1、Lecture12:AmericanModernism(ErnestHemingway)FortheTourismClassesNo.12&13(February,2007June,2007)MainContentsClassificationModernismFeaturesofModernismErnestHemingwayAClean,WellLightedPlaceHistoricalBackgroundAtoughguyLiteraryExperienceSettingCharacterizationTheme(title)HistoricalBackground:Modernism:AmericanLiteraturebetweentheWars(Modernism)v1917-1918BriefinvolvementintoWWI;v1920sPostwarBigBoomRoaringTwenties:movie,Jazz,automobile,radio,nightclubetc.;(TheLostGeneration)v1930sTheGreatDepressionv
2、1941 The Pearl Harbors Attacked by Japan, AmericasinvolvementintoWWII.ClassificationsofModernismvSymbolism/Imagism/v/Aestheticism/Expressionismv/Thestreamofconsciousness/Surrealism/v/Existentialism/ThetheatreoftheabsurdTwoLandmarksofModernismvThe Waste LandvAlongpoembyT.S.EliotvSocialwastelandaswellasspiritualwasteland(sterility)vUlyssesvAnovelbyJamesJoycevSpiritualwanderinginachaoticworld(Chaos)TheLostGenerationv1.FirstusedbyGertrudeStein:ManyyoungAmericanwritersandartistslivedabroadformonthsan
3、dyears.v2.Beingcutofffromtheirpast,disillusionedinreality,andwithoutameaningfulfuturetofallon,theywerelostindisillusionmentandvoids.v3.They indulged in hedonismaimlessly wanderedabout the Continent, drinking, making love, andtravelingfromplacetoplace.ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)Americannovelistandshort-storywriter,whosestyleischaracterizedbycrispness,laconicdialogue,andemotionalunderstatement.HemingwaysLifevA)“AToughGuy”AheroinlifevInterestedinfishingandhuntingsincehisyoungage;vIn1923,beganfascina
4、tedbybullfightinSpainasyoumightfindinThe Sun also rises.vhewasinjuredmanytimes,sufferedatleastadozeninjuriestothebrain,andsurvivedthreebadautomobileaccidentsandtwoaircrashes.vFromthewounds,237fragmentsweretakenoutofhisbody.onJuly2,1961,hekilledhimselfathishomeinIdaho.HemingwaysLifevB)HiswritingexperienceandliteraryacquaintancesvInterestedinwritinginhishighschoolyears.vWorkedasareporterinKansas City Star; vMovedtoParisbeingconvincedbySherwoodAndersonHemingwaysLifevB)Hiswritingexperienceandliterar
5、yacquaintancesvMadeacquaintancewithGertrudeStein,T.S.Eliot,JamesJoyceandEzraPound;vWorkedasaWarcorrespondentinSpanishCivilWar,betweentheLoyalistdefendersofthecurrentrepublicanregimeandaconservativefascistcoalition.vAwardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954forhismasteryoftheartofmodernnarration, HemingwaysLifevHismanyloversandmanymarriagesvAnambulancedriverduringWWI;MethisfirstloveAgnesvonKurowskysixyearshissenior;laterbecameaprimarymodelfortheheroineinhisnovelofWorldWarI,A Farewell to Arms.vMarrie
6、dHadley,8yearshissenior,vHemingwaymetwithhissecondwife,PaulinePfeiffer.vvInlate1940,hemarriedGellhorn,butdivorcedin1945.Hemingways writing stylev1)Hemingwayusedaspareandtightjournalistictypeofprose.v2)Heusedtheobjective,detachedpointofviewv3)hisvocabularyandsentencestructurearedeceptivelysimple.HemingwaysMajorWorksvThe Sun Also Rises(BullfightinginSpain)vA Farewell to Arms(AmbulanceDriver)vFor Whom the Bell Tolls (SpanishCivilWar)vThe Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Short Happy Life of Francis Maco
