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《专业英语基础》PPT课件.ppt

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    • 1、Specialized English专业英语专业英语黄高勇Email:为什么要进行专业英语的学习专专业业课课程程学学习习8/23/20242课程纲要目的目的:读掌握电子、通信、铁道信号等方面的英语专业词汇;掌握科技英语句式特点;正确理解全文8/23/20243课程纲要目的目的: 写英语科技论文写作技巧 Skills of Scientific English writing了解英语科技论文的构成掌握技术文献翻译的基本技巧能将标题、摘要和正文翻译为英文8/23/20244课程纲要授课方式授课方式:课上讲授+课后翻译练习课程要求课程要求:旷课超过学期三分之一以上者,予以扣考。 评分标准评分标准:期末翻译大作业(一篇5页以上的英文paper) 60平時成绩 40%(课堂讨论20%+作业 10%+点名 10%)8/23/20245第一章 专业英语基础 8/23/20246Differences between specialized and general English Different purposesFor specialized purposeto obtain the most

      2、recent informationto publish the research results either by writing a paper or giving an oral presentation Different learning methodsread as many English references as possibleattend as much seminar as possibletry to compose research papers/reports in EnglishDifferent contentsSpecial vocabularies(词汇) and terms(术语)1.1 引言(引言(Preface)8/23/202471.2 专业英语的语法特点 专业英语的语法特点首先包含科技英语的语法特点。 与日常英语、文学英语相比有许多独特之处,除了有其技术内容所决定而包含的一些数据、公式、符号、图标和程序外,在语法、修辞、词汇和文献载体等方面也有其自身的特点。 具有客观性及无人称性(Objectivity and Impersonalit

      3、y) 8/23/20248一、客观(一、客观(Objectivity)因为要求客观,所以常用以下时态:现在时(present tense)过去时(past tense)完成时(perfect tense)。在语态上,多用被动语态。有人统计专业英语中被动语态(passive voice )的句子要占1/31/2。即使用主动语态,也常常是非动物主语(inanimate subject)。示例如下8/23/20249【例1】It was started in 1969,when the U.S. Department of Defense established a nationwide network to connect a handful of universities and contractors. 【例2】Routing(路由) algorithms are also designed to be as simple as possible.【例3】Switched Ethernet has been developed in order to overcome the band

      4、width limitations of shared buses in LANs. 【例4】It is well known that interferences between the traction (牵引)and signaling current on the track circuits (TC) are possible because of the harmonic(谐波) currents that are injected (注入)in the line and on the rails (铁轨) by the motor drive equipment(电动机驱动设备).a handful of :少量的contractors:签约人,订阅人,承包者,立契约者tract circuit:轨道电路current:电流一、客观(一、客观(Objectivity)8/23/202410一、客观(一、客观(Objectivity)使用被动语态原因:一方面是由于被动语态句子比主动语态更短更简明另一方面是因为它允许将最重要的信息放在句首,使之一下就抓住读者的注意力。更重要的

      5、是,科技人员通常更关心的是事实和行为,而不是行为者。 以例2为例,人们不关心谁来发明路由算法。作者、读者、还是所有科技人员,这些都无关紧要,采用被动语态就可避免这种不必要的考证或混乱。正是由于这些原因,被动语态广泛地应用于表述规则、原理、过程、技术报告和说明书等等。8/23/202411一、客观(一、客观(Objectivity)就时态而言,因为专业科技文献所涉及的内容(如科学定义、定理、方程式或公式、图表等)一般并没有特定的时间关系,所以在专业文献中大部分都使用一般现在时。至于一般过去时、一般完成时也在专业英语中经常出现,如科技报告、科技新闻、科技史料等。其他时态,如过去将来时、完成进行时等,在专业英语中很少出现。8/23/202412二、精炼(二、精炼(Conciseness)用尽可能少的单词来清晰地表达意原。常使用非限定动词、名词化单词或词组及其他简化形式。(一一) 动名词的运用动名词的运用动名词短语可用来取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句例如:通常的表达式为:(1) Before it is amplified, the signal should be detected.(2) W

      6、hen we remove the impurities(杂质), the water can be passed back to the boiler(锅炉).(3) Switch off the main supply(电源). Remove the fuse(保险丝).8/23/202413二、精炼(二、精炼(Conciseness)相应的精炼表达形式为:相应的精炼表达形式为:(1) Before being amplified, the signal should be detected.(2) On removing the impurities, the water can be passed back to the boiler. (3) Before removing the fuse, Switch off the main supply.又例如:1. Many different schemes for performing these three functions (sampling, quantizing and coding) have evolved du

      7、ring recent years. (gerund-动名词)2.Consequently(因此,所以) there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environment by choosing digital transmission. (gerund)evolve:演化,逐渐形成overcome:克服, perform:执行8/23/202414二、精炼(二、精炼(Conciseness)(二)分词的运用(二)分词的运用过去分词短语可以取代被动语态关系从句,现在分词可以取代主动态关系从句。例如:通常的表达形式为:(1)In Britain electrical energy which is generated in power station is fed to the national Grid. (feed: 馈送,流入)(2)As was mentioned (3)The plane which is flying at (4)Invert:转化、使反向8/23/202415二、精炼(二、精炼(Concisene

      8、ss)(1)In Britain electrical energy generated in power station is fed to the national Grid.(2)As mentioned above(3)The plane flying at (4)又例如:又例如:The signal received from a satellite, located in far outer space, is very weak. (past participle过去分词)8/23/202416二、精炼(二、精炼(Conciseness)【注注】现在分词和动名词区别现在分词和动名词区别现在分词是指在进行时中的动词+ing,动名词主要指在句中作名词性成分(如主语,宾语,表语等)的动词+ing形式.例如:现在分词: Ive been doing this work for many days. 我做这项工作很多天了.动名词: My work is doing this. (表语) 我的工作是做这个. Answering this question is my pleasure

