1、IELTS 大作文写作手法大作文写作手法IDAIDA1.目录HowareTask2answersassessed?Waystodevelopaparagraph（论证方法）方法） 雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构大作文分大作文分类2.Examiners assess the answers according to these criteriaTask Response (i.e. how fully and appropriately the candidate has answered all parts of the task; the extent to which the candidates ideas are relevant, developed and supported; the extent to which the candidates position is clear and effective) 3.Examiners assess the answers according to these criteriaCoherence连贯性 and Cohesion衔
2、接 (i.e. how well the information and ideas are organised and presented i.e. paragraphing; how well the information is linked) 4.Examiners assess the answers according to these criteriaLexical Resource词汇资源源 (i.e. the range of vocabulary used, how accurately it is used and how appropriate it is for the task) 5.Examiners assess the answers according to these criteriaGrammatical Range and Accuracy (i.e. the range of structures used, how accurately they are used and how appropriate they are for the t
3、ask)6.段落的组织250字，4段至5段话，4段更容易操作第一段：2至4句第二段：4至6句第三段：4至6句第四段：2至4句Introduction: state your viewBody: support your view with reasons, arguments, examplesConclusion: restate your view主体段落：Topic sentence + supporting sentences7.Argumentative devices - Ways to develop a paragraph（论证方法）方法） exemplification（举例例说明），明），explanation（解（解释说明），明），cause and effect（因果（因果论证），），comparison and contrast（比（比较与与对比）比）concession and refutation（让步与反步与反驳），），classification（分（分类）8.ExemplificationExample: a specific fact, idea,
4、 person, or thing that is used to explain or support a general idea, or to show what is typical of a larger group举例相关关联词：For exampleFor instanceTake (Consider)as an exampleA case in pointsuch asincluding9.Somepeoplethinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedasfriends.Yetothersonlyconsideranimalsassourcesoffoodandclothing.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Sample AnswerThere is a growing tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur. This leads to the cruel slaughter of anim
5、als all over the world every year. Yet, in my opinion, instead of killing animals, human beings should treat them as their friends.It is an undeniable fact that animals play a vital role in maintaining the subtle balance of the earths ecological system. The lack of this essential part will bring about the destruction of the whole world. Therefore, to some extent, killing animals is equal to digging our own graves.For thousands of years, many animals have given loyal service to humans. Pigeons co
6、nvey messages in wartime, and dogs help to detect crime. Even pigs, which many people think are the most stupid animals, are used in the battle against drugs. There is no doubt that our lives would be far less convenient without a little help from our animal friends. Animals also help humans in a spiritual way. There is nothing better than keeping a cat or a dog if you want your kids to be more independent and responsible. It is also noted that senior citizens live longer if they keep pets after
7、 their retirement.To sum up, animals are human beings friends. Those who regard animals as merely a source of food and clothing should at least bear one thing in mind: Being kind to animals is being kind to ourselves. Therefore, for our own future benefit, please treat animals with love and care.10.Topic sentence:Agrowingnumberofenvironmentalproblemsarenolongerconfinedtoacertainregionorcountry.For example, oil spills can pollute international waters and the loss of the ozone layer may lead to th
8、e melting of ice caps and glaciers, which in turn, may raise sea levels worldwide.11.练习Topic sentence:TheadvertisementsonTV,newspaperandotherkindsofmediamayconfuseconsumersandmakethemrushtopurchaseproductswhichtheydontreallyneed.Take the cell phone for example. Its functions and practical use are often exaggerated in advertisements. Whats more, the advertisements even create a fashionable atmosphere for cell phones which appeals to young people to change their phones continuously while ignoring
9、the basic service of cell phones is just to make a phone call.12.Explanation解解释：It meansThat is to sayIn other wordsTo put it another wayBy that I mean13.I believe the traditional family, with both parents providing emotional support and role-models for their children, is the most satisfactory way of bringing up children.Education after birth plays a significant role in ones development. Education, which helps children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge, is a deciding factor o
10、f ones success. For example, a high-school level person commonly may not succeed to the extent of a person who has received a university education. This is not only because of the greater breadth of knowledge acquired, but also due to a more critical and focused way of thinking that is imparted and refined during ones senior education.I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is
11、 important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.)14.Cause and EffectCause:because ofas a result ofdue tothanks toowing tobecauseassinceforResult:as a resultas a consequenceaccordinglyin this waythushencesotherefore15.练习妇女不应该当兵，因为她们的体力不如男子。Women should be join in the armyWomen should not be a member of the armyWomen should not take up a military ca
12、reer because they are not as strong as menbecause they are inferior to men in physical strengthbecause of their physical inadequacies16.In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior.What do you think are the causes of this?What solutions can you suggest?范文：Poor student behavior seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with
13、fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from. When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have l
14、ess respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.17.Comparison and Contrastsimilarlylikewisein the same mannerin the same waybutwhilewhereaswhilston the contraryin contrastby contraston the other handinsteadratherconverselyPlane is the fastest means of transportation. It used to take us about 10 hours to go to a place by car. Now, we can go there in no more than 1 hour by air. What used to take us 10 hours by car can now be covered within 1 hour by
15、 air. 18.Concession and Refutationalthoughwhileadmittedlyit is true thatit is often the case thatbuthowevernevertheless19.Although old people are unlikely to face physically challenging tasks, there are many jobs that are especially suitable for old people, such as jobs that call for more experience and wisdom than physical power. With their rich experience in both work and life, many old people would make good consultants, instructors, coaches, doctors and psychologists, to mention only a few.
