Understanding-public-policy-理解公共政策(英文版带翻译)

1、精选资料理解公共政策Understanding public policy（朱青整理）chapter I Policy analysisP1Definition of policy 公共政策定义i. Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do.公共政策就是政府选择做与选择不做的事情；ii. Public policies may regulate behavior, organize bureaucracies, distribute benefits, or extract taxes-or all things at once.公共政策涉及调节个体行为、 构建官僚体系、 分配利益、 征税、 或者同事完成这些事务。P1-2? Policy expansionf政策扩张?Government growth-政府扩大? The new deal programs devised罗斯福新政?The great depression-大萧条? The national economy 国民经济? The gr

2、eat society programs大社会计戈 U? Economic downturn-经济滑坡? Regulatory activityf管制活动P3 图示指标What the Federal Government Does 联邦政府职能? Defense 国防?Social security and Medicare社会保障和医疗保险?Interest on the national debt国债的利息? Health 卫生保健? Welfare 社会福利?Transportation交通运输?Education 教育?Natural resources and environment 自然资源和环境?Law enforcement 执法?Veterans 退伍军人?All other 其他What state and local government do州和地方政府职能? Education 教育? Welfare 社会福利Health and hospitals 保健和医疗Highways 高速公路Police and fire 治安和消防Sanitation 卫生Pr

3、isons 监狱自然资源和环境Natural resources and environmentAll other 其他P4Dependent variables 因变量The independent variables -自变量Determinants f 决定性因素Policy evaluation .政策评估P6The difference between policy analysis and policy advocacy 政策分析与政策倡议的差别i. Policy advocacy requires theskills of rhetoric, persuasion, organization, and activism.政策倡议需要修辞、说服、组织与实践的技巧；ii. Policy analysis encouragesscholars and students to attack critical policy issues with the tools of systematic inquiry.政策分析则鼓励学者运用系统研究的工具来探讨重要的政策问题。Transla

4、tion - policy analysis involves 政策分析内容i. A primary concern withexplanation rather than prescription. 政策分析主要关注的是政策的解释说明而不是提出政策建议；ii. A rigorous search for thecauses and consequences of public policies.政策分析探索公共政策的原因和结果；iii. An effort to develop and testgeneral propositions about the causes and consequences of public policy and to accumulate reliable research findings of general relevance.政策分析还试图发展并检验关于公共政策因果的一般性命题， 以及积累具有普遍意 义的、可靠的研究成果。P7-8The limitations of policy analysis 公共政策的局限性? Limits on gov

5、ernment power 政府权力的有限性Disagreement over the problem 社会问题认定上的分歧Subjectivity in interpretation 政策解释的主观性Limitations on design of human research 人类研究设计的局限性Complexity of human behavior 人类行为的复杂性Translation -Understanding public policy is both an art and a craft. It is an art because it requires insight, creativity, and imagination in identifying societal problems and describing them, in devising public policies that might alleviate them, and them in finding out whether these policies end up making thi

6、ngs better or worse.公共政策分析既是一门艺术，也是一种技术。 说它是一门艺术，是因为在社会问题确认、社会问题描述、政策方案设计和政策效果评估时，需要有洞察力、创造力和想象力。Chapter 2 Models of politicsP11Definition of models for policy analysis政策分析模型的定义A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of some aspect of the real world.模型是对现实世界某个方面进行简化的表现形式。? Conceptual models/word models概念性的模型? Actual physical representation 真实物质表型形式Uses of models 模型的运用i. Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public policy简化并澄清我们对政治和公共政策的思考ii. Identify important aspect

7、s of policy problems识别政策问题的重要方面iii. Help us to communicate with each other by focusing on essential features of political life通过关注政治生活的主要特征，促进我们相互之间的沟通iv. Direct our efforts to understand public policy better by suggesting what is important and what is unimportant指导我们更好地理解公共政策，鉴别重要与不重要的方面v. Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences解释公共政策并预测其结果Selected policy modelsInstitutional modelProcess modelRational model（制度主义模型）（过程模型）（理性主义模型）P14Incremental modelGroup modelElite mo

8、delPublic choice modelGame theory model（渐进主义模型）（团体理论模型）（精英模型）（公共选择模型）（博弈论模型）The policy process 政策过程i. Problem identification 问题确认 The identification of policy problems through demand from individuals and groups for government action.ii. Agenda setting议程设定 Focusing the attention of the mass media andpublic officials on specific public problems to decide what will be decided.iii. Policy formulation政策形成 The development of policy proposals byinterest groups, White House staff, congressional committe

9、es, and think tanks.iv. Policy legitimating政策合法化 The selection and enactment of policesthrough actions by Congress, the president, and the courts.v. Policy implementation政策执行 The implementation of policies throughgovernment bureaucracies, public expenditures, regulations, and other activities of executive agencies.vi. Policy evaluation政策评估 The evaluation of policies by governmentagencies themselves, outside consultants, the media, and the general public.?问题确认通过公民对政府行为的要求来确认政策问题；?议程设定特定的公共问题引起媒体和政府官员的关注，促使其被提上政策议程；?政策形成由利益集团、白宫官员、国会议员和智囊团提出政策建议；? 政策合法化 通过国会、总统和法院的政治活动，选择并制定政策；?政策

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