      9、. (主语) 回答这个问题是我的荣幸. 二者形式相同二者形式相同,使用范围不同使用范围不同,现在一般统称为现在一般统称为ING分词分词 8/23/202417二、精炼(二、精炼(Conciseness)(三)不定式的运用(三)不定式的运用不定式短语常用以替换表示目的,功能的从句。例如:通常的表达形式为:(1)We keep micrometers(千分尺) in boxes. Our object in doing this is to protect them from rust(锈) and dust(灰尘).(2)What does a fuse(保险丝) do? It protects a circuit.相应的精练表示形式为:(1)We keep micrometers in boxes to protect them from rust and dust.(2)The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.8/23/202418二、精炼(二、精炼(Conciseness)(四)其他简化形式(四)其他简化形式通常的表达形式为:(

      10、1)It is necessary to examine whether the new design is efficient(有效的).(2)It is doubtful how accurate the results are.(3)If it is possible, (4)As mentioned before, 精练的表示为:(1)It is necessary to examine the efficiency of the new design. (2)The accuracy of the results is doubtful.(3)If possible, (4)As before, 8/23/202419三、准确(三、准确(Accuracy)专业英语中准确性主要表现为两点:用词准确(下一节讨论)语法结构上:使用长句子long sentences -exceedingly informativeconditional sentences - accurate description例如:A very brief conceptual introduction to

      11、 time sharing is not an easy task because the term has already become so generalized that it has a variety of meanings to scores of(很多) interesting groups and wide ranges of intelligence levels in such groups.【译】要对分时的概念作一个简明的介绍不是件容易的事情,因为这个术语已经变得非常笼统,以致对于很多的专业团体以及这些团体里智力水平高低不一的人来说,它具有各种各样意义。 Term:术语,学期,项,辞,期,v. 把称为 in terms of 按照,就而言状语从句详见备注页8/23/202420四、专业英语的语法四、专业英语的语法其他特点 1“无生命主语及物动词宾语(宾语补足语)无生命主语及物动词宾语(宾语补足语)”例如:例如:Chapter 6 provides a basic introduction to the ideas of sequences, series and

      12、 limits.译文:第六章介绍了序列、级数和极限的基本概念。译文:第六章介绍了序列、级数和极限的基本概念。2常用常用it作为形式主语或宾语作为形式主语或宾语例如:例如:1) It has been proved that induced voltage(感应电动势)(感应电动势) causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.2) The invention of radio has made it possible for mankind to communicate with each other over a long distance.cause:使,造成:使,造成8/23/202421四、专业英语的语法四、专业英语的语法其他特点3尽量用紧缩型状语从句而不用完整句尽量用紧缩型状语从句而不用完整句例如:While designed primarily for use by engineering students, it is believed that the book is also hig

      13、hly suitable for students of the physical sciences and applied mathematics.4割裂修饰比较普遍(包括短语或从句被分隔)割裂修饰比较普遍(包括短语或从句被分隔)例如:例如:It is hoped that this provision(准备准备), together with the large number of worked examples (实例实例)and style of presentation(图表图表), also makes the book suitable for directed study. 8/23/202422四、专业英语的语法四、专业英语的语法其他特点5较多使用祈使语气较多使用祈使语气例如:Let the forward-pass transfer function be given by the linear difference equation.【译文】利用线性差分方程可以得到前向通道传递函数。6句中并列成分(各种并列短语、单词或从句)较多句中并列成分(各种并列短语、单词或从

      14、句)较多例如:Radar has certain inherent advantages over detection systems employing light waves: 1) has greater range, 2) it is usable in any weather and in day or night, and 3) the electronic circuitry (电子电路)and components for transmitting, receiving, amplifying, detecting and measuring.have advantage over :比有优势detection:检测8/23/2024231.3 专业英语的词汇特点专业英语的词汇特点词汇是语言发展的产物。语言在发展过程中,旧的词不断被抛弃,新的词不断在产生。随着科学技术的发展,新术语、新概念、新理论和新产品不断出现。 不但新词(如词组)大量涌现,许多日常用语也不断增加新的科技含义,如Balise(信标,浮标,航标;测量标志, 应答器) 。 在专业英语中,缩略语的增加尤为迅

      15、速,各类技术词汇也随着专业的细分、学科的渗透而日益增多。(ARS, Automatic Route Setting 自动排列进路) (ATP, Automatic Train Protection 自动列车防护)(CIR, Cab Integrated Radio 机车综合通信无线设备) (CTC, Centralized Traffic Control 调度集中系统)(DMI, Driver Machine Interface 人机界面)8/23/202424一、词汇构成一、词汇构成(一)技术词汇(一)技术词汇(technical words)这类词的意义狭窄、单一,一般只使用在各自的专业范围内,因而专业性很强。这类词一般较长并且越长词义越狭窄,出现的频率也不高。例如:例如:bandwidth (带宽) superconductivity (超导性)hexadecimal (十六进制)8/23/202425一、词汇构成一、词汇构成(二)次技术词汇(二)次技术词汇(sub-technical words)次技术词是指不受上下文限制的各专业中出现频率都很高的词。这类词往往在不同的专业中具

