社会学理论的结构特纳第9章-中英对照.ppt

第9章 新韦伯主义冲突理论:柯林斯,在过去的三十年中，柯林斯(Randall Collins)一直致力于冲突理论，强调不平等不可避免地导致冲突进程，一些冲突是温和的、常规的，但有许多会变得更加暴力和任何一个认同科学取向的理论家一样，柯林斯认为，社会学冲突理论的目标是用关键概念建立解释人类互动与组织中全部社会过程的命题在这一章中，我们将强调柯林斯早期的韦伯主义倾向，在后面的章节中则会出现他对其他理论传统的运用9 Neo-Weberian Conflict Theory :Randall Collins,During the last thirty years, Randall Collins,has consistently employed a conflict approach, emphasizing that inequalities inequalities inevitably set into motion conflict processes, some of which are relatively mild and routinized, but many of which can become more violent. As with any theorist committed to science, Collins sees the goal of a sociological theory of conflict as using a few key ideas to generate propositions explaining the full range of social processes in human interaction and organization. In this chapter, we will emphasize Collins's early Weberian thrust; in later cheaters. his use of other theorerical traditions will be highlighted.,社会组织的微观基础,柯林斯的冲突理论，以韦伯主义为核心，但也加人了其他因素:涂尔干对仪式的分析、戈夫曼( Erving Goffman)的戏剧论(dramaturgy )(第24章)、常人方法学( ethnomethodology)的谈话分析(第25章)以及其他微观理论视角。

柯林斯认为，宏观现象，从根本上讲，是由个人之间的微观际遇产生并支撑的简言之，宏观的、俘时段的社会结构建立在他称之为“互动仪式”(interaction ritual)的基础之上，这种互动仪式在复杂模式中连成一串社会学理论要想获得对社会现实的真正理解，就必须考察面对面互动所透露出的信息，哪怕这些考察仅仅涉及到宏观结构中的部分互动仪式THE MICRO BASIS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION,Randall Collies has developed a conflict approachl that, at its core, is Weberian but that adds elements from Emile Durkheim's analysis of rituals, Erving Gofhnan's dramaturgy; (Chapter 24), conversation analysis within eth- nomethodology (Chapter 25), and other micro-level theoretical perspectives. Collins's argument is that macro-level phenomena are, ultimately, created and sustained by micro encounters among individuals.In essence, large and long-term social structures are built from what he terms interaction rituals that have been strung together over time in complex patterns., If true understandingof social reality is to be achieved sociological theorizing, what transpires in face-to-face interaction must be examined, even if this examination only involves sampling of interaction rituals within a macrostructure.,,互动仪式发生在下列情况下:人们共同出现，有共同的关注，产生了共同的情感冲动，以同样的符号来表达他们共同的关注与情绪(词语、句子、讲话方式等等)并产生道德正义感。

互动仪式的动力来源于:首先，是个人带人面对面际遇的文化资本或资源，这种资本或资源可以是他们在广阔社会中所掌握的(比如权力和权威、知识、教育、关系网络、经验)，也可以是他们在过去某一类型的互动中所积累的(比如记忆、信息、知识，以及其他可以在互动再次发生时重复使用的资源)其次是个人带人互动的情感能量，它依次与以下因素相关:(1)所掌握的文化资本的水平;(2)在互动位置上他们所享有的权力、声望或地位;(3)他们对积极情感的记忆或由上次互动增强的文化资本再次，个人通过如下线索对情况进行监控:(1)其他行动者拥有的、与自己相关的各种资源;(2)这个情境中出现的其他行动者的数目;(3)自己和他人所能获得的、可替代当前互动的备选数目;(4)互动所包含的时间、仪式和社会内容的数量;最重要的是(5)通过对资源不平等、可追求的替代性手段、出现在这一情境中的他人的数目、情境的本质(社会的、实践的或仪式性的)和具有这种本质的当前互动中的经验(个人所接受的情感能量或文化资本)的估计，进而认定的、可能由积极情感能量与文化资本增加所带来的酬赏Interaction rituals occur when individuals are physically co-present, when attention, when they develop a common emotional mood, and when they represent their common focus of attention,when they develop a commen emotional mood ,and when they represent their common focus and mood with symbols (words, objects, phrases, speech styles,and the like )and develop a sense of moral righteousness about these symbols .The dynamics of these interaction rituals revolve around several elements. First, individuals bring to a face-to-face encounter cultural capital, or resources that they command in the broader society (for example, power and authority, knowledge, education, network ties and alliances, experiences) or that they accumulated in past interactions of a particular type (for example, memories, information, knowledge, or other resources that they can use again when an interaction is reconstituted). Second, action, which, in turn, is related to (a) the level of cultural capital they possess, (b) the power and prestige or status that they enjoy in the interaction situation, and (c) their memories about the levels of positive emotions or enhanced cultural capital received from the precious time the interaction occurred. Third, individuals monitor situations along several lines: (a) the respective resources of other actors relative to self (b) the number of others present in a situation.(c) the number of alternative options to the present interaction that are available to self and others; (d) the amount of work-practical, ceremonial,and social content of the interaction;and most important(e) the payoffs in the amount of positive emotional energy and augmentation of cultural capital likely to be gained from a person's assessment of the inequalities in resources,the alternatives that might be pursued,the number of others presently monitoring the situation,the nature of the situation (as social, work-practical;' or ceremonial); and the experiences (emotional energy and cultural capital received) in previous interactions of this nature.,,在最近几十年中，这些微观层次的概念已经发展为关于情感与互动的强大理论(见第26章)。

但是，在他最早的著作《冲突社会学》( Conflict Sociology)中，柯林斯展示得非常韦伯主义:首先，他迅速从对微观社会过程的分析转向了对中等层次的社会力量—如社会分层和组织—的分析，接着转向了社会和社会间真正的宏观过程其次，虽然它的目标是保留微观社会学的要素，但当分析变得更加宏观之后，柯林斯用来解释互动仪式动力的概念变得更加隐性了其结果就是有关冲突进程的、有创造性的新韦伯主义理论These micro-level concepts have been extended during 。