16、Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there are certainly gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.20.论证方法总结及分类论证 妇女是否应当参军？In many countries, women are not able to join in the army to share equal basis wi
17、th men and some people think that only men should be a member of the army, navy and air force. To what extent do you agree or disagree?21.应当；不应当；主体客体分类Why should?战争的状态和要求The way battles are fought has undergone dramatic changes and so women have an equal basis as men.参军的职责Just as men have the responsibility of bringing up children with women, so women should bear the burden of protecting their own country by joining in the army.Why should not?（军人必备的条件？物质/非物质？）妇女体力不行（妇女不应当当兵是因为她们的体力不如男子。）男女分工不同Cu
18、lturally speaking, women are not fit for the position of killing.分类：主体/客体主体分类：什么妇女？客体分类：当什么兵？22.完整文章分析：Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanmenandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.23.Sample Answer:The view that women are better parents than men has shown itself to be true throughout history. This is not to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing; indeed,
19、 they are most necessary if children are to appreciate fully the roles of both sexes. But women have proven themselves superior parents as a result of their conditioning, their less aggressive nature and their generally better communication skills.From the time they are little girls, females learn about nurturing. First with dolls and later perhaps with younger brothers and sisters, girls are given the role of career. Girls see their mothers in the same roles and so it is natural that they ident
20、ify this as a female activity. Boys, in contrast, learn competitive role far removed from what it means to nurture. While boys may dream of adventures, girls conditioning means they tend to see the future in terms of raising families.Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there certainly
21、exist gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.Finally, women tend to be better communicators than men. This is shown in intelligence tests, where females, on average, do better in verbal communication than males. Of course, communication is of utmost importance in rearing children, as children tend to learn from and adopt the communication styles of their parents.Thus, while it is all very well to suggest a grea
22、ter role for men in raising children, let us not forget that women are generally better suited to the parenting role.24.雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构ArgumentSomepeoplethinkthatOthersbelievethatDiscussandgiveyouropinion.题目特点：目特点：题目当中包含着目当中包含着针锋相相对的两种的两种观点。要求点。要求讨论并且提出你自己的并且提出你自己的观点。点。平衡式平衡式交代双方交代双方观点点观点一及其理由点一及其理由观点二及其理由点二及其理由我的我的观点（点（倾向性向性-一或二或折中）一或二或折中）注意：中心思想常在末段首句注意：中心思想常在末段首句25.雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构Some people believe that money spent onspace research benefits all of humanity.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatmone
23、y for this type of research is wasted.Discusstheseviewsandgiveyouropinion.26.雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构SampleAnswer：Foroverfiftyyears,anumberofnationshavebeeninvolvedintheexplorationofouterspace.Thisresearchhasbeenverycostly,ofcourse.Hasthismoneybeenwellspentorwasted?Somepeoplebelievethatallormostspaceresearchshouldbeeliminatedbecauseofitsincredibleexpense,notonlyintermsofmoney,butalsointermsofscientificandhumanresources.Thesepeoplepointoutthefactthatitcostbillionsofdollarstosendastronautstothemoon,butallthe
24、ybroughtbackweresomeworthlessrocks.Thesepeoplesaythatthemoneyandeffortnowbeingwastedinouterspacecouldbespentonmoreimportantprojectsrighthereonearth,suchasprovidinghousingforhomelesspeople,improvingtheeducationsystem,savingtheenvironment,andfindingcuresfordiseases.27.雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构However,otherpeoplebelievethatspaceresearchhasprovidedmanybenefitstomankind.Theypointoutthathundredsofusefulproducts,frompersonalcomputerstoheartpacemakerstofreeze-driedfoods,arethedirectorindirectresultsofspaceresearch.