      16、有不同的含义。例如:work, load, plant, field, reaction, energy, power, force, conductor, solution, revolution, operation, register, efficiency, system其中,reaction在日常生活中表示某人对某件事的反应,在化学中表示两种物质分子间的化学反应,在核物理中表示原子核的链式反应,在土木工程中又可表示反作用力等等; conductor在日常生活中可表示售票员和乐队指挥,在电学中却表示导体;register在计算机中表示寄存器,在电学中表示记数器、记录器,在乐器中表示音区,而在日常生活中则表示登记簿、名册、挂号信等。8/23/202426一、词汇构成一、词汇构成(三)特用词(三)特用词(big words )在专业英语中,表达同样的意义时,为了准确、正式、严谨,不引起歧义却往往选用一些较长的特用词。这些词在非专业英语中极少使用但却属于非专业英语。日常英语中常用下列句子:Then the light is turned on.在专业词汇中,却表示为:The circ

      17、uit is then plete词义单一准确,可以避免歧义;完成,完整的turned on不仅表示开通,而且还可以表示其他意义。如:8/23/202427一、词汇构成一、词汇构成The success of a picnic(野餐) usually turns on (依赖)the weather.The dog turned on (袭击) to me and bit me in the leg.又如下句中不用send和change,而用transmit和convert,The coaxial cables(同轴电缆) transmit the modulated I.F.(中频) carriers to the equipment on the aerial(天线) where they are converted into their assigned frequencies in the GHz band.类似的词还有keepmaintain enoughsufficient take awayremoveat onceimmediately push ininsert a

      18、lot ofappreciable 相当可观的 used upconsume find outdetermine 8/23/202428一、词汇构成一、词汇构成(四)功能词(四)功能词(function words)包括介词、连词、冠词、代词等 功能词为词在句子中的结构关系提供了十分重要的结构信号,对于理解专业内容十分重要,而且出现频率极高 研究表明,在专业英语中,出现频率最高的十个词都是功能词,其顺序为:the , of , in , and , to, is , that , for , are, be 例如:When the recorder(录音机) is operated in the record mode, previous recordings are automatically erased.上例14个词中功能词就占了6个 。8/23/202429二、构词法(二、构词法(word-formation)专业英语的构词有如下两个显著特点:第一,大部分专业词汇来自希腊语和拉丁语;第二,前缀和后缀的出现频率非常高。希腊语和拉丁语是现代专业科技英语词汇的基础。 根据美国专家Os

      19、car E. Nybaken的统计结果,在10000个普通词汇中大约有46%的词汇源于拉丁语,7.2%的词汇源于希腊语,对于专业性强的词汇,这个比例更高。 英语单词构成有其规律,很好的掌握了构词规律,才可以很好、很快的、准确的记忆单词。英语单词英语单词构词法构词法的核心部分,在于词根的核心部分,在于词根,词的意义主要是由组成单词的词根体现出来的。词根可以单独构成词,也可以彼此组合成词,通过前缀后缀来改变单词的词性和意义。(词根和词缀叫构词构词语素语素)也就是说,单词一般由三部分组成单词一般由三部分组成:词根、前缀和后缀。词根决定单词意思,前缀改变单词词义,后缀决定单词词性。词根决定单词意思,前缀改变单词词义,后缀决定单词词性。 英语构词法常用的有三种:合成(composition) 转换(conversion) 派生或词缀(derivation)8/23/202430二、构词法(二、构词法( word-formation )(一一)合成合成(composition) 合成方法有:名词名词,形容词名词,动词副词,名词动词,介词名词,形容词动词等等。如:work + shop - work

      20、shop,(研讨会)feed(馈给,馈送)back - feedback(反馈)in + put(存放) - input(输入)forward + bias(偏离) - forward-bias(前向偏置)four+aspect(方面) - four-aspect(四显)Inter(内部的) lock- interlock(联锁)8/23/202431二、构词法(二、构词法( word-formation )(二二)转换法或转化法转换法或转化法(conversion) 英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。转换时词形一般不变(有时发生重音或尾音的变化),只是词类转用。 例如(见备注页)例如(见备注页)动词转化为名词形容词转化为名词名词转化为动词形容词转化为动词副词转化为动词8/23/202432二、构词法(二、构词法( word-formation )(三)派生或词缀(三)派生或词缀(derivation)专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的,即通过对词根加上各种前缀和后缀来构成新词。 以1978年清华大学编写的英汉

      21、技术词典为例,以semi(前缀,半,部分的意思)构成的词有230个以上(如semiconductor-半导体),以auto(汽车,自动,vi. 乘汽车)构成的词有260个以上(如automation 自动化)。以micro(微小,微小的)构成的词有300个以上(如microcomputer-微机),以thermo(热的,热电的)构成的词有130个(如thermonoise-热噪声)。仅这四个前缀构成的词就达近千个,而常用的前缀和后缀却多达上百个。除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。 作为一个专业科技人员,至少应掌握50个常用的前缀和后缀。a: 缺少的意思synchronous 同步的 asynchronous 异步的8/23/202433三、词汇缩略(三、词汇缩略( word Shorting )(一)节略词(一)节略词(Clipped words) 某些词汇在发展过程中为方便起见逐渐用它们的前几个字母来表示,这就是节略词。例如:maths mathematics (数学) ad advertisement(广告)lab labora

      22、tory(实验室)kilokilogramuni uniform(均匀), university(大学)metro metrology(度量衡学,度量衡制)Metro(地铁-首字母大写)dir directory (目录,指南) del delete(删除)8/23/202434三、词汇缩略(三、词汇缩略( word Shorting )(二)缩略词(二)缩略词(Acronyms)缩略词是指由某些词组的首字母所组成的新词。例如:Radar radio detecting and rangingLaser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationROM Read Only MemoryRAM Random Access MemoryUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(联合国教科文组织)8/23/202435三、词汇缩略(三、词汇缩略( word Shorting )(三)缩写词(三)缩写词(Abbreviatio

