National Ambient Air Quality Standards 美国空气质量标准.doc

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, parts per billion (ppb - 1 part in 1,000,000,000) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). National Ambient Air Quality StandardsPrimary Standards Secondary StandardsPollutant Level Averaging Time Level Averaging Time9 ppm (10 mg/m3) 8-hour (1) Carbon Monoxide35 ppm (40 mg/m3)1-hour (1)None 0.15 µg/m3 (2) Rolling 3-Month Average Same as PrimaryLead1.5 µg/m3 Quarterly Average Same as Primary53 ppb (3) Annual (Arithmetic Average)Same as PrimaryNitrogen Dioxide100 ppb 1-hour (4) None Particulate Matter (PM10)150 µg/m3 24-hour (5) Same as Primary15.0 µg/m3 Annual (6) (Arithmetic Average)Same as PrimaryParticulate Matter (PM2.5)35 µg/m3 24-hour (7) Same as Primary0.075 ppm (2008 std) 8-hour (8) Same as Primary 0.08 ppm (1997 std) 8-hour (9) Same as Primary Ozone0.12 ppm 1-hour (10) Same as PrimarySulfur 0.03 ppm Annual 0.5 ppm 3-hour (1) (Arithmetic Average) 0.14 ppm 24-hour (1)Dioxide75 ppb (11) 1-hour None (1) Not to be exceeded more than once per year.(2) Final rule signed October 15, 2008.(3) The official level of the annual NO2 standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard(4) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 100 ppb (effective January 22, 2010).(5) Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.(6) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3.(7) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35 µg/m3 (effective December 17, 2006).(8) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppm. (effective May 27, 2008) (9) (a) To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm. (b) The 1997 standard—and the implementation rules for that standard—will remain in place for implementation purposes as EPA undertakes rulemaking to address the transition from the 1997 ozone standard to the 2008 ozone standard.(c) EPA is in the process of reconsidering these standards (set in March 2008).(10) (a) EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas, although some areas have continuing obligations under that standard ("anti-backsliding").(b) The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is n/a6 0.0807 Liver, kidney or central nervous system problems; increased risk of cancerByproduct of drinking water disinfectionTop of pageDisinfectantsContaminant MCLG1 (mg/L)2MCL or TT1 (mg/L)2Potential Health Effects from Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant in Drinking WaterChloramines (as Cl2) MRDLG=41 MRDL=4.01 Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfort, anemiaWater additive used to control microbesChlorine (as Cl2) MRDLG=41 MRDL=4.01 Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfortWater additive used to control microbesChlorine dioxide (as ClO2)MRDLG=0.81 MRDL=0.81 Anemia; infants & young children: nervous system effectsWater additive used to control microbesTop of pageInorganic ChemicalsContaminant MCLG1 (mg/L)2MCL or TT1 (mg/L)2Potential Health Effects from Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL (unless specified as short-term)Sources of Contaminant in Drinking WaterAntimony 0.006 0.006Increase in blood cholesterol; decrease in blood sugarDischarge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solderArsenic 07 0.010 as of 01/23/06Skin damage or problems with circulatory systems, and may have increased risk 。