25、Theysaythatweatherandcommunicationsatellites,whicharealsoproductsofspaceprograms,havebenefitedpeopleallovertheglobe.Inadditiontothesepracticalbenefits,supportersofthespaceprogrampointtothescientificknowledgethathasbeenacquiredaboutthesun,themoon,theplanets,andevenourownearthasaresultofspaceresearch.28.雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构Iagreewiththosepeoplewhosupportspaceresearchandwishtocontinue.Spaceresearch,asshown,hasalreadybroughtmanybenefitstohumanity.Perhapsitwillbringevenmorebenefitsinthefuture,onesthatwecann
26、otevenimaginenow.Moreover,justasindividualpeopleneedchallengestomaketheirlivesmoreinteresting,Ibelievethehumanraceitselfneedsachallenge,andIthinkthatthepeacefulexplorationofouterspaceprovidesjustsuchachallenge.29.练习Successfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessions.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion题解：解：和从事其他重要和从事其他重要职业的人士相比，成功的的人士相比，成功的职业运运动员能能挣多得多的多得多的钱。一些人。一些人认为这是完全合理的，而其他人是完全合理的，而其
27、他人认为不公平。不公平。讨论这两种两种观点并提出你的看法。点并提出你的看法。30.雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构范文：范文：Asaresultofconstantmediaattention,sportsprofessionalsinmycountryhavebecomestarsandcelebrities,andthoseatthetoparepaidhugesalaries.Justlikemoviestars,theyliveextravagantlifestyleswithhugehousesandcars.Manypeoplefindtheirrewardsunfair,especiallywhencomparingthesesupersalarieswiththoseoftopsurgeonsorresearchscientists,orevenleadingpoliticianswhohavetheresponsibilityofgoverningthecountry.However,sportssalariesarenotdeterminedbyconsideringth
28、econtributiontosocietyapersonmakes,orthelevelofresponsibilityheorsheholds.Instead,theyreflectthepublicpopularityofsportingeneralandthelevelofpublicsupportthatsuccessfulstarscangenerate.Sothenotionof“fairness”isnottheissue.31.雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构范文：范文：Thosewhofeelthatsportsstarssalariesarejustifiedmightarguethatthenumberofprofessionalswithrealtalentareveryfew,andthemoneyisarecognitionoftheskillsanddedicationapersonneedstobesuccessful.Competitionisconstantandaplayeristestedeverytimetheyperformintheirrela
29、tivelyshortcareer.Thepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereislittleprivacyoutofthespotlight.Soallofthesefactorsmayjustifythehugeearnings.Personally,Ithinkthattheamountofmoneysuchsportsstarsmakeismorejustifiedthanthehugeearningsofmoviestars,butatthesametime,itindicatesthatoursocietyplacesmorevalueonsportthanonmoreessentialprofessionsandachievements.32.雅思雅思议论文文论证结构构用用词多多样：“收入高收入高”，题目中用的是目中用的是earnagreatdealofmoney，文中几，文中几处地方分地方分别改写成了改写成了arepaidhugesalaries,supersalaries,hugeearnings。“认为”，文中分，文中分别用了用
30、了find,feel,和和think等。等。句型多句型多变：长短句短句结合：例如第二段和第三段合：例如第二段和第三段论证用的用的长句和句和总结时的短句。的短句。分分类式式交代双方交代双方观点并指出其复点并指出其复杂性，性，进行分行分类情形一及做法情形一及做法情形二及做法情形二及做法总结33.Agree or Disagree?To what extent do you agree or disagree? Do you agree or disagree with this view?同意不同意同意不同意题型的几种开型的几种开头写法：写法：直接提出直接提出观点，同意：点，同意：情景情景+观点：点：让步反步反驳：事事实+对方方观点及理由点及理由+反反驳并提出自己并提出自己观点点34.直接提出直接提出观点，同意：点，同意：Creativeartistsshouldalwaysbegiventhefreedomtoexpresstheirownideas(inwords,pictures,musicorfilm)inwhicheverwaytheywish.Thereshouldbenogo
