基于语料库和语料库驱动的词语搭配研究.doc
13页基于语料库和语料库驱动的词语搭配研究 基于语料库和语料库驱动的词语搭配研究 【标题注释】作者由衷感谢杨惠中对本文撰写的指导,他对文章的初稿提出了具体修改意见,并对成稿后全篇论文的观点、思路等提出了宝贵建议 【作 者】卫乃兴 【作者简介】卫乃兴,上海交通大学卫乃兴,2002,语料库证据支持的词语搭配研究见杨惠中主编,《语料库语言学导论》上海:上海外语教育出版社作者通讯地址:200030 上海 上海市华山路1954号 上海交通大学语言文字工程研究所 【内容提要】本文介绍和讨论语料库证据支持的词语搭配研究的基本方法和主要原则基本研究方法可分为“基于语料库数据”和“语料库数据驱动”两类基于数据的方法以语料库索引为基本依据,在传统的句法框架内对词项的搭配进行检查与概括;数据驱动的方法基本上不将句法结构作为主要参照,而设计和采用一套概念体系、步骤和程序提取和计算搭配词,凭借统计测量手段研究词语搭配的模式,或者采用技术手段提取和计算词丛主要原则包括:以“自然发生数据”为基本依据,定量分析与定性分析相结合,采用词语中心的研究方法,以发现词组为目的等四项文章首先讨论词语搭配研究的基本方法,然后概括研究应遵循的主要原则。
【摘 要 题】语言学 【关 键 词】索引/类联接/搭配词/显著搭配/词丛/定量研究/数据驱动 1.引言词语搭配研究之父Firth(1957:12)曾说:“You shall know aword by the company it keeps.”即词的意义从与它结伴同现的词中体现根据Firth的观点,词项的结伴规律、 结伴词项间的相互期待与相互吸引(mutual expectancy, mutual attraction)、搭配成份的类联接(colligation)关系等都是词语搭配的形式属性, 都是词语搭配研究的重要内容研究这些内容、描述词项的搭配情况一直是英国语言学的一个传统但是,语料库问世前的研究,由于缺乏足够的自然数据,一般都基于直觉,很难深入下去,研究结果也有很大的局限性语料库语言学的兴起为词语搭配研究开辟了崭新途径与广阔前景在语料库研究中,词语搭配被赋予新的理念研究者建立了一套概念体系,采用一系列方法与技术来提取信息、处理数据和描述搭配行为,研究的效度因此大大提高,搭配得到深入的探讨和详尽的描述总的来说,语料库证据支持的词语搭配研究有两种基本方法:基于数据的方法(data-based approach)和数据驱动的方法(data-driven approach)。
具体的作法有三种:(1)利用索引证据、参照类联接, 检查和概括词项的搭配情况;(2)计算搭配词,采用统计测量手段, 靠数据驱动研究词语搭配模式(pattening);(3)采用技术手段,从语料库提取并计算词丛本文根据笔者的语料库研究实践,并参照国内外同行的有关研究,对这三种方法逐一介绍和讨论,并概括语料库证据支持的词语搭配研究的重要原则 2.基于索引证据,参照类联接,检查和概括词项的搭配行为类联接是词语搭配研究中的一个重要概念它指的是文本中语法范畴间的结合类联接不是与词语搭配平行的抽象,而是高一级的抽象(Firth 1957)Mitchell(1975:120-122)认为, 类联接是关于词语组合类别的抽象表述,搭配则是类联接的具体实现简言之,类联接是词语搭配发生于其中的语法结构和框架一个类联接代表了一个类别的词语搭配,可称为搭配类(collocational class)人们常说的N+V,V+N,N+N等都是类联接,代表一类搭配,而evidence suggests, perform analyses和corpus evidence 等则分别是这几个类联接的具体实例在研究中,研究者可根据具体的研究内容和目的,界定繁简程度不同的类联接,如DET+N+PREP即为一个类联接,代表一类搭配,a sort of,a pair of,a couple of,a series of等则是其具体实例(Renouf and Sinclair 1991:131-132)。
词语搭配研究的通常作法之一就是以词项为中心,参照类联接框架,观察、概括和描述词项的搭配索引(concordance), 即语料库中含有所研究的关键词的句子片段词语搭配研究所用的索引一般是KWIC(key word in context )索引,它已成为语料库研究人员的最基本工具之一研究人员每一次在语料库中查询,都要将自己即将研究的关键词输入计算机,计算机则按照编好的程序,显示出索引在每一行索引中,关键词总是居中出现,而左右则是构成其语境的词语,研究者可据此分析其行为提取索引时,随机的方法很重要;大型语料库中含有关键词的索引可能极多,全部提取出来不必要也不便于观察和描述因此,可应用随机的方法提取索引,以使其具有代表性比如,限定在每类文本中提取若干行索引,或者在所有的索引显示后,采用隔行提取、隔两行提取的办法获得索引由于语言使用在很大程度上是个概率问题(Halliday 1991), 随机提取可以较好地反映某个使用特点的概率属性下面是笔者随机从COBUILD语料库中提取的commit一词的部分索引:1. merely by staying on, did not commit a criminal offence. Both the2. she felt she would never be able to commit a serious sin again. Thirty-one3. a knock-out or somebody's going to commit a major faux pas, and outside of4. prison walls; or for governments to