      23、n)缩写词并不一定由某个词组的首字母组成,有些缩写词仅由一个单词变化而来,而且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。专业英语中的缩写词数量很大,约2000030000个,有些缩写词长达九个字母。由于科学技术不断发展,各个学科的新术语不断出现,使得缩写词也具有一词多义。例如:8/23/202436三、词汇缩略(三、词汇缩略( word Shorting )NB(Latin)Note Carefullyetcand so forthet aland othervsversusAppxAppendix(附录)ACAlternating Current, Aerodynamic Centre(气动中心)FigFigureOPOperational Amplifier(运算放大器)sqsquareMsgMessageegfor exampleLtdlimitedAmpAmplifierIOInput Outputcfcomparefffollowing8/23/202437四、词汇其它特点四、词汇其它特点1非谓语动词多非谓语动词多英语每个简单句中,只能用一个谓语动词,如果读到几个动作,就必须选出

      24、主要动作当谓语,而将其余动作用非谓语动词形式,才能符合英语语法要求。非谓语动词有三种:动名词、分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)和不定式。例如:要成为一个名符其实的内行,需要学到老。这句中,有“成为”、“需要”和“学”三个表示动作的词,译成英语后为:To be a true professional requires lifelong learning.可以看出,选好“需要”(require)作为谓语,其余两个动作:“成为”用不定式形式 to be,而“学”用动名词形式learning,这样才能符合英语语法要求。8/23/202438四、词汇其它特点四、词汇其它特点2词性转换多词性转换多英语单词有不少是多性词,既是名词,又可用作动词、形容词、介词或副词,字形无殊,功能各异,含义也各不相同,如不仔细观察,必致谬误。例如, light名词: (启发)in (the)light of 由于,根据; (光)high light(s) 强光;(灯)safety light 安全指示灯形容词:(轻)light industry 轻工业; (明亮)light room 明亮的房间; (淡)light b

      25、lue 淡蓝色; (薄)light coating 薄涂层动词: (点燃)light up the lamp 点灯副词: (轻快)travel light 轻装旅行(容易)light come, light go 来得容易去得快8/23/202439四、词汇其它特点四、词汇其它特点诸如此类的词性转换,在科技英语中屡见不鲜,几乎每个技术名词都可转换为同义的形容词。词性转换增加了英语的灵活性和表现力,读者必须从上下文判明用词在句中是何种词性,而且含义如何,才能对全句得到正确无误的理解。8/23/202440Skills Development and Learning by Doing(技巧提高与边做边学技巧提高与边做边学)Preface to Modern Engineering MathematicsDevelopments in computer technology and related software have provided the engineer with tools of increasing power and sophistication which have

      26、significant implications for the use and role of mathematics in engineering practice. 计算机技术以及相关软件的发展为工程技术人员提供了功能日趋计算机技术以及相关软件的发展为工程技术人员提供了功能日趋强大、复杂性日趋完善的工具,使数学应用于工程实践并且发挥强大、复杂性日趋完善的工具,使数学应用于工程实践并且发挥着重要作用。着重要作用。provide sth. (sb.) with 为为提供提供翻译翻译计算机软硬件的发展为电子商务提供了可靠平台。计算机软硬件的发展为电子商务提供了可靠平台。电子商务:电子商务:electronic commerce信号参考信号参考“通号公司培训资料通号公司培训资料”文件夹内容文件夹内容8/23/202441In particular, it has led to greater use of mathematical modeling and simulation as the basis for the analysis and design of engineering

      27、 systems, thus providing a more flexible and economic approach to the traditional methods which relied heavily on costly experimentation and the building of scaled models. 特别地,它使数学建模和数学仿真作为工程系统分析设计的特别地,它使数学建模和数学仿真作为工程系统分析设计的基础获得了更广泛的应用,因而,与很大程度上依赖于昂贵基础获得了更广泛的应用,因而,与很大程度上依赖于昂贵的实验以及构建比例模型的传统方法相比,它提供了一个更的实验以及构建比例模型的传统方法相比,它提供了一个更灵活更经济的途径。灵活更经济的途径。lead to :导致thus:因此翻译翻译特别地,图像压缩算法的发展使得图像压缩技术作为多媒体系统的基础取得了更广泛的应用。8/23/202442Clearly such developments, particularly those in computer algebra or symbolic ma

      28、nipulation packages, also have important implications for the teaching of mathematics on engineering degree courses. 显然,这些进展,尤其是在计算机代数或符号运算软件包中显然,这些进展,尤其是在计算机代数或符号运算软件包中的进展,同样在工程类学位课程的数学教学中有着重要的应的进展,同样在工程类学位课程的数学教学中有着重要的应用。用。8/23/202443To the inexperienced it is tempting to believe that the use of packaged software solves all the problems of analysis that an engineer is likely to meet and thus eliminates the need for engineering students to study mathematics. 对于新手而言,往往认为使用软件包可以解决工程设计人员对于新手而言,往往认

      29、为使用软件包可以解决工程设计人员可能碰到的分析问题,因而工科学生不再需要学习数学。可能碰到的分析问题,因而工科学生不再需要学习数学。eliminate:消除,排除,消灭:消除,排除,消灭翻译:翻译:这本手册无法解决用户可能遇到的所有问题。8/23/202444The need for mathematical skills is, therefore, greater than ever but it is widely recognized that, as a consequence of these computer related developments, there is a need for a shift in emphasis in the teaching of mathematics to students studying engineering. 因而,对于数学技巧的要求比以往更高,但人们普遍认为,因而,对于数学技巧的要求比以往更高,但人们普遍认为,由于计算机相关技术的发展,向工科学生教授数学的侧重点由于计算机相关技术的发展,向工科学生教授数学的侧重点应该有所

