art6同义词、反义词.ppt

Part 6 Sense Relations,6.1 Sense Relations 6.2 Hyponymy 6.3 Synonymy 6.4 Antonymy 6.5 Homonymy,English lexicology (III),2,6.1 Sense Relations,What are sense relations(语义关系)? Words are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as heir outer facet---spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another, hence sense relations. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.,English lexicology (III),3,6.1 Sense Relations,Types of sense relations Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系),English lexicology (III),4,6.2 Hyponymy,The definition of hyponymy Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). The general lexical item is called the superordinate(上义词). The specific words are known as hyponyms(下义词).,English lexicology (III),5,6.2 Hyponymy,,,literature,prose,fiction,drama,short story,novelette,novel,poetry,,,,,,,,,,English lexicology (III),6,6.2 Hyponymy,swimming,boxing,running race,wrestling,weight-lifting,hurdle race,running,relay,sprinting,long-distance race,gymnastics,athletics,ball games,sports,,,,,,,,,,,,,,English lexicology (III),7,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory(语义场理论) The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component. The whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. Vocabulary is seen as ‘ an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense’. ------Jost Trier (a German linguist),English lexicology (III),8,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory Most languages share same semantic fields. Time Space Age Kinship Food Color Emotion ………,English lexicology (III),9,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different languages, thus lexical gaps(词汇空缺) occur.,English lexicology (III),10,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory The semantic field of kinship Members in English: 13----father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, cousin, husband, wife. Members in Chinese: ………. The semantic field of food hot dog, sandwich, hamburger 豆腐, 馒头,English lexicology (III),11,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory,emotion,joy,love,hate,fear,grief,,,,,,English lexicology (III),12,6.2 Hyponymy,Implications of semantic field for vocabulary learning,character/ virtue,easy-going, aggressive, arrogant, self-conceited, modest,considerate, sympathetic, extrovert, introvert, amicable, Ambitious, honest, loyal, obedient, strong-willed, Iron-willed, trustworthy, obstinate, stubborn, unyielding, confident,English lexicology (III),13,6.3 Synonymy,Types of synonyms Absolute or perfect synonyms: words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, I.e. both in grammatical and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meaning. Such synonyms are rare in natural languages. compounding and composition; word building and word-formation; malnutrition and undernourishment,English lexicology (III),14,6.3 Synonymy,Types of synonyms Relative or partial synonyms: words which are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degree of a given quality. It is this type of synonyms we shall deal with here.,English lexicology (III),15,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Borrowing,English lexicology (III),16,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Borrowing,English lexicology (III),17,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Dialects and regional English,English lexicology (III),18,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Figurative and euphemistic of words,English lexicology (III),19,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Coincidence with idiomatic expressions,English lexicology (III),20,6.3 Synonymy,Semantically synonymous field(同义语义场) Base on semantic similarity, synonyms are usually arranged into synonymic groups or sets. Within this groups there is the most general term known as “synonymic dominant”(主导同义词). The synonymic dominant is the common denotational component that brings two or more words together into a synonymic group(同义词群), which can be called a semantically synonymous field.,English lexicology (III),21,6.3 Synonymy,Semantically synonymous field,English lexicology (III),22,6.3 Synonymy,Implications of Semantically synonymous field General------specific Say/speak: murmur, scream, retort, argue, protest, claim, state, declare Monotony----vividness We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. From this nothing will turn us, nothing. We will never parley, we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gangs. --。