commit abuses that won't cost their5. Exodus 20 14), "Thou shalt not commit adultery" has become "Be faithful6. for a crime they knew he did not commit and you know, Monroe County is like7. of an Account Holder or if you commit any breach of the Conditions,8. for their own uses. They will commit any crime, but never in passion.9. months inside for a crime he didn't commit. But in the meantime he had found10. countries (and therefore free to commit crimes there), that country's right11. Open daily, volunteers are asked to commit for at least one year; hours are12. Mold, Clwyd, denies incitement to commit grevious bodily harm. The case13. However, I feel that by refusing to commit itself to a date for the special 14. an action towards you cause you to commit murder?" [p] Sommers turned from15. a determined and deliberate act to commit murder. It was well planned and16. the activist students, he saw them commit no vandalism; on the contrary, they17. had ended my life. [p] Jane I would commit suicide. I wouldn't want someone to18. in and decide whether he should commit suicide or not, 'but his real19. together, but his wife tried to commit suicide and his children started20. voice suicidal thoughts or even commit suicide. They are prone to extreme21. of my injuries, I badly wanted to commit suicide. only there was no way I22. Graham and told him "I'm going to commit suicide" only 24 hours after23. watch on him. Last week he tried to commit suicide, one waiter said. "Why?" He24. you can move away or you can commit suicide. And that's one of the25. the size of the new German army and commit the Allies to synchronized26. claimed not only that Green did not commit the crime but that the body was not27. is dead, that the detective didn't commit the crime, that the person who28. congregation of young people to commit their lives to Christ. He called29. of a computer keyboard button they commit their companies to high-risk30. the Iraqi ambassador refused to commit to the resolutions. He called them索引证据是研究赖以进行的基本依据。
索引提取后,研究者便可对关键词的搭配情况进行观察上述30个索引显示,commit可用于V+N+PREP,V+PREP和V+N等三个类联接前两类的搭配例有索引11,13,25,28,29,30等6例V+N搭配是多数,有24例,占全部索引的80 %其中,名词搭配词的情况如下:offence(1),sin(2),faux pas(3),abuse(4),adultery(5),crime(6,8,9,10,26,27),breach(7),harm(12),murder(14,15),vandalism(16),suicide(17-24)研究者可以发现,这24 个名词搭配词全是一些具有消极语义特点的词项,指生活中那些“消极”之事或“坏事”无论“犯罪、谋杀、伤害、自杀、欺骗、通奸”,还是“故意破坏”都不是为人称道的事情根据这些证据,研究者可对关键词commit的搭配特点进行概括。





