初中英语语法：直接引语和间接引语

1、课题：间接引语和直接引语一、 教学目标：让学生理解两种引语之间的不同处，掌握从直接引语变为间接引语的各种方法。二、 教学重点：从直接引语变为间接引语的规律及各种特殊情况。三、 教学难点：让学生能够综合使用多种规律进行正确而快速地改换句型。四、主要知识点：概述直接引语和间接引语的定义：引述别人的话有两种形式：用引号 “”一字不差地引出别人的原话直接引语 不用引号,用自己的话把别人的话转述出来间接引语试判断: He said, “I am a student.” He said he was a student.直接引语变为间接引语的方法及规律: 总的说来,从直接引语变为间接引语需要的改动有:句型的变化;人称的变化;时态的变化;时间状语的变化;指示代词的变化;地点状语的变化.下面将逐一详解各种变化的规则:1句型的变化. 先想一下,平时我们说话时会有哪些句型呢?有陈述句,祈使句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句,感叹句等,那么这些句子从引号出来后都有不同的变化.当直接引语是陈述句当直接引语是陈述句时，改为由that引导的宾语从句.（that在口语中经常被省略）例1: “I li

2、ke reading adventure stories.” said John.John said (that) he like reading adventure stories.当直接引语是一般疑问句直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if来引导，宾语从句用陈述句语序。主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked, 没有间接宾语时，可以加一个间接宾语如me, him或us等。例2：She said, “Are you interested in English?”She asked me if / whether I was interested in English.例3：Jack said, “Did you see Wei Fang last night?”Jack asked (me) whether / if I had seen Wei Fang the night before.当直接引语是特殊疑问句直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，宾语从句中要用原来的特殊疑问词接陈述句语序。例4:He asked me, “Where ha

3、ve you bought the pen?” He asked me where I had bought the pen.例5:She said to Li Ping, “When will you fly to Hang Zhou?”She asked Li Ping when he would fly to Hang Zhou.当直接引语是选择疑问句 直接引语如果是选择疑问句，变为间接引语时，宾语从句要用if / whether or 结构。 例6:Andrews said, “Will you go shopping or play basketball this afternoon?”Andrews asked me if / whether I would go shopping or play basketball this afternoon.当直接引语是反意疑问句直接引语如果是反意疑问句，变为间接引语时，宾语从句要用whether or not结构，不能用if or not结构。例7：“You are doing your homework, arent you?”

4、 she said to me.She asked me whether I was doing my homework or not.如何正确使用whether与if:() I dont care if he doesnt come. 他不来我不在乎() I dont care whether he comes. 他来不来我不在乎() I dont care whether he doesnt come. whether从句不能用于否定() I dont care whether he comes or not.他来不来我不在乎() I dont care whether or not he comes.他来不来我不在乎() I dont care if he comes or not.他来不来我不在乎(不常用于口语)() I dont care if or not he comes.一般情况下，句子中有or not时多用whether，特别是口语中，如果or not出现在句末，那么只能用whether.当直接引语是祈使句转述祈使句时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，如果是带

5、please的祈使句，则用ask sb. to do sth.结构；如果是表示命令的祈使句，则用tell / order sb. to do sth.结构。如果祈使句为否定式，则要用ask / tell / order sb. not to do sth.结构。例8:The mother said to her son, “Please close the door.” The mother asked her son to close the door.例9:The teacher said, “Dont make so much noise, boys and girls.”The teacher told the boys and girls not to make so much noise.例10:He said to me, “Bring your dictionary here.”He told me to take my dictionary there.如果是有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。 例11: He

6、 said, “Lets go to the film.” He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film. 例12: Would you mind opening the window? he asked.He asked me to open the window.例13:Why dont you take a walk after supper? he asked .he advised me to take a walk after supper.例14:Shall we listen to the music? he asked.He suggested listening to the music.当直接引语是感叹句 直接引语是感叹句间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。例15：She said, What a lovely day it is ! She said what a lovely day it was.或She said th

7、at it was a lovely day.2人称的变化“一主，二宾，三不变。只变人称不变数和格。” . “一主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化而变化 。 例16：She said，“I like it very much. ” She said (that) she liked it very much. . “二宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人称“你”所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。 例17：He said to Kate， “How is your sister now?” He asked Kate how her sister was then. . “三不变”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。 例18：Mr. Smith said， “Jack is a good worker.” Mr. Smith said Jack

8、was a good worker. 3时态的变化直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整.参考下表：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时 例19：She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen. 例20：She said. We hope so.She said they hoped so. 例21：She said. He will go to see his friend.She said he would go to see his friend.要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是客观真理。The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth. the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun a

9、nd the moon moves around the earth. 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street? Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street. 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980. Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, I get up at six every morning. He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could

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