1、Unit 3 The History of UKObjectivesBe familiar with the history before the NormanConquestUnderstand the feudal system after the NormanConquestLearn about the history of the English ReformationandRenaissanceKnowtheEnglishCivilWaranditsconsequencesKnow the major advancements in the IndustrialRevolutionBefamiliarwiththeVictorianAgeBe familiar with the situationof Britain in the twoworldwarsA brief timeline of British historyPrehistoric Britain 55BC Roman Britain 43 AD Anglo Saxon Britain 450Viking B
2、ritain 793Medieval Britain 1066Tudor Britain 1485 Stuart Britain 1603Georgian Britain 1714 Victorian Britain 1837 Modern Britain 1902 + RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWWll 434507931066148518371939Questions: 1. TheearliestknownsettlersontheBritishIsleswere_. 2.Themostfamous/biggestrelicleftbytheearliestsettlersonBritishIslesis_.I. Early Britain (Before 1066)Prehistoric times Iberian, Celt, StonehengeThe best evidence that the primitive people had showntheir own civilization is the Ston
3、ehenge. (史前巨石柱史前巨石柱) Questions:3.ChristianitywasfirstbroughttoBritainby_.4.TheRomansleftbehindonBritainthreethingsofvalue,theyare_,the_and_,especially_. Roman Britain55BC-410AD,WelshChristianity,romanroads,cities,Hadrianswall,RomanBathsRomanBritainRoman Army, commanded by Julius Caesar,invadeEnglandin55BC.TheinvasionmarkedthebeginningoftheEnglishRecordedhistory.ThesuccessfulinvasionofEnglandbytheRomanArmy,headedbyEmperorClaudiuswasin43AD.Theybuilttwogreatwalls(theHadriansWall&theAntonineWall)top
4、reventthePictsinScotland.TheRomansremainedinBritainfrom55BCto410AD,almostfourhundredyears(fourcenturies).Theyimposedtheirownwayoflifeandculture.AndtheybroughtChristianitytoEngland.TheRomansleftbehindonBritainthreethingsofvalue:WelshChristianity,theRomanroadsandcities,especiallyLondon.Hadrians Wall (哈德良长城)HadriansWall,astonewallbarrierbuilttoseparatetheRomansandthePictstribesinScotland2000yearsago(122A.D.).ItallowedRomansoldierstocontrolthemovementsofpeoplecomingintoorleavingRomanBritain.Itwassow
5、ellbuiltthatyoucanstillseepartsofittoday.How long was Hadrians Wall?Itwas117kilometers(73miles)longacrossthenarrowneckofEngland,fromtheNorthSeatotheIrishSea.RomanCivilizationBuiltupbaths,temples,amphitheatres,villasandbuildings,Established network of towns(-ster, -cester, -shire),roadsandorganizedgovernmentsystem;minediron,lead,tinandmanufacturedpottery.Broughtnewreligion-ChristianityTreated the Britons as slaves and there was nointermarriage.RomanBathsQuestions:5.ThethreeTeutonicgroupsbegantomi
6、gratefromtheregionofDenmarkandLowCountries(Holland,BelgiumandLuxemburg)andsettledinBritain.Thethreegroupsare_,_and_.Fromthe_conquerorscamethename“England”and“English”. Anglo-Saxon Britain & Danish Invasion450,3Teutonicgroups,Heptarchy,KingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTableVikingBritain,793,KingAlfred,theGreatTheAnglo-SaxonConquestFromthemiddleofthefifthcentury,threeTeutonicgroupsbegantomigratefromtheregionofDenmarkandtheLowCountries(Holland,BelgiumandLuxemburg)andsettledinBritain.ThethreeTeutoni
7、cgroupswereAngles,SaxonsandJutes.FromtheAnglo-Saxonconquerorscamethename“England”,meaningthelandofAnglo-Saxonsand“English”.Anglo-SaxonHeptarchy(七国时代)ThesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy,havingoccupiedthelowlandzones.Jutesinvasion:In449,theJutishchiefbecamethekingofKent（肯特）;Anglo-SaxonConquest:Saxon:Essex（埃塞克斯）,Sussex（苏赛克斯）,Wessex（威赛克斯）;Angles:EastAnglia（东盎格利亚）,Northumbria（诺森布里亚）,Mercia（麦西亚）;NopossessionofScotland,Wales
