法语chapter5HawthorneampMelville.ppt

Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804—1864) I. Introduction to the writer n n1.1. Life experience1.1. Life experienceBorn to a family with a long Puritan tradition in Salem, Born to a family with a long Puritan tradition in Salem, Massachusetts. Massachusetts. n nHis ancestors --the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692--a dark His ancestors --the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692--a dark shadow on his heart shadow on his heart n nWhen he was 4, his father, a sea captain, died.When he was 4, his father, a sea captain, died.n nHe graduated form Bowdoin College in 1824 in the same class He graduated form Bowdoin College in 1824 in the same class with Longfellow and Franklin Pierce (the 14with Longfellow and Franklin Pierce (the 14 thth U.S President) U.S President). .n nAfter graduation, he returned to Salem to live in his mother’s After graduation, he returned to Salem to live in his mother’s house and to pursue his literary career. house and to pursue his literary career. n nHis life experience had great influence on his character, as His life experience had great influence on his character, as well as on his writing career. well as on his writing career. a). Twice-Told Talesa). Twice-Told Tales1837 1837 “The Minister’s Black Veil” “The Minister’s Black Veil”b). Mosses from an Old Manseb). Mosses from an Old Manse18431843 “Young Goodman Brown”“Young Goodman Brown” “Dr. “Dr. Rappaccini’sRappaccini’s Daughter” Daughter” “The Birthmark” “The Birthmark”c).c). The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter18501850Collections of short stories《《故事故事重述重述》》《《古宅青苔古宅青苔》》《《红字红字》》Major Worksd)d)The House of the Seven Gables 1851e)e)The Blithedale Romance 1852d)d)The Marble Faun 1860《《七个尖角阁的房子七个尖角阁的房子》》《《福谷传奇福谷传奇》》《《大理石雕像大理石雕像》》Major WorksView and subject1 a "black" vision of life and human beings2 sin will get punished and sin educates3 One source of evil is overreaching intellect.View and subject4 “the poverty of materials” in Am.5 romance was the predestined form of Am. narratives6 His art is cumulativeThemes of Hawthorne’s writing n n1. Explore the relationship between the past and the presentn n2. Explore the hidden motivations of his characters. n n3. Examine the effect of hidden sin and secret guiltn n4. Moral or immoral, right or wrong is the question Hawthorne always talks about in his works.Style1. His style was soft, flowing and almost feminine. n n2.Language: smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning n n3. He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal the psychology of the characters.  Features of his worksn nsetting setting n nthemes themes n nIdea Idea n nFeatureFeaturen ntechniquetechniquePuritan New EnglandPuritan New EnglandEvil & sinEvil & sin“black vision” toward human beings“black vision” toward human beingsAmbiguityAmbiguity symbolism symbolismIII. Comment on the writern n3.1. the great romantic novelist in the nineteenth century n n3.2. the pioneer of psychological analyst in the history of American literature.II. Appreciation of “Young Goodman Brown”n nAnalysis of the theme :n nEveryone possesses some evil secret.Analysis of the writing stylen n1. Ambiguity: n n Whether the events of the night are actual or dreamliken n Whether Brown is lost to the devil or saved by Faith2. Contrastn Day and nightn Good and Eviln The red of fire and blood and the black of night and forest3. Symbolismn nWhat is a symbol? Try to find out some symbols in What is a symbol? Try to find out some symbols in this short story.this short story.n nA symbol is something used to represent or suggest A symbol is something used to represent or suggest other other thing(sthing(s), ), idea(sidea(s) or ) or concept(sconcept(s). ).n nday and the townday and the town: human convention and society: human convention and societyn nnight and forestnight and forest: symbols of doubt and wandering: symbols of doubt and wanderingn nred:red: Sin or Evil Sin or Eviln nblack:black: doubt of the reality of either Evil or Good that doubt of the reality of either Evil or Good that tortures Browntortures Brown4. Allegoryn nWhat is a literary allegory?What is a literary allegory?n n A literary mode involving extended narratives that A literary mode involving extended narratives that produce secondary meanings regarding the story that produce secondary meanings regarding the story that exists on the surface, or a literary form of indirect exists on the surface, or a literary form of indirect representation. Characters in allegorical works representation. Characters in allegorical works frequently serve as metaphors for abstract ideas.frequently serve as metaphors for abstract ideas.n nThe story is often read as a conventional allegory in The story is often read as a conventional allegory in the sense that the sense that Young GoodmanYoung Goodman is everyman, and his is everyman, and his journeyjourney to the dark forest and his encounter with the to the dark forest and his encounter with the devil are symbolic of man’s life journey from devil are symbolic of man’s life journey from innocence to knowledge, from good to evil. innocence to knowledge, from good to evil. n nFaith, if taken as an allegorical figure, is the Faith, if taken as an allegorical figure, is the incarnation of Christian belief.incarnation of Christian belief. Hawthorne as a Literary Artist n nFirst professional writer - college educated, familiar with the great European writers, and influenced by puritan writers like Cotton Mather. n nHawthorne displayed a love