      30、转变。应该有所转变。as a consequence of :由于:由于翻译:人们普遍认识到,由于安全技术的发展,电子商务正在变得越来越可靠。8/23/202445This shift is away from the simple mastery of solution techniques and towards development of a greater understanding of mathematical ideas and processes together with efficiency in applying this understanding to the formulation and analysis of mathematical models of physical phenomena and engineering systems. However, it is recognized that the development of understanding and the mastery of solution techniques are

      31、not mutually exclusive objectives(目的). 这种转变意味着将这种转变意味着将不再是不再是简单掌握解题技巧,而是向着这样的一简单掌握解题技巧,而是向着这样的一个方向,即对数学概念以及数学过程更深的理解,并将这种理解个方向,即对数学概念以及数学过程更深的理解,并将这种理解有效地应用于物理现象和系统的数学模型的公式表示和分析中。有效地应用于物理现象和系统的数学模型的公式表示和分析中。然而,我们认识到,提高理解能力和掌握解题技巧并不矛盾。然而,我们认识到,提高理解能力和掌握解题技巧并不矛盾。away from :离开:离开mutually exclusive :相互排斥的:相互排斥的翻译人们认为在通信系统中,有效性和可靠性是相互矛盾的。8/23/202446There is little doubt that a high degree of fluency in the manipulation of mathematical expressions will always be required, for without this there can be

      32、 no real understanding. The challenge to the teacher is that of achieving the correct balance in the mathematics curriculum.毫无疑问,学生必须能够熟练运用数学公式,否则就不可能有真毫无疑问,学生必须能够熟练运用数学公式,否则就不可能有真正意义上的理解。教师面临的挑战是如何在数学课程中取得正确正意义上的理解。教师面临的挑战是如何在数学课程中取得正确的平衡。的平衡。 curriculum:课程:课程翻译:毫无疑问,3G系统将取代现有的蜂窝系统,否则就无法提供高速率的业务。通信工程师面临的挑战是如何在系统设计中取得有效性和可靠性的正确平衡。cellular system:蜂窝系统8/23/202447The objective of the authoring team in writing this book is to achieve a balance between the development of understanding and the mastery

      33、 of solution techniques with the emphasis being on the development of students ability to use mathematics with understanding to solve engineering problems.作者写作本书的目的是在提高理解力和掌握解题技巧之间取作者写作本书的目的是在提高理解力和掌握解题技巧之间取得平衡,其中重点是培养学生在理解的基础上用数学解决工得平衡,其中重点是培养学生在理解的基础上用数学解决工程问题的能力。程问题的能力。翻译翻译工程技术人员设计通信系统的目的是在有效性和可靠性之间取得平衡,其重点是系统的优化。8/23/202448Consequently, this book is not a collection of recipes(方方法法) and techniques designed to teach students to solve routine exercises, nor is mathematical rigor(严密,严谨严密,严谨) in

      34、troduced for its own sake. 因此,本书既不是设计用来教学生如何解题的方法和技巧的因此,本书既不是设计用来教学生如何解题的方法和技巧的汇汇总总,也未以数学本身所要求的,也未以数学本身所要求的严谨严谨方式编写。方式编写。It contains over 350 worked examples, many of which incorporate mathematical models and are designed both to provide relevance and to reinforce the role of mathematics in various branches of engineering.它包括超过它包括超过350个实例,许多实例与数学模型相结合,一方面个实例,许多实例与数学模型相结合,一方面表明其实用性,另外一方面也强调数学在工程领域不同分支中表明其实用性,另外一方面也强调数学在工程领域不同分支中的重要作用。的重要作用。 incorporate :把合并,使混合routine exercises:日常练习8/23/202449The

      35、re are numerous exercise sections throughout the text and at the end of each chapter there is a comprehensive set of review exercises. While many of the exercise problems are designed to develop skills in mathematical techniques, others are designed to develop understanding and to encourage learning by doing, and some are of an open-ended(扩展的扩展的) nature. 教材中穿插了许多练习,并且每章最后都有一个全面复习的教材中穿插了许多练习,并且每章最后都有一个全面复习的习题集。尽管许多习题是用来提高解题能力,其它则被设计习题集。尽管许多习题是用来提高解题能力,其它则被设计用来提高理解力并鼓励学生边学边做,还有一部分可以自由用来提高理解力并鼓励学生边

      36、学边做,还有一部分可以自由发挥。发挥。a comprehensive set of :内容广泛的一套内容广泛的一套review :复习:复习8/23/202450The range of material covered in the book is regarded as appropriate for a first level core studies course in mathematics for undergraduate courses in all engineering disciplines(工科).本书内容所覆盖的范围适合于所有工科类本科生一年级的数本书内容所覆盖的范围适合于所有工科类本科生一年级的数学核心课程。学核心课程。undergraduate :大学本科生(的)翻译:本书内容所覆盖的范围适合于初学者。8/23/202451As a result of the widening of access opportunities, particularly in the United Kingdom, there is increasing heterogen

      37、eity in background knowledge in mathematics of students entering degree courses in engineering.由于入学机会的增多,尤其是在英国,进修工科学位的学生由于入学机会的增多,尤其是在英国,进修工科学位的学生的数学基础愈见参差不齐。的数学基础愈见参差不齐。8/23/202452Chapter 1 deals with numbers, algebra and functions and includes sections on topics, such as trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions, a knowledge of which has traditionally been assumed on entry to an engineering degree course. 第一章第一章 讲述数、代数和函数,包括三角函数,指数函数与讲述数、代数和函数,包括三角函数,指数函数与对数函数等,这些都是传统的工科类课程的预备知识。对数