8、andIreland,stillbyCeltsThelegendofKingArthur;KingArthurandhisknightsoftheRoundTablewereromanizedCeltstryingtoholdbacktheadvancesoftheAnglo-Saxons.TheVikingBritain(793)AnotherwaveofGermanicinvasioncameintheeighthcentury.TheseinvaderswereknownasVikings,theNorsemenorDanes,whocamefromScandinavia.IntheninthcenturytheyconqueredandsettledtheextremenorthandwestofScotland,andalsosomecoastalregionsofIreland.TheirconquestofEnglandwashaltedwhentheyweredefeatedbyKingAlfredoftheSaxonkingdomofWessex.Thisresult
9、edinanagreementin878whichdividedEnglandbetweenWessexinthesouthandwest,andthe“Danelaw”inthenorthandeast.Viking InvasionThe name Viking comes from my language which is called Old Norse. It means a pirate raid. AlfredtheGreatAlfredtheGreatFatherofBritishNavy;theDanelaw(easternpartofEnglandfortheDanes);establishedschoolsandbroughtchurchmentoteachLatin;hiswritingsandtranslations(beginningofproseliteratureinEngland);However,fewerdifferencesexistedbetweenAnglo-SaxonsandDanes.Bytheendofthe10thcenturyEng
10、landwasonekingdomwithaGermanicculturethroughout.Mostofmodern-dayScotlandwasalsounitedbythistimeinaCeltickingdom.TheNormanConquestFactsTheBattleofHastingsin1066madeWilliam,theConquerorthefirstAnglo-NormankingofEngland.SignificanceItisthelastinvasionofEnglandbyforeignerswhileEnglishhistoryregardsitasahiddenblessing.Questions:6.NormanConquest,by_,beginningfromtheyear_,established_inBritain.7.KingWilliammadearecordofeachmansproperty,whichwascalled“_”.8.TheGreatChartersignedin_wasmadeintheinterestoft
11、he_,ithadaprogressivesignificance.9.Thefirstparliamentwascalledin1265undertheleadershipof_. II. Medieval Britain (1066-1485)DoomsdayBookKingJohnandtheGreatCharterin1215andRobinHoodKingHenryIIIandthebeginningofparliamentSirDeMontfortandtheGreatCouncilandAllEstatesParliamentin1265EdwardIandthemodelparliamentin1295andWilliam Wallace-Britain under the Norman kingsWilliamtheConquerorreplacedtheEnglishbishopswithNormansandmadehimselfHeadoftheBishops;completedtheestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland,
12、Senthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownas DomesdayBookin1085.(Thebook stated the extent, value, populationandownershipoftheLand).FeudalSystemKingLordsKnights/SoldiersCommoners/Farm-workersInfluenceIthasspeededupthedevelopmentofFeudalisminEngland.Feudalaristocracydevelopedandresultedintheappearanceofnobletitles.ThissophisticatedmedievalformofgovernmentwashandedovertotheNormansandgrewstronger.TheDoomsdayBook(末日审判书)exemplifiesthepracticalcodification.TowerofLondon(theWhiteTower)servedastheadmini
13、strationofjustice.WitanwasreplacedbytheGreatCouncilledbytheheadofbishops.TheNormanvs.Anglo-Saxonrelationbecamethatofthemastervs.servant.EnglandwascivilizedbyNormanwayofliving,particularlyreflectedbythelanguage.Itisabi-linguisticperiodwithFrenchastheofficiallanguage,LatinasthechurchlanguagewhiletheMiddleEnglish,asthatofthelowerclass.HoweverEnglishregainedthepositionofdominantspeechbytheendof14thcentury.King Henry II and his reforms Henry House of Plantagenet （金雀花王朝）（金雀花王朝） Henry II reformed the c
14、ourts and the laws:introduced the jury system (陪审团制度陪审团制度)institutionalized common law Great CouncilWilliam IRobertHenryWilliamIIMatildaStephenHenry IIRichardIKingJohnHenryIIIEdwardIEdwardIIRoyal line RichardIRichardIsucceededHenryIIin1189.knownasRichard the Lion- heart （狮狮心心王王）even before his accession, because of hisreputationasagreatmilitaryleaderandwarrior.WhilehespokeverylittleEnglishandspentverylittletimeinEngland(helivedinthesouthwestofFrance).HewasbusywiththeCrusade（十字军东征）inhislifetime.H
