维修人员带来很多不便。

在此我们将常用的公制和英制单位以中英文对照形式列出，希便在此我们将常用的公制和英制单位以中英文对照形式列出，希望能给维修人员提供一些帮助望能给维修人员提供一些帮助 （一）长度单位（一）长度单位 （二）质量单位（二）质量单位 （三）转矩单位（三）转矩单位 （四）容积单位（四）容积单位 （五）压强单位（五）压强单位 （六）温度单位（六）温度单位（一）长度单位（一）长度单位（二）质量单位（二）质量单位（三）转矩单位（三）转矩单位（四）容积单位（四）容积单位（五）压强单位（五）压强单位（六）温度单位（六）温度单位参考文献参考文献[1] [1] 夏雪松编译．进口汽车维修实用英语夏雪松编译．进口汽车维修实用英语[M][M]．北京：人民交通出．北京：人民交通出版社，版社，20032003[2] [2] 马林才．汽车实用英语马林才．汽车实用英语[M][M]．北京：人民交通出版社，．北京：人民交通出版社，20052005[3] [3] 王怡民．汽车商贸英语王怡民．汽车商贸英语[M][M]．北京：人民交通出版社，．北京：人民交通出版社，20042004[4] [4] 对外经济贸易大学英语系编著．外贸英语对话对外经济贸易大学英语系编著．外贸英语对话[M][M]．北京：对．北京：对外贸易教育出版社，外贸易教育出版社，19921992[5] [5] 赵擎天编著．实用客户接待英语赵擎天编著．实用客户接待英语[M][M]．北京：中国纺织出版社，．北京：中国纺织出版社，20032003。