for allegory and symbol. He dealt with tensions involving: light versus dark; warmth versus cold; faith versus doubt; heart versus mind; internal versus external worlds. n nHis writing is representative of 19th century, and, thus, in the mainstream due to his use of nature, its primitiveness, and as a source of inspiration; also in his use of the exotic, the gothic, and the antiquarian. Appreciation of The Scarlet Lettern n1. Main Character1. Main Charactern n Hester Prynne Hester Prynnen n Roger Roger ChillingworthChillingworthn n Arthur Arthur DimmesdaleDimmesdalen n2. Main Idea2. Main Idean n3. Character Analysis3. Character Analysisn n Hester: brave, strong-minded, warm-hearted, Hester: brave, strong-minded, warm-hearted, n n intelligent, sacrificing, decisive intelligent, sacrificing, decisiven n DimmesdaleDimmesdale: timid, selfish, irresponsible, cowardly, : timid, selfish, irresponsible, cowardly, n n weak-minded weak-mindedn n ChillingworthChillingworth: cold-blooded, dehumanized: cold-blooded, dehumanized Theme of The Scarlet Letter To escape the bondage of religion either on people’s spirit or on To escape the bondage of religion either on people’s spirit or on people’s natural desirepeople’s natural desiren n4. Abundant use of symbols4. Abundant use of symbolsn nA ---adultery – angel - ableA ---adultery – angel - ablen nPrison—the place that deprived people of spiritual freedomPrison—the place that deprived people of spiritual freedomn nthe scaffold--- is not only a symbol of the stern Puritan code for the scaffold--- is not only a symbol of the stern Puritan code for Hester accepted the punishment, but also becomes a symbol for Hester accepted the punishment, but also becomes a symbol for the open acknowledgment of personal sin. It is the place to the open acknowledgment of personal sin. It is the place to which which DimmesdaleDimmesdale knows he must go for atonement, the only knows he must go for atonement, the only place where he can escape the grasp of place where he can escape the grasp of ChillingworthChillingworth or of the or of the devil.devil.n nForest---the natureForest---the naturen nRose near the prison—Hester and her loveRose near the prison—Hester and her loven nCap—Cap—sthsth controlling one’s beauty controlling one’s beautyHerman Melville(1819-1891) Life experience Literary Career Theme and Style Moby Dick everlasting nay1 happy childhood to 11;2 little education;3 worked early: bank clerk; salesman; farm-hand; school teacher;4 went to sea at about 20 as a whaler;Three things:＊＊going out to sea＊＊ marriage＊＊friendship with Hawthorne5 voracious reader;6 prolific for 8 years after his return from the sea;7 wrote other books and some long stories later in his life;8 worked in the Custom House in New York for the last 20 years of his life;9 died at 72 in oblivion.Sea novels → an adventure writer 1) Early works 2) Later Works Comment on his worksNovels:﹡Typee (1846) 《《泰比泰比》》﹡Omoo (1847) 《《奥穆奥穆》》﹡Mardi (1849) 《《玛第玛第》》﹡Redburn (1849) 《《莱德伯恩莱德伯恩》》﹡White Jacket (1850) 《《白衣白衣》》﹡Moby Dick (1851) 《《莫比莫比.迪克迪克》》﹡Pierre (1852) 《《皮埃尔皮埃尔》》Novels:The Confidence-Man (1857)《《骗子骗子》》Billy Budd (1924) 《《比利比利.巴德巴德》》Long stories:Benito Cereno 　　 (1856) 《《贝尼托贝尼托.西莱诺西莱诺》》Bartleby (1856））《《巴比妥巴比妥》》Poem: Clarel (1876)《《克莱尔克莱尔》》In his early ones Melville is more enthusiastic about setting out on a quest for the meaning of the universe, hence they are more metaphysical and the main characters are ardent and self-dramatizing "I", defying God, as best reflected in Moby Dick. In the later works, Melville becomes more reconciled with the world of man in which one must live by the rules.1) Alienation between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all.2) rejection and quest. The narrator Ishmael is a good example.3) symbolism. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience”. 4) ambiguity. By employing the technique of multiple views in his narratives.Moby Dick General IntroductionPlots (P83)StyleGeneral Introduction1 an encyclopedia of everything2 a Shakespearean tragedy 3 a symbolic voyage 4 a spiritual exploration 5 basic pattern of 19th-century American lifeStylea. The use of allegory and symbolismb. first American prose epicc. Language Allegoryn nWhat is a literary allegory?n n A literary mode involving extended narratives that produce secondary meanings regarding the story that exists on the surface, or a literary form of indirect representation. Characters in allegorical works frequently serve as metaphors for abstract ideas.Pequod - a microcosm of human society voyage - a search for truthwhite whale - symbolizes nature. It is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For author, as well as the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, inscrutable and ambivalent, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search of the truth. Language - -Much of the talk in the novel is sailor talk, and much of the language is purposely old-fashioned, for effect. Different levels of language use and styles turn the whole book into a symphony with all musical instruments going on to form a melody.symbolic meaning of Moby Dick evil to some; goodness to others; both to still others;portrait of Ahab ①① a typical Melvillean isolator;②② an Emersonian self-reliant individual;③③ a victim of solipsism;The novel can be understood from three levelsn n1. It is a novel of journey and whale catching.n n2. It is a conflict between Catain Ahab and Moby Dick.n nIt is a story of Ishmael, his thought about human body’sego realization, the relationship between man and nature, mand and God, man and man, etc.。