15、eremainsoneoftheveryfew Kings of England remembered as anenduring,iconicfigureinEngland.RobinHoodWhileKingRichardIwasfightinginthecrusades,EnglandwasgovernedbyhisbrotherJohn,whoimposedallthetaxes.RobinHoodlivedwithhisbandof“merrymen”inSherwoodForest,stealingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor. Decline of FeudalismThe Greater Charter (1215)Beginning of Parliament（1265）The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) The Black Death ( 1348-1349) The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) ) KingJohnwasdemandingmorefeudaltaxesan
16、darmyservice,andthenanarmyofangrylordsmarchedtoLondon.KingJohnwasforcedtosignthecharterthelordshadpreparedin1215.TheGreatCharter(TheMagnaCarta)大宪章Contents:notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalofthecouncilnofreemanshouldbearrestedorimprisonedexceptbythelawofthelandIfthekingattemptedtofreehimselffromlaw,thevassals(封臣)hadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit.SignificanceTheGreatCharterwasmadeintheinterestofthefeudallords,greatandsmall.Ithadaprogresssignificance.Itgrantedtothetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself
17、-government.ThemerchantsandcraftsmeninEnglandappearedforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforce.BeginningofParliamentHenryIIIheavilytaxedthelordstopaytributestothePopetodefeatthelords.SimondeMontfort,defenderoftheGreatCharter,reformedtheGreatCouncilwithtwoknightseachcountyandtworepresentativeseachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLords（上院）andtheHouseofCommons.（下院）TheEarliestEnglishParliament(AllEstatesParliament)wassummonedin1265inWestminsterafterthecaptureofHenryIII.In1295,KingEdwardIsummonedthe“AllE
18、statesParliament”morethan400hundredmembersinall.Asthatparliamentwasfollowedasamodel,itbecameknowninhistoryasthe“ModelParliament”.EdwardIwasalsofamousforhisinvasionofScotlandfightingwithWilliamWallaceinthefirstwarofScottishIndependence.TheHundredYearsWar(13371453)Joan of Arc(1412-1431),theleaderoftheFrenchpeasantsagainsttheEnglish.shewaslatertriedforheresy（异端邪说）andsorcery（巫术）andwasburnedatthestakeinRouen.Resultofthewar:Bythetimethewarwasconcluded,theEnglishhadlostalltheterritoriestheyhadgaineddur
19、ingthewarexcepttheFrenchportofCalais.Consequenceofthewar:Thewaracceleratedthebreakdownoffeudalsocietyandputthemoneyclass,thenewbourgeoisieinamoreimportantpositioninBritain.TheBlackDeath(1348-50):killednearlyhalfoftheEuropeanpopulationConsequenceoftheBlackDeathThelordswasinshortageofthelaborWagelabordemandedhigherwagesandgreaterfreedom.Theparadoxledtothehatredandconflictbetweenthetwoclasses.WarsoftheRosesTheWarsoftheRoses(14551485)wereaseriesofcivilwarsfoughtoverthethroneofEnglandbetweenadherents
20、oftheHouseofLancaster（兰开斯特）（(feudallandowner)andtheHouseofYork（约克）(commercial-minded).BothhouseswerebranchesofthePlantagenetroyalhouse,tracingdescentfromKingEdwardIII.ThenameWarsoftheRoseshasitsoriginsinthebadgesassociatedwiththetworoyalhouses,theRedRoseofLancasterandtheWhiteRoseofYork.Questions:10.The_Monarchywasinatransitionalstagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.11.In1533,HenryVIIIrepudiatedpapalsupremacyoverEnglishChurchanddeclaredhimself_oftheChurchofEnglandbytheAct of Supremacy.12.DuringtheRenais