31、vernmentrestrictionsonwhattheydo.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?创造性造性艺术家家应该拥有以自己想要的任何方式通有以自己想要的任何方式通过文字、文字、图画、音画、音乐或影像来表达思想的自由。或影像来表达思想的自由。对此政府不此政府不应该加加以任何限制。你在何等程度上同意以任何限制。你在何等程度上同意还是不同意是不同意这个个观点？点？35.展示展示+练习范文一：范文一：Onthespecificissueofcreativefreedomversusgovernmentrestrictions,Iamfullyoftheopinionthatthelattershouldgiveplacetotheformer.范文二：范文二：Toaverylargeextent,Ibelievethattheworkofcreativeartistsshouldnotberestrictedbyanygovernment.36.Usingacomputereverydaycanhavemorenegati
32、vethanpositiveeffectsonyoungchildren.Doyouagreeordisagree?每天用每天用电脑对小孩来小孩来说弊大于利。你同意弊大于利。你同意还是不同意？是不同意？范文：范文：Itendtoagreethatyoungchildrencanbenegativelyaffectedbytoomuchtimespentonthecomputereveryday.Thisispartlybecausesittinginfrontofascreenfortoolongcanbedamagingtoboththeeyesandthephysicalpostureofayoungchild,regardlessofwhattheyareusingthecomputerfor.我同意小孩每天花太多我同意小孩每天花太多时间在在电脑上会受到上会受到负面影响。部面影响。部分原因在于无分原因在于无论小孩用小孩用电脑从事什么活从事什么活动，长时间坐在屏坐在屏幕前幕前对小孩的眼睛和身体姿小孩的眼睛和身体姿势有害。有害。37.情景情景+观点：点： Shoulddangerou
33、ssportssuchasboxingormotor-racingbebanned?范文：范文：Millionsofpeopleplaysporteveryday,and,inevitably,somesufferinjuryorpain.Mostplayersandspectatorsacceptthisrisk.However,inmyopinion,dangeroussportssuchasboxingshouldbebanned.38.让步反步反驳Universitiesshouldacceptequalnumbersofmaleandfemalestudentsineverysubject.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?大学大学应该在每一个学科都招收同等数量的男女学生。你在在每一个学科都招收同等数量的男女学生。你在何等程度上同意或不同意何等程度上同意或不同意这个个观点？点？范文：范文：Althoughsomepeoplemaythinkthatitisfairtomaintaingenderequalityineverydiscipline
34、intheuniversity,Itendtobelievethatsucharigidruleisimpracticalandevenharmful.虽然有的人然有的人认为大学里每个学科大学里每个学科维持性持性别均等很合理，但均等很合理，但我我认为这种僵化做法不切种僵化做法不切实际，甚至有害。，甚至有害。39.改写的三种方法：改写的三种方法：Paraphrase换词性；性；使用同使用同义词；改改变句型。句型。40.改写改写练习1：Thepositionofwomeninthesocietyhaschangedgreatlyinthepast20years.Womenssocialstatushasundergonedramaticchangesinthelasttwodecades.改写改写练习2：Widespreadtobaccoconsumptionhasledtograveconsequences,yetthetobaccocompaniesarestillclaimingthattheymakeavaluablecontributiontotheworldeconomy.Ex
35、tensivecigarettesmokinghascausedseriousproblems.Butthetobaccocompaniesinsistthattheycontributegreatlytotheworldeconomy.改写改写练习3：Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest.Thereisprobablynootherfeelingthatisnoblerthanlove.41.事事实+对方方观点及理由点及理由+反反驳并提出自己并提出自己观点点Everyyearseverallanguagesdieout.Somepeoplethinkitisnotimportantbecauselifewillbeeasieriftherearefewerlanguagesintheworld.Doyouagreeordisagree?范文：范文：Recentsurveyssuggestthatmanyoftheexistinglanguagesarethreatenedwithextinction.（
36、事（事实陈述）述）Somepeopleclaimthatthereisnothingtoworryaboutandcommunicationsbetweennationsmayevenbecomelessdifficultasaresult.（对方方观点及理点及理由）由）However,Idonotagreewiththisopinionbecauselanguagediversityiscrucialtothesurvivalanddevelopmentofhumancivilisationasawhole.（反（反驳，提出自己，提出自己观点）点）42.文章的主体段落文章的主体段落论证反反驳段段支持段支持段或者或者支持段支持段1支持段支持段2或者或者让步段步段反反驳段段43.文章的三种文章的三种结尾尾总结本方中心思想及段落大意本方中心思想及段落大意反反驳对方方观点并指出其点并指出其谬误再次提出本方再次提出本方观点并融合点并融合对方方观点的合理之点的合理之处44.第一种第一种结尾尾举例：例：Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanm
37、enandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.45.开开头：Theviewthatwomenarebetterparentsthanmenhasshownitselftobetruethroughouthistory.Thisisnottosaythatmenarenotofimportanceinchild-rearing;indeed,theyaremostnecessaryifchildrenaretoappreciatefullytherolesofbothsexes.Butwomenhaveproventhemselvessuperiorparentsasaresultoftheirconditioning,theirlessaggressivenatureandtheirgenerallybetterc