      38、函数等,这些都是传统的工科类课程的预备知识。翻译:第一章讲述通信系统的基本概念。8/23/202453To most students such sections will provide a review of material with which they already have some familiarity. The remainder of the chapter develops the material further and includes sections on computer arithmetic and numerical evaluation of functions. 对大多数学生而言,这些部分是对他们已经熟悉的内容的复对大多数学生而言,这些部分是对他们已经熟悉的内容的复习。本章其余部分内容有所扩展,包括了计算机算法和函数习。本章其余部分内容有所扩展,包括了计算机算法和函数的数值计算。的数值计算。8/23/202454Chapter 2 extends the number system to include complex numbers whic

      39、h have important applications in engineering. Vector and matrix techniques provide the framework for much of the developments in modern engineering and so the engineer needs to have a good understanding of the foundations of vector and linear algebra. 第二章将数扩展到复数,这在工程中有着重要应用。矢量和矩阵方法为现代工程学的发展提供了框架,所以工程技术人员需要很好的理解矢量与线性代数的基础。much of :很多8/23/202455Consequently Chapter 3 and 4 are devoted to these topics with the material being further developed in the companion text. With the increasing importance of

      40、 software engineering and use of expert systems, discrete mathematics is receiving prominence, with importance in many branches of engineering. 因此第三、四章深入讨论了这些内容,同时在配套的教材中,因此第三、四章深入讨论了这些内容,同时在配套的教材中,这些内容被进一步扩展。随着软件工程重要性的不断增加和这些内容被进一步扩展。随着软件工程重要性的不断增加和专家系统用途的不断拓展,离散数学在很多工科分支中的重专家系统用途的不断拓展,离散数学在很多工科分支中的重要性凸显。要性凸显。companion:配套的,相伴的,指南prominence:突出,突起devoted to :专用于的discrete mathematics :离散数学8/23/202456While it may not be necessary for all engineers to have a deep understanding of discrete mathematic

      41、s, it is believed essential that they should all have a familiarity and ease with the relevant notations and formalism; this therefore is the main objective of Chapter 5.尽管可能不是所有的工程技术人员都需要深入了解离散数学,尽管可能不是所有的工程技术人员都需要深入了解离散数学,但他们都应该熟悉并且但他们都应该熟悉并且熟练熟练应用相关的符号和形式,应用相关的符号和形式,这就是这就是第第5章的主要目的。章的主要目的。8/23/202457Chapter 6 provides a basic introduction to the ideas of sequences, series and limits, as essential prerequisites for the study of the calculus, which remains a powerful mathematical tool for use i

      42、n solving engineering problems.第第6章介绍了数列、级数和极限等基本概念,它们是学习微章介绍了数列、级数和极限等基本概念,它们是学习微积分必须的预备知识。微积分是积分必须的预备知识。微积分是用来用来解决工程问题非常解决工程问题非常强大强大的的数学工具。数学工具。prerequisite:先决条件(的)calculus :微积分8/23/202458Chapter 7 and 8 are devoted to the calculus of functions of one variable and, recognizing again the mixed background knowledge in mathematics of the students, the basic ideas and techniques of differentiation and integration are reviewed in Chapter 7.第七、八章深入讨论了单变量函数的微积分,考虑到学生数学第七、八章深入讨论了单变量函数的微积分,考虑到学生数学基础参差不

      43、齐,第七章基础参差不齐,第七章复习复习了微分与积分的基本概念和方法。了微分与积分的基本概念和方法。calculus:微积分differentiation:微分integration:积分8/23/202459Chapter 9 extends the calculus to the case of functions of more than one variable.第九章将微积分扩展到多变量函数。第九章将微积分扩展到多变量函数。Chapter 10 and 11 relate to ordinary differential equations which are representative mathematical models of practical problems in various branches of engineering. Fourier series analysis is central to many applications in engineering, such as the analysis and design of oscillatory

      44、and nonlinear systems.第十、十一章介绍第十、十一章介绍常微分方程常微分方程,它是工科各分支中解决实际,它是工科各分支中解决实际问题的问题的典型典型数学模型。傅利叶级数分析在许多工程应用中是数学模型。傅利叶级数分析在许多工程应用中是非常重要的,如振荡与非线性系统的分析和设计。非常重要的,如振荡与非线性系统的分析和设计。series:级数oscillatory:振荡8/23/202460Chapter 12 provides a brief introduction to this topic appropriate for first level study, with a more detailed treatment being given in the companion text. Engineering is a discipline founded upon experiment, and engineers need to know how to process their experimental data and how to assess the

      45、 results of others experiments. 第十二章针对这部分内容针对一年级课程进行了简要介绍,更第十二章针对这部分内容针对一年级课程进行了简要介绍,更详细的介绍则在详细的介绍则在配套教材配套教材中给出。工程是中给出。工程是建立在建立在实验基础实验基础上上的的学科,并且工程技术人员需要了解如何处理他们的实验数据以学科,并且工程技术人员需要了解如何处理他们的实验数据以及如何评价他人实验的结果。及如何评价他人实验的结果。discipline:科目,学科how to 怎样,如何companion :配套,相伴8/23/202461The aim of statistics is to extract useful information from the data. The book concludes with Chapter 13 which illustrates how data may be plotted to good effect, and then goes on to cover the essential probability theory nec

      46、essary to take account of uncertainty in engineering.统计学的目的是从数据中提取有用的信息。本书会在第统计学的目的是从数据中提取有用的信息。本书会在第13章章举例说明如何对数据进行划分以获取好的效果,然后再进一举例说明如何对数据进行划分以获取好的效果,然后再进一步步介绍介绍工程学中研究不确定性所必需的基本概率理论。工程学中研究不确定性所必需的基本概率理论。extract:提取uncertainty:essential:基本(本质/必须)的8/23/202462Assignment-1借助词典阅读和分析下列短文,指出其中语法和词汇的特点,并指出哪些是专业词汇,并翻译下列短文。 1. This year is an important milestone in the deployment of GSM-R train radio in Europe. The Netherlands switched over to GSM-R in January and shut down its old analogue radio system.

