
世界贸易组织研讨(共37页).ppt
34页The World Trade Organization (WTO) 世界贸易组织(WTO)The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the one and only international organization that deals with the global rules of trade between nations. 世界贸易组织是世界唯一处理国际贸易问题的国际组织 Replaced the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) on January 1, 1995. 它于1995年1月1日取代了关税及贸易总协定Objectives of the WTO世界贸易组织的目标 Toensurethemultilateraltradingsystemworksassmoothly,predictablyandfreelyaspossibleby:确保多边贸易系统尽可能平稳的,可预计的,自由的运行lProvidingaforumfornegotiatingtraderightsandobligationsand提供一个协商贸易权力和责任的论坛lOfferingadisputesettlementsystemforresolvingtradeissuesbasedoncommonlyagreedrules.提供争端解决机制在大多数同意的基础上解决贸易问题。
Objectives of the WTO (Contd) 世界贸易组织目标 Agreementsarenegotiatedandsignedbygovernments,buttheirultimateobjectiveistohelpproducersofgoodsandservices,exportersandimportersconducttheirbusinessassmoothlyandfreelyaspossible各国政府协商并签署协议,但各国政府的最终目标是帮助商品和服务的生产者,进口商和出口商尽可能的平稳的,自由的进行他们的生意 Byfacilitatingmutuallybeneficialtradeagreements,theWTOstrivestoimprovethewelfareofthepeoplesofthemembercountries通过促进相互收益的贸易协议,世界贸易组织努力改善其成员国的公民收益How the WTO Functions 世界贸易组织怎么运行 Tradeagreementsbetweenmembercountriesarereachedthroughtradenegotiationrounds.成员间的贸易协定由多轮贸易协商决定 WTOtradeagreementsarenegotiatedandpassedbyconsensus世界贸易组织的贸易协定由多数意见协商和通过lTheagreementsconstitutethelegalground-rulesforinternationalcommerce. 协定为国际商业制定法律法规 How the WTO Functions (Contd)世界贸易组织怎么运行 Essentially,theyarecontracts,guaranteeingmembercountriesimportanttraderights.本质上,成员签订合同,保证成员国的重要的贸易权力 Theyalsobindgovernmentstokeeptheirtradepolicieswithinagreedlimitstoeverybodysbenefit.他还约束政府保持他们的同意限制每个人利益的贸易政策 TheWTO,aspartofitsfunction,monitorstheconsistencyofnationalpolicieswithestablishedtraderulesandmemberscommitments. 世界贸易组织的部分功能,监管已制定的贸易法规和成员许诺的各国政策的一致性Structure 组织构成 ThehighestgoverningbodyoftheWTOistheMinisterialConference.世界贸易组织的最高统治机构是部门的会议lMeetsatleastonceeverytwoyears最少每两年聚会lCantakedecisionsonallmattersunderanyofthemultilateraltradeagreementsandnegotiation processes.可以在各种多边贸易协定和协商过程上作决定 TheGeneralCouncilisthenexthighestgoverningbody.常任理事会是第二高的统治机构lOverseestheday-to-dayoperationsoftheagreementsandministerialdecisions监管每天协定和部门决定的执行lBranchesintosubsidiarybodiesandspecialcommittees辅助机构和特别会议有分支 AllWTOmemberscanparticipateinallthenegotiations,councilandcommitteemeetings. 所有世界贸易组织的成员可以参加所有协商,理事会和成员会议The Doha Development Agenda 多哈发展议程 Thecurrentround,knownastheDohaDevelopmentAgenda(DDA)waslaunchedinNovember2001atDoha,Qatar.现在的回合,就是著名的多哈发展议程于2001年在卡塔尔的多哈进行 Includenegotiationsonarangeofsubjectsincluding:协商包括许多不同课题:Agriculture,Non-agriculturalmarketaccess,Services,traderelatedintellectualpropertyrights,disputesettlementrules,WTOrules,environment,developmentandoutstandingimplementationissues.农业,非农业市场准入,服务业,和贸易相关的知识产权,争端解决机制,世界贸易组织机制,环境,发展和显著的执行问题 AgriculturaltradewaseffectivelyoutsideoftheGATTuntilthelastround,calledtheUruguayround(1986-1994).农业贸易在关税及贸易总协定外指导最后的一轮谈判,即乌拉圭回合The Doha Development Agenda (Contd) InthecurrentWTOnegotiations,agriculturaltradehasprovedtobethemostproblematicarea.现在的世界贸易组织协商,农业贸易是问题最多的领域 Thenegotiationsonagriculturaltradeliberalizationfocusonthreemainpillars:农业贸易自由化的协商集中在3个主要方面lMarketaccess-tariffs,tariffratequotasandspecialsafeguard市场准入关税,关税率配额和特别保护lExportcompetition-exportsubsidies,exportcredits,foodaid,andstatetradingenterprise出口竞争出口补助,出口信用,食品救援和国营贸易企业lDomesticsupport-Amber,blue,greenprograms Specialanddifferentialtreatmentfordeveloping countries特别和差异对待发展中国家Timeline: 时间表 AFrameworkAgreementreachedonJuly31,20042004年7月31日框架协议达成 NextphaseisforestablishingModalities(numericaltargetsandrules)下个阶段要建立特征(多个目标和法规) NextMinisterialConferencescheduledforDec2005.Modalitiescouldbeestablishedbythen.下一个部门会议定于2005年12月,特征应该在那时建立 Countryconcessionsandschedulingphasefollows国家让步和行程安排阶段随后 Completionofround-2006or2007or2008(?)完成回合-2006or2007or2008(?)WTO Dispute Settlement Process世界贸易组织争端协调过程OBJECTIVE:tosettledisputesbetweenMemberstoensurethattheWTOtradingrulesarerespectedandenforced目标:在成员间协调争端以保证世界贸易组织的贸易法规被尊重和执行WHOCANINITIATEADISPUTE:onlyWTOMembergovernments谁可以开始一个争端:只有是世界贸易组织的成员国政府WHATARETHEGROUNDSFORDISPUTE:aviolationofaWTO Membersrightsandobligationscoveredbytheagreement争端的范围是什么:违背世界贸易组织成员协定中包括利益和义务STRENGTH:优点lRulingsarebinding裁决有限定性lUnbiasedruling裁决没有偏见lSettimelinesforprocess进l程有时间表lStructuredprocess有结构的进行lOnesetofdisputesettlementrules一套争端解决法则WEAKNESS:缺点lLengthyprocess进程长lHighlylegalinnature过高的法律性lCostly-legalexpenses法律费用高lNointerimrelieforcompensationforharmsufferedduringdisputeprocess对于争端进行期间的损失无补偿减轻或补偿Stages in a Typical WTO Dispute典型的世界贸易组织争端发展进程Consultation咨询PanelEstablished座谈小组确立PanelReview座谈小组回顾PanelReport小组报告AppellateBodyEstablished申诉组织成立AppellateBodyReview申诉组织回顾Panel/AppellateBodyReportAdopted修改小组/受理上诉组织报告Implementation执行Appeal申诉Stages in a Typical WTO Dispute (contd)典型的世界贸易组织争端发展进程lInCasesofNon-Implementation假设没有执行Complainingmembercanapplyforretaliation上诉成员可以实施报复ComplainingmembercanrequestanImplementationpanelfollowssameprocessofinitialrulingandappeal上诉成员可以要求执行小组遵循同样的最初的裁决和上诉过程WTO Disputes (Jan. 1995 to June 2003世界贸易组织争论 1995年1月至。
