国际经济学双语课件Chapter3章节.ppt

Chapter 3 The Standard Theory of International Trade,3.1 Introduction We will extend our simple trade model to the more realistic case of increasing opportunity cost. Tastes or demand preferences are introduced with community indifference curves. Then with the forces of demand and supply we will see how the equilibrium-relative commodity price in each nation is determined in the autarky How mutually beneficial trade will take place between the two nations in case of increasing opportunity cost.,,The last section shows how mutually beneficial trade is possible when two nations are exactly alike except for tastes under increasing cost conditions. 3.2 The Production Frontier with Increasing Costs(成本递增条件下的生产可能性曲线） Increasing opportunity costs mean that the nation must give up more and more of one commodity to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity. Increasing opportunity costs results in a production frontier that is concave from the origin(rather than a straight line),,3.2 Illustration of Increasing Costs,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Nation 1,10,110,Y,A,X,130,30,70,90,50,B,o,,,,,,-Y,X,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,120,140,100,80,60,40,20,0,X,Y,Nation 2,,A’,,,,,,B’,Y,-X,,,,,,3.2B The Marginal Rate of Transformation(边际转换率） The marginal rate of transformation (MRT)of X for Y refers to the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of X. MRT is another name of opportunity cost of X and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production. 3.2.C Reasons for Increasing Opportunity Costs and Different Production Frontiers.(机会成本递增以及生产可能性曲线差异的原因） Increasing opportunity costs arise because resources or factors of production (1)are not homogeneous (2) are not used in the same fixed proportion or intensity in the production of all commodities.,,The difference in the production frontiers of Nation 1 and Nation 2 is due to the fact that the two nations have different factor endowment or resources at their disposal and or use different technologies in production. 3.3 Community Indifference Curves （社会无差异曲线） A community indifference curve shows the various combinations of two commodities that yield equal satisfaction to the community or nation. Properties of the community indifference curve: (1) Higher curves refer to greater satisfaction, vise versa.,,(2) It is negatively sloped and convex from the origin. (3) Two different community indifference curves don’t intersect. (4) A particular map or set of community indifference curves refer to particular income distribution within the nation. 3.3A Illustration of Community Indifference Curves （社会无差异曲线的说明） Difference in community indifference curves reflect difference on tastes, or demand preferences in two nations.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,10,0,30,50,70,90,X,60,40,20,80,100,Nation 1,A,E,H,T,N,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,20,0,40,60,100,X,60,40,20,80,100,Nation 2,A’,E’,H’,R’,“,‘,‘,80,,120,Y,,3.3B The Marginal Rate of Substitution (边际替代率） The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the amount of Y that a nation could give up for one extra unit of X and still remains on the same indifference curve. This is given by the slope of the community in difference curve at the point of consumption and declines as the nation moves down the curve. Declining MRS means that community indifference curve are convex from the origin.,,3.3C Some Difficulties with Community Indifference Curves( 关于社会无差异曲线的一些问题） A different income distribution would result in a completely new set of indifference curves, which might intersect previous indifferent curves. Trading with other nations would have an impact in the income distribution of the nation and cause indifference curves to intersect. (1) Compensation principle (2) Restrictive assumptions about tastes, incomes and patterns of consumption. 3.4Equilibrium in Isolation (孤立的均衡）,,In the absence of trade, a nation is in equilibrium when it reaches the highest indifference curve possible given its production frontier.,,,,,,,,,,,Nation 1,10,110,Y,A,X,130,30,70,90,50,o,,,,,40,20,60,70,,80,,,,,,,,,120,140,100,80,60,40,20,0,X,Y,Nation 2,A’,,,B’,,,,,,,,20,40,60,80,,‘,,PA=1/4,PA’=4,,3.4 Illustration of Equilibrium in Isolation The common slope of the two curves at the tangency point gives the internal equilibrium-relative commodity price in the nation and reflects the nation’s comparative advantage. 3.4B Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Prices and Comparative Advantage (均衡相对价格和比较优势） The equilibrium-relative commodity price in isolation is given by the slope of the common tangent to the nation’s production frontier and indifference curve at the autarky point of production and consumption.,,Task: Read Case Study3-1 and see how the writer illustrated comparative advantage of the U.S., the European Union, and Japan. 3.5 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs (成本递增条件下贸易的基础和所得） As each nation specializes in producing the commodity of its comparative adv。