      47、 Four more countries-Italy, Germany, Norway and Sweden-will have either migrated fully, or will be well on the way to migration, by the end of the year.2. In the meantime, ETCS Level 2 is currently being tested on TGV Est with a view to go live in mid-2008. The TGV fleet will gradually be fitted with ETCS alongside TVM 430; and Thalys trains, which operate services from Paris to Brussels, Amsterdam and Cologne, should be equipped by 2009.8/23/2024631.4 符号、公式及其它符号、公式及其它1.数学术语表达数学 mathematics, mat

      48、hs(BrE), math(AmE)公理 axiom定理 theorem 引理 lemma计算 calculation运算 operation 证明 prove假设 hypothesis命题 proposition算术 arithmetic8/23/2024641.4 符号、公式及其它符号、公式及其它1.数学术语表达和 sum加 plus (prep. 介词), add (v.), addition (n.)差 remainder减 minus (prep.), subtract (v.), subtraction (n.) 积 product乘 times (prep.), multiply (v.), multiplication (n.) 除 divided by (prep.), divide (v.), division (n.) 被除数 dividend 除数 divisor 商 quotient 8/23/2024651.数学术语表达权 weight, significance 进位 carry 截尾 truncation四舍五入 round有效数字 significan

      49、t digit无效数字 insignificant digit代数 algebra公式 formula单项式 monomial多项式 polynomial, multinomial系数 coefficient未知数 unknown等式,方程式 equation一次方程 simple equation 二次方程 quadratic equation 三次方程 cubic equation四次方程 quartic equation 8/23/2024661.数学术语表达不等式 inequation阶乘 factorial对数 logarithm指数,幂 exponent乘方 power二次方,平方 square三次方,立方 cube四次方 the power of four, the fourth power n次方 the power of n, the nth power 开方 evolution, extraction 二次方根,平方根 square root三次方根,立方根 cube root四次方根 the root of four, the fourth rootn次方根 th

      50、e root of n, the nth root 8/23/2024671.数学术语表达 集合 aggregate元素 element空集 void子集 subset交集 intersection并集 union 补集 complement映射 mapping函数 function定义域 domain, field of definition值域 range常量 constant 变量 variable单调性 monotonicity 奇偶性 parity周期性 periodicity图象 image8/23/2024681.数学术语表达 数列,级数 series微积分 calculus微分 differential导数 derivative极限 limit无穷大 infinite (a.) infinity (n.) 无穷小 infinitesimal 积分 integral 定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral有理数 rational number 无理数 irrational number实数 real number 虚数

      51、 imaginary number复数 complex number矩阵 matrix行列式 determinant 8/23/2024691.数学术语表达统计 statistics平均数 average加权平均数 weighted average 方差 variance标准差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation比例 proportion百分比 percent百分点 percentage排列 permutation 组合 combination概率 probability 分布 distribution 正态分布 normal distribution非正态分布 abnormal distribution 图表 graph 条形统计图 bar graph柱形统计图 histogram折线统计图 broken line graph 曲线统计图 curve diagram扇形统计图 pie diagram8/23/2024702数学符号8/23/2024711.4 符号、公式及其它符号、公式及其它2数学符号8/23/2024722数

      52、学符号8/23/2024733常用希腊字母 8/23/2024744三角函数 Hyperbolic:双曲的,双曲线的8/23/2024755分数、小数及百分比 8/23/2024766符号与方程 8/23/2024776符号与方程 differential:微分derivative:导数8/23/2024786符号与方程 8/23/2024796符号与方程 8/23/2024806符号与方程 8/23/2024816符号与方程 8/23/2024826符号与方程 8/23/2024836符号与方程 8/23/202484(1) a squared minus b squared equals open parenthesis a plus b right parenthesis times open parenthesis a minus b right parenthesis.parenthesis:圆括弧8/23/202485(2)x plus one over the quantity x squared times the quantity x cubed minus 4 to

      53、 the two-third power.8/23/202486(3)the limit as n approaches infinity of the quantity one over n squared times one plus two plus up to plus n. 8/23/202487(4)one half open brace a open bracket b plus open parenthesis c minus d close parenthesis close bracket close brace. parenthesis:圆括弧bracket:方括弧brace:花括弧 8/23/202488(5)Capital sigma the quantity a sub n times b sub n times the cosine of n times omega sub s over 2 from n equals one to n equals five. capital:大写8/23/202489(6)Product of all a sub n

      54、from n equals one to infinity 8/23/202490(7)the maximum/minimum value of the series a sub one to a sub n. 8/23/202491(8)the limit as n approaches infinity of the quantity one plus one over n to the nth power equals e. 8/23/202492(9)y prime equals negative one over x to the nth powerthe first derivation of y with respect to x 8/23/202493(10)the second derivation of y with respect to x equals a squared times e to the power of negative a times x. negative:负的positive:正的8/23/202494(11)the indefinite

      55、integral of the quantity a over x minus a with respect to x equals a times the quantity logarithm of the absolute value of x minus a plus c.8/23/202495(12)the integral from 0 to pi over two of the quantity one over the quantity one plus a times cosine of x with respect to x.8/23/202496(13) (a0,m,n均为正整数)a to the power of negative m over n equals one over the nth root of a to the mth power, when a is greater than zero, and m and n are both positive integers. 8/23/202497(14)the sine of three x is i