7、mber.“ (Safari)vThe Old Man and the Sea(FishinginCuba)TheoldmanandtheseaPresentationTimeClassNo.1ClassNo.2IntroductionvAClean,Well-LightedPlacetellsoftwowaitersworkinglateinacafeinasmalltowninSpainwhereanolder,regularcustomerisdrinkingalone.vThewaiterstalkabouttheirdifferingopinionsabouttheoldmanssituation,revealingagapinthewaygenerationsviewlonelinessand,inlargerscope,thefearofnothingness.SettingvTheshortstoryissetinasmall,unnamedtown,locatedsomewhereinSpain.Morespecifically,theentiresceneofthe
8、shortstoryissetinacafeandastreetinatownthatcouldserveasanytownintheworld.Thetownitselfisamicrocosmoftheworld,andthecaferepresentsmansshelterfromthecold,inveterateworldwithallofitsunknowns.(SymbolicMeaning)CharacterAnalysisvHowmanycharactersarethereinthisshortstory?Whoarethey?vWhydoesthewriternotgivethenamesofthecharacters?vHowcanyoudistinguishthetwowaiters?vWhatarethedifferentattitudesthethreecharactershavetowardslife?CharacterAnalysisvThisimpliesthatthesecharactersshouldberegardednotsomuchaside
9、ntifiablepersonsbutassymbols.vThethreecharactersareactuallypartsofanimpliedprogressionfromyouththroughmiddleagetooldage.“AClean,Well-lightedPlace”CharacterAnalysisTheYoungWaitervImpatientvHot-tempered&Bad-manneredvBlindlyconfidentvSelf-CenteredvFollowhisownrandomdesires.(Messy)TheOldWaitervSympathetic&HelpfulvUnderstandstheOldManvLookingforashelterinthisworldYoungwaitervTheyoungwaiterisimpatientwiththeoldman,hopingtoreturnhometohiswifebyadecenthour.Hedoesntunderstandhowimportantitistooffersuchac
10、lean,well-lightedplacetohiscustomer.YoungwaitervHeisselfish,lackingcompassion. -“I never get into bed before three oclock. He should have killed himself last week.” -”I want to go home to bed. ” -”You talk like an old man yourself. He can buy a bottle and drink at home.” -“You have youth, confidence, and a job,” the old waiter said. ”You have everything.”Young waiter “You have youth, confidence, and a job,”Blindconfidence:Buttheyoungwaiterhasnotcometorealizewhatisthemeaningoflife.Old waiterv1)He
11、issympatheticandhasalotincommonwiththeoldman,understandinghisinsideemotion. -”Not always. This man is clean. He drinks without spilling. Even now drunk.” -”Each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be some one who needs the caf.”Old waiterv2)Theveteranwaiter,likeHemingway,understandswhatliesdeepinlife,believingstronglythathemustkeepthecafopeninordertoletothersstayinthelight,ashewishesalsotoremaininthelight.v3)Unabletobearthedarknessofhisworld,thewaiterwalksintothestreetslateinthate
12、vening,notbeingabletosleepuntilmorning.vTheoldwaiterisarepresentationofHemingwayherointhatheisintheprocessoflearningaboutthedarkundersideoflife. -Hisspeculationsonnada: What did the old waiter fear? It was not fear or dread. It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed. OldwaiterThe Old manvTheoldmanseemstobeindespair,anddrinkatthecafeverynight,alone,topassthetimeinaclean,well-lightedenvironment.Hislifeisvoid
