—英语翻译-合同英语.docx

英语翻译-合同英语看了之后明白了很多英文“之乎者也〞所对应的现代文对合同英语的构造和特色也有了大概的理解值得一看 Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别在英语中合同一般称为Contract协议一般称为Agreement何谓“contract〞? 1999?合同法?第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations〞根据这一定义合同平等主体之间设立确实定民事权利和义务的协议 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary〞中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for brea of whi the law gives remedy, or the performance of the whi the law in some way recognize as a duty.〞根据这一定义合同是一种承诺违背承诺可以得到法律救助某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。

L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law〞给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement〞根据这一定义合同就是有法律约束力的协议综合起来有一个一样点就是“Contract is an agreement〞即可将合同说成是“An agreement whi binds the parties concerned〞或者说合同说成是“An agreement whi is enforceable by law〞 也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce 何谓“Agreement〞? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of su consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.〞根据这一定义协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜经过会谈、协商后获得一致以口头或书面形式做出的约定Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。

一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect on their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance〞根据这一定义协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the tranission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.〞根据这一定义协议即两个或多个当事人为了约定单方责任或互相责任就财产权利、利益的转移获得的一致同意 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。

它们〔要约和承诺构成的〕协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约才能四大局部组成L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law〞提到：“Contract generally involves〞1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对承受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致 也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约才能) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)8. certainty of terms(条款确实定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black 'Law Dictionary" 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."即“协议〞和“合同〞经常用作同义词但“协议〞这一术语含义更广例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款〔essential clauses/provisions〕。

实际使用当中协议可不受必备条款的限制而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款有的合同将其单列称为一般条款〔General provisions〕1999中国?合同法?第十二条规定了八项一般条款分别是： 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行限、地点和方式) 7. liability for brea of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的) 上述解释说明contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近但使用范围不同不能互换使用合同是协议的重要组成局部所有合同一定是协议而协议不见得都是合同可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强迫执行力的协议才是合同构造特点 合同类法律用以规定当事人的权利与义务是预防与解决争议的根据。

合同英语行文慎而准确历史悠久深含法律文化底蕴 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、、住所或营业场所然后是合同正文结尾是当事人、受权代表签字、职务及签字日而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ") 然后是开场陈述：WHEREAS…THEREFORE … It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以：WITNESSETH, WHEREAS… NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文最后是证明局部： IN WITNESS WHEREOFthe parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。

签字日一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的 用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其讲究具有特定性要求选词专业化〔professional〕、正式〔formal〕、准确〔accurate〕详细表达在以下方面：1． May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过但在合同中用这些词时要极其慎重权利义务的约见定局部构成了合同的主体这几个词如选用不当可能会引起纠纷may 旨在约定当事人的权利〔可以做〕Shall约定当事人的义务〔应当做时候〕 must 用于强迫性义务〔必须做〕may not (或shall not)用于制止性义务〔不得做〕May do 不能说成can do shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do may not do 在一些法律可以用shall not但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如在约定解决争议的途径时的可以说The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should su negotiations fail, su dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on su dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reaed after su dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。

出现争议后应领先行协商所以采用了义务性“约定〞假设协商解决不了作为当事人的权利用选择性约定may也很妥当假设may和shall调换位置会样？ 前半句的shall换用may后意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决意思上说得过去但后半句的may换用shall 后变成了应当诉讼解决好象一出事就要先见官这就有些不友好了 本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议假设协商未果合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的可将争议提交有辖权的人民解决2． 正式用语〔formal term〕 合同英语有着严肃的风格与其它英语作品有很大不同 例如： “因为〞的短语多用“by virtue of "远远多于“due to〞一般不用“because of 〞； “财务年度末〞一般用“at the close of 。