21、sanceperiod,thegreatestoftheEnglishhumanistwasSirThomasMore,withhisclassicalwork_.13.Thegreatestdramatist_livedintheageofElisabethI.14.The“GloriousRevolution”wassocalledbecauseitwas_.The Tudor Britain (1485 1603),HenryVIIandtheTudorRose,HenryIIIandtheReformation,ElizabethIandtheRenaissanceandtheMaritimeWarandthefoundationoftheBritishEmpireThe Stuart (1603 )andtheCivilwar(16421646)andtheRestorationin1660andtheGloriousrevolutionin1688III.TransitiontotheModernAge(1485-1688)Renaissance:TheRenaissanc
22、ebeganinItalyintheearly14thcentury,withLeonardoDaVinciasitsrepresentativefigure.InEngland,theRenaissancebeganwiththeaccession of the House of Tudor to thethronein1485.ThedatewasclosetothatoftheintroductionofprintingintoEnglandbyWilliamCaxton.SelfportraitOfLeonardodaVinciMonaLisaThelastsupperReformationandrenaissanceEnglandundertheTudors(1485-1603)HenryVIIgainedthethronewhenhewonovertheWaroftheRosesandcreatedtheTudor rose,containingboththeWhiteRoseofYorkandtheRedRoseofLancaster.Itsymbolizedtheend
23、ofastrugglebetweenYorkandLancasterEnglandbecameanationalstatewithanefficientcentralizedgovernment.Itwasin the transitional stagefromfeudalismtocapitalism.ItreformedchurchinEnglandandtoleratedenclosures.AmericawasdiscoveredandtheRenaissancespreadintoEngland.ItstimulatedEnglishcommercialandmaritimeenterprise.HenryVIII(reigned1509-1547)Heisoneofthemostwell-knownmonarchsinEnglishhistory.Hehadsixwives.ItwasduringhisreignthattheReformationtookplace.Henry had six wives because. Hehadthefirstwifebecause
24、hewasbetrothedtoherbyhisfather.Hehadthesecondwifebecausehefellinloveandalsoneededalegitimatemaleheir.Hehadthethirdwifebecausehestillneededamaleheir.Hehadthefourthwifebecauseofdiplomaticreasons.Hehadthefifthwifebecausehefellinloveagain.Hehadthesixthwifebecausehewasoldandsickandneededacompanionandnursewhowouldntgivehimtoomuchtrouble.HenrysSixWivesfatewasliketheorderofdivorce,beingbeheaded,death,divorce,beingbeheaded,survival.The Global Reasons for the Reformation in EnglandEncouragedbyMartinLuther
25、,manyEnglishpeopledemandedreformofthechurch.Theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresentedbymanypeople.Themonarchywouldbenefitfromthereform.ThefuseThePoperefusedtograntHenryVIIIadivorcefromCatherineofAragon,andhesetuptheProtestant Church of England.The Act of Supremacy(1534)confirmedthebreakfromRome,declaringHenrytobetheSupreme HeadoftheChurchofEngland.ElizabethI(1533-1603)DaughterofHenryVIII,wasthefirstofthreelong-reigningqueensinBritishhistory.Duringherlongreignsheestablishedareasonabledegreeofi
26、nternalstabilityinafirmlyProtestantEngland.Shenevermarried,butuseditspossibilityasadiplomatictool.Inhertime,Englandestablisheditssupremacyoverthesea.OnMarch23,1603,Elizabethdied,whichmarkedtheendofTudorsreign.WhenshecametopowerEnglandwasaninsignificantcountry.WhenshedieditwasamajorEuropeanpower.TheGoldenAgeUnderElizabethIsrule,Englandadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade,exploration,literature,andthearts.TheEnglishnavydefeatedtheSpanishArmada.Duringherreign,theageofexplorationbeganwiththeexplorerssuchasFrancisDrakeclaimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoods.TheAmericanState,Virginia,isnamedafterthevirginQueen.TheSpanishArmada（无敌舰队）(InvincibleFleet)inEarly1500sTheMaritimeWarin1588
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