      56、dentically equal to three times the sine of x minus four times the quantity sine x cubed.8/23/2024981 Random Variables Let a random variable X(A) represent the functional relationship between a random event A and a real number. For notational convenience, we shall designate the random variable by X, and let the functional dependence upon A be implicit. The random variable may be discrete or continuous. The distribution function FX(x) of the random variable X is given by (1)where is the probabili

      57、ty that the value taken by the random variable x is less than or equal to a real number X. The distribution function FX(x) has the following properties:1) 2)3)4)designate :标出,指示:标出,指示implicit :隐含的:隐含的functional dependence :函数依赖:函数依赖Notational:记法的记法的Text: Random Signals8/23/202499Another useful function relating to the random variable X is the probability density function (pdf), denoted by (2)As in the case of the distribution function, the pdf is a function of a real number x. The name density f

      58、unction arises from the fact that the probability of the event equals (3)probability density function:概率密度函数概率密度函数arises from:起源于:起源于in the case of:在:在情况下情况下8/23/2024100From Equation(3), the probability that a random variable X has a value in some very narrow range between x and x+ x can be approximated as (4)Thus, in the limit as x approaches zero, we can write (5)be approximated as:近似为:近似为8/23/2024101The probability density function has the following properties:1)2)Thus, a probability density

      59、function is always a nonnegative function with a total area of one. Throughout the book we use the designation pX(x) for the probability density function of a continuous random variable. For ease of notation, we will often omit the subscript X and write simply p(x). We will use the designation p(X=xi) for the probability of a random variable X, where X can take on discrete values only.nonnegative:非负:非负designation :标示,名称:标示,名称take on :接受,具有:接受,具有8/23/20241022 Ensemble Averages(总体均值)The mean value

      60、 mX, or expected value of a random variable X, is defined by (6)where E is called the expected value operator. The nth moment of a probability distribution of a random variable X is defined by (7)We can also define central moments, which are the moments of the difference between X and mX. The second central moment, called the variance of X, is defined as (8)expected value:期望值:期望值central moments :中心矩:中心矩second central moment :二阶中心矩:二阶中心矩variance:方差:方差8/23/2024103The variance of X is also denoted

      61、as , and its square root is called the standard deviation of X. Variance is a measure of the randomness of the random variable X. By specifying the variance of a random variable, we are constraining the width of its probability density function. The variance and the mean-square value are related by (9)Thus, the variance is equal to the difference between the mean-square value and the square of the mean.standard deviation:标准差:标准差randomness :随机性:随机性mean-square value:均方值:均方值8/23/2024104Assignment-2

      62、: 1.Translate following paragraph into English. In addition, present the English expressions for Eq.1, Eq.2 and Eq.3.电信号可以由电压电信号可以由电压v(t)或者电流或者电流i(t)流过电阻流过电阻R产生的瞬时功率产生的瞬时功率p(t)来表示,瞬时功率定义如下来表示,瞬时功率定义如下: (1)或或 (2)在通信系统中,通常假定电阻在通信系统中,通常假定电阻R为为1欧姆而得到归一化的功率欧姆而得到归一化的功率值。归一化后,式值。归一化后,式(1)和式和式(2) 形式相同,因此不管信号是电压形式相同,因此不管信号是电压波形还是电流波形,归一化的瞬时功率均可以表示为波形还是电流波形,归一化的瞬时功率均可以表示为 (3)其中其中,x(t)是电压或者电流信号。是电压或者电流信号。8/23/20241052写出下列式子的读法全称 8/23/20241061.5 专业英语常用词缀和词根专业英语常用词缀和词根英语中的很多文字来源于外来语,如希腊语、拉丁语、法语、德语、意大利语和西班牙语等

      63、 。有些词是日常生活总常用的,如economical、immigrate(v. 移入,移居)、foreword(前言)等。 有的则是用于某些专门的领域。例如自动控制、铁路运输等领域,我们常见到automation, railway等。 据有关专家统计,现代科技英语中有50以上的词汇来源于希腊语、拉丁语等外来语,而这些外来词汇构成了一个主要特征就是广泛使用词缀和词根。适当掌握一些词缀和词根,也就轻而易举地扩大我们的词汇量 。8/23/2024107词缀和词根的区别词缀和词根的区别1)能否单独构成词:)能否单独构成词: 词根可以,词缀不能。 词缀只能粘附在词根上,主要作用是构成新词。 但词缀的构词能力很强。同一个词缀,可以同许多词根构成新词。【例如】词缀词缀in- :表示“入”(input 输入, intake 吸入 ) -en :表示“使”(broaden 加宽, harden 硬化 )词根词根circ :“ring 环,圆 ”(semicircle 半圆 circulate 循环,流通 ) fact :“do, make 做 ”(manufacture(古)手工做,制造 facile 容易做 )2)表示意义的虚实)表示意义的虚实: 词根往往都有比较实在的意义。而词缀意义往往虚化了,只表示比较抽象的概括的意义。1.5 专业英语常用词缀和词根专业英语常用词缀和词根8/23/2024108词缀分为:词缀分为:名词词缀名词词缀 形容词词缀形容词词缀 动词词缀动词词缀 1.5.1 专业英语中常用的词缀专业英语中常用的词缀(Prefix, Suffix)8/23/2024109duple:双的console:控制台8/23/20241108/23/20241118/23/20241128/23/20241131.5.2 专业英语中常用的词根专业英语中常用的词根8/23/20241148/23/20241158/23/2024116

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