38、ommunicationskills.结尾：尾：Thus,whileitisallverywelltosuggestagreaterroleformeninraisingchildren,letusnotforgetthatwomenaregenerallybettersuitedtotheparentingrole.46.第二种第二种结尾尾举例：例：明明显的是，那种的是，那种认为语言少一些生活会更方便的言少一些生活会更方便的观点是点是过于短于短视的。持有的。持有这种种观点的人点的人们没有能没有能够考考虑到到语言在文言在文化多元化中所扮演的重要角色。化多元化中所扮演的重要角色。Obviously,theopinionthatlifewillbesimplerwithfewerlanguagesisfartooshort-sighted.Peoplewhoholdthisviewhavenottakenintoconsiderationtheimportanceoflanguageinculturaldiversity.Peoplewhoholdthisview(Supportersof
39、thisview/Proponentsofthisview)Opponents/Peoplewhoargueagainstthisview/Peoplewhoobjecttothisview/47.第三种第三种结尾尾举例：例：Manypeoplethinkthatpubliclibrariesshouldonlyprovidebooksandshouldnotwastetheirlimitedmoneyonexpensivehi-techmediasuchassoftware,videoorDVD.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?题目核心目核心词：publiclibraries,books(traditionalandlessexpensive),software/video/DVD(modernandmorecostly),limitedmoney分析：公共分析：公共图书馆的角色的角色/使命，有限的使命，有限的经费，应该用来用来买书：lessexpensive,andthereforecanbenefitmorepeop
40、leeasytocarry,andsocanbereadanytime,anywhere(e.g.ontheplane,inthebathroom)itisapleasuretoreadabook应该用来用来买高科技的高科技的软件、件、录像像带和光碟：和光碟：itiseasiertoretrieveinformationtheinformationage/high-techsocietycallsforahigh-techwayoftransmittingknowledgeholdsinformationmoreefficiently,(e.g.awholeroomofbookscanbestoredinoneDVD)unlikebooks,whichneedlargespacetostoreandthereforeinvolvescostinstoragebooksaretext-only,whiletheseelectronicmediacatertovisualandauditorysenses(multimedia)andsoaremorevivid48.让步反步反驳式的式的a
41、gree/disagree：Somepeoplewarnthattheeraofthesilverscreeniscomingtoanendandthatpeoplewilleventuallyloseinterestingoingtothecinema.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisview?49.范文：范文：Thecinemahasbeenapopularformofentertainmentformanydecades.Eventhesilentfilmsoftheearlytwentiethcenturywerelovedbyaudiencesaroundtheworld.HollywoodisnowanenormousbusinessandfilmstarsliketheAustralianactressNicoleKidmanearnmillionsofdollars.PeoplethinkthatgoingtothecinemawillbecomeoutofdatebecauseoftheincreaseintheproductionofDVDs
42、andvideos.Itscertainlytruethatwecanallstayathomenowandwatchfilmsincomfort.Also,thecostofthesefilmsischeaperforabigfamilythangoingtothecinema.YoungpeopleenjoyspendinganightathomeandwatchaDVDorvideo.Andsmallchildrenadorevideosbecausetheycanwatchthemoverandoveragain.However,thecinemainmyhomecountryarestillfulleveryweekendandwhenanewfilmisreleasedweareallverykeentogoandwatchit.Infact,manysmallcinemashavebeenrebuiltandwecannowgotolargecentresthathavesixoreightcinemascreensandshowuptotendifferentfilmsanight.Aneveningoutatthecinemaisfunandsomefilms,particularlyhorrorandsciencefictionfilms,aremuchbetteronthebigscreen.Soitseemsthatweareenjoyingboththecinemaandthefacilitiesthattechnologycanofferusandthateachofthesehasitsmerits.Inmyview,peoplewillneverstopgoingtothecinemabuttheywillwatchDVDsaswell. 50.部分同意的部分同意的agree/disagree：Usinganimalstotestthesafetyofcosmeticsordrugsusedformedicalreasonsisneveracceptable.Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththisstatement?51.The end,thank you!52.
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