英国100个咨政相关的生态学问题（译文..pdf

The identification of 100 ecological questions of high policy relevance in the UK 英国英国100个咨政相关的生态学问题个咨政相关的生态学问题 Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 43, 617–627 熊颖译（2006-10-23） 简介：简介： 这篇文章的目的是提炼出决策者关心的生态学问题，换句话说就是找寻生态学问题和社会 经济发展的结合点， 即所谓 the questions which policy makers want to answer 文章围绕生物多样 性展开，从生态服务功能等 15 个方面进行论述选取，涉及植物、动物、微生物，大气、土壤、 海洋等各个层次面很广，但是并不空洞，每一个问题都留下了无限细化的可能，都是一个很 实际的研究方向，启发的意味很强 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 1. What are the benefits of protected habitats in terms of water resources, carbon sequestration and other goods and services, relative to non-protected land? 2. What is the role of biodiversity in maintaining specific ecosystem functions (e.g. biogeochemical cycles)? 3. What are the roles of soil biodiversity (and specifically little-known groups such as mites or nematodes) in ecosystem function, resilience and recovery? 4. How does soil biodiversity both influence and respond to above-ground biodiversity? 5. What is the role of marine biota and benthopelagic coupling in ocean–atmosphere carbon cycling and primary production? 6. How can we measure natural capital (renewable and non-renewable resources) and integrate such a measure into gross domestic product (GDP)? FARMING 7. How will CAP reform affect biodiversity at the landscape scale? 8. What are the environmental consequences of farming patterns ranging between the extremes of widespread extensification vs. complete segregation of agricultural production and conservation areas? 9. How do farming systems such as conventional, integrated farm management and organic compare in terms of their effects on biodiversity and other environmental impacts? 10. How do current agricultural practices affect the conservation value and extent of non-agricultural habitats such as woodland edges, hedgerows and ponds, and how can detrimental impacts be mitigated? 11.What are the impacts of agricultural activities 生态系统服务功能生态系统服务功能 1、被保护的土地在水源涵养、碳获取和其他 商品服务方面如何优于未保护土地？ 2、 生物多样性如何维持特定生态系统功能 （如 生物化学循环）？ 3、 土壤生物多样性 （尤其是知之甚少的类群， 如螨类、线虫类）在生态系统功能、生态适应 性和生态恢复方面如何发挥作用？ 4、土壤生物多样性是如何影响并响应于地上 生物多样性的？ 5、海洋生物群与底栖浮游生物怎样联合作用 于海洋-大气碳循环和初级生产力？ 6、如何估算自然资产（包括可更新和不可更 新资源）并将其整合到 GDP 的计算中？ 农业农业 7、在景观尺度上，CAP 改革将对生物多样性 产生什么影响？ 8、大范围粗放型农业格局和农业生产和保护 区域严格分离的农业格局， 将分别对环境产生 怎样的效果？ 9、从对生物多样性的影响和其他环境效应角 度考虑， 如何进行传统、 大型的农业系统和有 机农业管理的比较？ 10、当前农业实践如何影响林地边缘、树篱、 池塘等非农业用地的保护价值及范围？有害 影响如何减轻？ 11、农业活动和实践（如施肥、播撒杀虫剂和 物理干扰） 对土壤多样性和土壤功能有哪些影 响？ 12、 丘陵放牧制度的改变将对生物多样性和土 壤生态系统产生什么生态学后果？ 13、不同放养密度对土壤、被踩踏（牲畜对洪 水淹没过的土壤的踩踏） 的表层无脊椎动物和 土壤压实将产生什么影响？ and practices (e.g. fertilizers, pesticides and physical disturbance) on soil biodiversity and soil functions? 12. What are the ecological consequences of changes in upland grazing regimes for biodiversity and soil ecology? 13. What are the impacts on soil and surface-active invertebrates of poaching (trampling of flooded soil by livestock) and soil compaction at different stocking levels? 14. What are the impacts on biodiversity of prophylactic treatment of farm livestock with antibiotics, anti-fungal and anti-helminthic compounds? 15. What lessons can be learnt from agri-environment schemes to optimize their biodiversity gain and ecological benefit? 16. How does the ecological impact of UK farming compare internationally? FORESTRY 17. What are the environmental benefits of large-scale woodland planting schemes such as community forests and the new national forests? 18. Where should new woodlands be located? 19. What overall number, age structure and spatial distribution of trees are necessary for the long-term survival of species dependent on ancient/veteran trees? 20. What are the relative benefits for biodiversity of the re-introduction of management to ancient semi-natural woodlands vs. the continuation of an absence of active management? 21. Why have many woodland birds declined? 22. Which approach to the removal of plantations on ancient woodland sites (e.g. clear-felling and sequential removal) yields the greatest biodiversity benefit? FISHERIES, AQUACULTURE AND MARINE CONSERVATION 23. What is the biodiversity impact of the harvest of forage fish for the production of aquaculture foodstuffs? 24. What are the ecological impacts of faecal matter, pesticides and undigested food flows from aquaculture? 25. How important are caged fishes as reservoirs of parasites and pathogens that have detrimental effects on wild populations? 26. What are the direct (catch) and indirect (food supplementation by discards, prey 14、 用抗生素、 抗真菌化合物和抗杀虫剂化合 物对农用牲进行预防性治疗， 将对生物多样性 产生什么样的影响？ 15、 从农业环境计划中可以吸取什么教训从而 使生物多样性和生态系统收益最大化？ 16、 在国际范围内如何评价英国农业的生态学 效应？ 林业林业 17、 大范围的森林种植计划如社区林地和新的 国家林地将带来怎样的环境收益？ 18、新的林地应当选址何处？ 19、 对于依靠老龄树长期生存的物种， 森林应 当具有什么样的数量、 年龄结构和空间分布格 局？ 20、 相对于持续无作为管理， 对半自然古代森 林再次引入管理，对于生物多样性有什么益 处？ 21、为什么大量林地鸟衰退？ 22、对古代森林的采取何种采伐方式（例如， 一次性采伐还是连续多次采伐） 获得最大生物 多样性收益？ 渔业、水产业和海洋保护渔业、水产业和海洋保护 23、 水产业对草鱼的捕捞会带来怎样的生态效 应？ 24、 水产业的排泄物、 杀虫剂和未消化食料的 水流将产生怎样的生态学效应？ 25、 笼养鱼携带对野生种群具有致命作用的寄 生虫和病原体，它们起着多么重要的作用？ 26、商业捕捞对于鲸类和海鸟产生那些直接 （捕捞）和间接（以废弃物作为供应补偿，猎 物损耗）影响？ 27、 海洋保护区的面积和位置应当怎样设定才 能既保护生物多样性又能促进保护区周围的。