设备监控无线传感器网络MAC协议设计与实现.pdf

国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文设备监控无线传感器网络MAC协议设计与实现姓名：范炜申请学位级别：硕士专业：计算机科学与技术指导教师：苏金树20061101国防科学技术大学研究生院工学硕士学位论文摘要在传感器网络设备监测应用中，大量传感器节点部署在监测区域内，在无人监管的情况下对设备对象进行持续的数据采样，采集的数据需要实时的上报给汇聚节点，从而得到迅速处理因此，尽可能节省能耗和降低通信延时是这类应用需要解决的关键问题本文依据设备监控应用对无线传感器网络的需求，对无线传感器网络MAC协议设计的若干关键技术进行了研究重点针对当前无线传感器MAC协议在能量消耗和通信延时两方面的不足，提出了新型的节能和延时控制改进算法本文首先探讨了设计MAC协议所需要考虑的问题和基本思路，重点针对近几年几种典型的传感器网络MAC协议进行了分类研究和总结，并在此基础上选定了基于竞争的MAC协议作为设备监控钡9试系统MAC协议的设计方案，同时还给出了能耗问题和延时问题的解决方法针对周期性睡眠唤醒调度类MAC协议的延时问题，本文通过对多跳网络环境中端到端的数据传输延时的分析，提出了一种低延时的无线传感器网络MAC协议CS-MAC(Cm-through Sensor MAC)。

CS-MAC采用RTS—CTS机制实现了链路层的可靠传输，同时解决了控制报文开销相对较大的问题，实现了数据的多跳连续转发模拟结果表明，在多跳通信下，CS-MAC在报文平均延迟和吞吐量方面取得了较大的性能提高B-MAC作为一个为无线传感器网络专门设计的MAC层协议，相对于802．1l类的无休眠协议，获得了能量的极大结余，但是B-MAC需要硬件支持发送长前导帧为了解决B-MAC协议在选择硬件平台等方面的局限性，论文提出了一种新型的符合802．15．4协议标准的B．MAC改进协议SP-MAC(Short Preamble MACProtoc01)SP-MAC协议利用硬件支持的帧结构来生成短前导帧，并采用短前导帧重发机制达到了LPL机制的效果，同时还很好的解决了固定长前导帧所带来的多余等待延时问题，从而使协议获得了较高的性能和灵活性此外，论文还介绍了SP-MAC协议在MANTIS OS嵌入式系统中的具体实现细节，并对SP-MAC协议进行了性能测试和评估试验结果表明协议取得了较好的性能提高，基本上能满足设备监控应用的需求主题词：无线传感器网络，设备监控，MAC协议，能量有效性第i页国防科学技术大学研究生院工学硕士学位论文ABSTRACTIn Equipments monitoring applications ofwireless sensor networks，large numbersof distributed nodes wore deployed around the equipments．Sensors黜energyconstrained，they must budgct their power to provide long-term operation under nobodysupervising and nmaging．When all event is detected,the sampled data should be．reported to a sink in real-time for processing promptly．Therefore，the sticking point tosolve in this application is how to economical energy comumpfion and reduce delay ofthe．correspondence time as mO坞as possible．According鹄monitoring application’s demand for the wireless$erflsor networLthis dissertation does the research ofthe crifical technology about the design ofwireless鲫lIsor protoc01．A now improved arithmetic about the economical energy consnmptionand reducing delay ofthe correspondence time is brought forward primary，aimed at theshortage this two asp@宅't．s．Based on monitoring application’S demand for the MAC protocol，the articleanalysis the consideration to design MAC protocol，summarized several typical MACprotocols of wireless sensor networks most in clLrrcnt years．ARer those research wechoose the Contention-Based MAC protocol as the design scheme for the equipmentmonitoring testing system,And also give the method to solve the problem ofeconomical energy consumption and reducing delay ofthe correspondence．Aimed at the delay of periodic sleep scheduler medium access control this articleproposes a wireless sensor MAC protocol CS．MAC(Cut-throngh S锄sor KLAC)whichanemias to replace the two distinct channel acces湖，upstream and downstream,with acombined access．CS小tAC adopts the RTS-CTS mechanism to realize the reliabletransfer in link layer,solved the great problem that how to control packet cost,and alsocarried out the transfer of data in succession．11k simulation result displayed thatCS-MAC obtained great capability elevation in the aspect of average dehy of thetransmission and throughputB-MAC is a MAC protocol explicitly designed for wireless翻xIsor networks．Bycompared with an 802．1 l-like MAC without sleeping，it obtains significant energysavings，but it is incapable ofsuppordng some packet radios such as the Chipcon 2420．Aimed at deficiency ofthe B—MAC protocol in hardware console choosing,this articlecarried out a new-style improved protocol SP-MAC(Short Preamble MAC Protoc01)based on B．MAC．which according with the 802．15．4 protocol standard．11”SP-MACprotocol creates short preamble tiame using the configuration of the丘'alne whichsupported by the hardware，gets the effect of the B-MAC protocol LPL mechanism byadopting the mechanism of repeatedly sending short preamble鼬e．solves the delayof superabundance waiting for which brought by long preamble flame．第ii页国防科学技术大学研究生院工学硕士学位论文This dissertation alSO presents the implement details which SP．MAC protocol usedin the MANTIS OS embedded system．At 1ast．the capability of SP．MAC protocol istested and evaluated and the result displayed that it make$great improvement and canmeet the demand ofequipment monitoring application．Key Words=Wireless Sensor Network，Equipments monRodng，MACprotocol，Energy efficiency第iii页国防科学技术大学研究生院工学硕士学位论文表目录表3．1 MAC协议综合比较…………………．表4．1 CS-MAC协议数据帧结构……………表4．2 CS-MAC协议普通控制帧结构………………………………………………．31表4．3 CS-MAC协议ACK／RTS扩展帧结构表4．4CS-MAc协议CTS扩展帧结构……表5．1 802．15．4标准的MAC帧结构………表5．2物理层数据单元帧格式…………表5．3 MAC帧的一般结构…………………………．31…．．．．．．……．…32表5．4帧控制域…………………………．表5．5短前导帧帧结构…………，表5．6响应帧结构…………………。

表5．7数据帧结构…………………．表6．1模拟参数的选取……………………4041表6．2 MICAz节点无线射频模块能耗参数…………………………………………52第Ⅳ页国防科学技术大学研究生院工学硕士学位论文图 目 录图1．1测试系统体系结构…………图1．2 MICAz传感器节点硬件结构图2．1无线传感器网络拓扑结构……．图2．2传感器节点体系结构…………图2．3无线传感器网络软件结构图2．4传感器网络协议栈图3．2 TEEM协议基本机制．．图3．3 B-MAC协议基本机制…………………：I…………………9……………¨17…………．…．18……………19图3．4 EA-ALPL协议运行机制………图4．1 802．1 I协议数据转发过程……………………………图4．2 B-MAC／RTS．CTS协议应答预约机制图4．3 CS-MAC协议工作原理…………图4．4 CS-MAC协议功能模块结构……图5．1 SP-MAC协议工作原理………图5．2 MOS系统体系结构………………图5．3 SP-MAC协议模块结构…………图5．4 MAC层状态转换流程…………………………………………………………43图6．1简单。