13、andmeaningless.vdespair:v-“he hung himself with a rope”loneliness:-“He had a wife once too.”meaninglessness:-”Hewasindespair.”-“Whatabout?”/“Nothing.”“AClean,Well-lightedPlace”CharacterAnalysisTheOldManvLonely&inDespairvPerformsaritualvPolite&CautiousvCleanvCalm&DignifiedwithSelfControlvButtheauthoriscarefultodepicttheoldmanasbeingneatandcontrolledinhisdespair.“Theoldmanisclean.Hedrinkswithoutspilling.Evennow,drunk.Lookathim.”“Theoldmanstoodup,slowlycountedthesaucers,tookaleathercoinpursefromhis
14、pocketandpaidforthedrinks,leavinghalfapesetatip.Thewaiterwatchedhimgodownthestreet,averyoldmanwalkingunsteadilybutwithdignity.”TheOldMan“Graceunderpressure”vTheOldManandtheSea:“GraceunderPressure”v v“ A man is not made for defeat.A man can be v destroyed but not defeated.”Themes:HemingwaysViewofManvMenwerecastintothisabsurd,meaningless,God-abandonedworldoutoftheirownchoice.vThereisnomeaninginlife,menstandinloneliness&despair&suffersfrompsychologicalruins(thedisintegrationoftheself)vByperformingc
15、ertainkindsofritual(huntingorfishingorfightingorstayinginaclean,well-lightedplace,menprovehisexistenceintheworld.)vInordertomaintainorderanddignity,manmuststicktohiscodeofhonorandmaintaingraceunderpressure,inthiswaygivingmeaningtothischaoticworld.“AClean,Well-lightedPlace”:1,Whatisthemeaningof“nada”?Whatisthewritersintentionofreplacingmanywordsintheprayerswith“nada”?2,Whydoesthisplacehavetobecleanandwell-lighted?Whatdocleanlinessandbrightnessrepresent?TheLordsPrayer:APrayertoVirginMary:HailMary,
16、fullofgrace,theLordiswiththee.OurFatherwhoartinheaven,hallowedbethyname.Thykingdomcome,thywillbedoneonearthasitisinheaven.Giveusthisdayourdailybreadandforgiveusourdebtsasweforgiveourdebtors.Andleadusnotintotemptationbutdeliverusfromevil;amen.TryreplacingtheunderlinedwordswithnadaAttitudestowardslifevFortheoldman,andalsofortheoldwaiter,lifeismeaningless. As the old waiter says to himself, Itwasallanothingandamanwasnothingtoo.vManymusthaveit,bywhichhemeannotonlythatmanypeoplehavetheinsomniaandslee
17、plessness,butalsothatmanyexperienceloneliness.vLiketheoldmansittinginthecaf,aclean,well-lightedplace,manhastoseekthemeaninginlife.GrecianMythology:Sisyphus这个西西弗斯是什么人呢？他是希腊神话中的一个人物。这个西西弗斯是什么人呢？他是希腊神话中的一个人物。这个人因为某种原因惹怒了诸天神，最后被判逐出到地狱这个人因为某种原因惹怒了诸天神，最后被判逐出到地狱那边，在那里，他每天要把一块沉重的大石头推到非常陡那边，在那里，他每天要把一块沉重的大石头推到非常陡的山上，然后朝边上迈一步出去，再眼看着这个大石头滚的山上，然后朝边上迈一步出去，再眼看着这个大石头滚到山脚下面。西西弗斯要永远地、并且没有任何希望地重到山脚下面。西西弗斯要永远地、并且没有任何希望地重复着这个毫无意义的动作。因此说，他是没有任何选择的：复着这个毫无意义的动作。因此说，他是没有任何选择的：他的惟一选择就是那块石头与那座陡山。他的惟一选择就是那块石头与那座陡山。Hemingw
18、aysIcebergTheory:vAllhisaestheticviewpointshavefoundtheirsuccinctandconciseexpressioninthisline:v“Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.“HemingwaysIcebergTheory:vIfawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.”vThereaderisinvitedtojointhecreationbyfillingintheblanksordeterminetheindeterminacies.YourassignmentvReadWilliamFaulkners“ARoseforEmily”.vPresentationtopicsfor“ARoseforEmily”:(Onestudentfortheformertwo,theotherforthelattertwo.)v1)WhatdoMissEmilyshouseanditssurroundingsuggesttoyou?Whatmightbetheirsymbolicmeanings?v2)Howmanyepisodesinthestory?Rearrangethemininchronologicalorder.Isitinaccordancewiththenarrativeorder?v3)WhydoesMissEmilykillHomerBaron?Whatmotivateshertodothat?v4)Howmanydifferentkindsofnarratorsarethereinthisshortstory?vwhatmightbetheartisticeffectsthattheyachieve?
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