商务英语-阅读.pdf

BEC中级阅读第一课时开场白评分标准：A、B、C 考试通过（ Passing Grade）D、E 考试不及格（ Failing Grade）B E C阅读考试时间：1小时题目数：45道题题型：1、Matching （ 搭配题或匹配题）第一部分共7道题，文 章250—3 5 0字，是商业环境中的文章（ 产品广告 •，招聘广告） 要么是一篇较长文章中选出4个相关段落，或者是相关主题的4篇短文章题目难度中等侧重于辨认具体的信息或具体的细节，极少考主旨2、Matching （ 搭配题或匹配题）考察把握文章结构和段落大意的能力给 出1篇正文（ 商业类报刊文章或报告中选出并稍加改写） ，留有可填 写1句话的一些空格加上7个选项，第二部分字数为450—580考官共留出6个空格，实际上考生只需填写5个空格，因为第一个空格都是作为exam ple给出的，其答案为G故只需6选5难度较大3、Multiple Choice （ 单项选择题）4选1的单项选择题6个题目文章是一篇450—550字的正文（ 一般的或商务的出版物、公司文献或管理方面的书籍正文可能经过编辑，但来源是真实的）正确答案不会是简单的词汇搭配，而是对文章中句子的意译或解释题目难度较大4、选择题形式的完成句子题15个题目2 0 0 -3 0 0字的一篇正文，有1 5个空格，每道题都有4个选项，从中选择1个意义最合适的文章不是特别难，考查考生词汇能力5、Correction （ 改错题）考1 2个题目，全部是找出额外的和不必要的单词考查语法知识命题题材：1、商业信函（ Business Letter）常出现在第四、五部分2、广 告（ Advertisement）第一部分常考3、关于经济或者商业的•些消息或者公告( Public Information)4^ 产品介绍( Product Description)5、商务活动方面的计划、安排、决定或建议( Business Plan / Proposals/ Recommendations)6、会议记录( Record of Meeting)7、非正式信息( Informal Messages)PART ONE解题步骤：1、阅读题目及七个单句，划出句意关键词。

对于谈论相似主体的句子，需区别内容的相同处和不同处，注意体现不同处的关键词2、快速浏览短文( 依靠小标题迅速抓住各篇短文的主题) 浏览过程中如果发现答题的具体信息，可在具体信息下面划线并标上题号以备最后检查关键词：( 定位词)原词重现：人名、地名、数字、时间、百分比、金钱、黑体字、斜体字原意重现：1、同义相似2、同义差异题目对原文进行归纳与总结：广告：产品、招聘、招生、书评人力资源、财经1、产品广告( ProductAdvertisement)1 ) 产品名称2 ) 产品特征练习 1. Furniture Ads1. These can be piled up neatly without taking up much space.2. It is usually placed in front of a dressing table.3. When folded it turns into a soft and comfortablebed.4. People can adjust the height of this to get a conformable sitting position.5. There is a circular metal frame at the bottom where you can rest your feet.6. This set of furniture is characterized by space-saving and easy storage.7. The top of this can be stretched to certain length.A. Folding Table with ChairsFolding Oak Finish Table with 4 Chairs. Unique space saving design converts from asmall compact unit to a full size dining table! Chairs fit inside table when folded-Oakfinish on selected beech solids and veneers. Table closed: 34 "wide, 11" deep; tableopened: 34 "wide, 62" long.B. High Fashion Bar Stool Oversized deep slung 3.5" padded seat. Back supportsserve as functional armrests. New hefty 1 diameter steel foot-ring. Adjustable height.24 “to 30” high. Easy to assemble with simple hand tools.C. White Wire Stack ChairSturdy wire welded steel construction for a sleek, high tech look. Practical seating thatkeeps you cool. Outside on the patio or deck; inside in the kitchen or family room.These lightweight chairs stack neatly for easy access. Quick and convenient storage.D. Folding Cushioned Chairbed Comfortable seating converts to become a singlesleeper in seconds! Sleeps on adult. The perfect solution when unexpected overnightguests arrive! Ideal for college dorm, Kid's room, den or spare room. Sturdy Herculontweed fabric cover in grey/blue. 31 "W x 72" L x 25" H. E. You'H be 'sitting pretty'with this vanity bench. White powder coated finish on welded steel. It can be used asa companion to a vanity table or aloneas an attractive bath accent. Grid style seat,complete with removable comfort cushion. 19 " W x 12.75“ L x 20" H. easyassemble.第二课时试 题11Example:You can take it for only a short time if you prefer.Answer: C1. It is located outside the city.2. It will be easy to use for various types of retail business.3. You know how much money it took last year.4. This business already manufactures goods for sale.5. Its price includes living accommodation.6. It has been operating for many years.7. You will have to find out the price from the agents.EBTA BUSINESS TRANSFER AGENTSThe following businesses in the region are offered for sale:ARESTAURANTA large, well-decorated restaurant in an excellent position near the city centre.Open three years with annual turnover of £100,000.Regular trade and bookings for weddings, special occasions etc.Available on 50-year lease.Price on requestBESTABLISHED POTTERYFamily business established for over fifty years in city's main commercial area.Small pottery, currently employs twelve people producing china figures, vases andother decorative items.Price includes premises plus equipment and raw materials.Price £200,000CVACANTSHOPLocated in superb historic building on excellent city centre site. Large premisesrecently renovated to a very high standard.Would suit a wide range of different trades. Available on limited (three-year) lease,or longer if required.Short lease £15,000DGARAGE & CAR REPAIRSmall business with great potential for development.Garage with petrol station on main road between city and coast.Includes large workshop suitable for car repair business. Small, three-bedroomhouse attached to workshop, and room for further building.Whole property £190,0002、招聘广告1) titleJob vacancy / Wanted2 ) 正文( 1 ) 公司名称及职位( Corporation & Position)( 2 ) 对工作职位的描述(Job description)(3) Requirements & Qualifications( 4 ) 待 遇 ( Treatments / Benefits)( 5 ) 公司的联系方式及地址(Contact way / Address)试 题 8Example:You must have a first degree in English.Answer: B1. You are free to choose when you will begin and end your workday.2. You should provide the names of two people who can give letters ofrecommendation.3. You must have the experience of working abroad.4. You have to work every other Saturday.5. You should have successful working experience as a secretary.6. The job requires some experience as well as excellent qualifications.7. You need to be able to speak several languages.A.Salesperson is required for our new Portman Street Showroom to work a flexitime 30- hour week, including alternate Saturdays. Fileco specialize in office furniture andequipment. The showroom displays our very latest in integrated office design and isintended to serve as our window on the business world. Applicants should have someexperience in business and fluency in a second language would be a distinctadvantage.B.Eurofile, one of Europe's leading publishers is seeking a self-motivated AssistantAccountant to help run its busy accounts department. The successful candidate shouldpossess excellent accounting qualifications and have at least 2 years9 accountingexperience. S/he should also be computer literate and able to carry out all essentialday-to-day accounting tasks. Management experience and European languages are adefinite advantage, Salary 15 - 17,000 p. a. Send CV to Joanna Jarvis, Eurofile, StackStreet, Manchester, MN8 4TX, quoting reference JAC/01/TN.C.The Bell Educational Trust seeks applications from teachers of English as a foreignlanguage to work in China. Candidates should have:—— a degree plus a qualification in TEEL (PGCE or RS A) diploma—— a minimum of 3 years experience with at least one year overseas—— experience in preparation of materials and in teaching ESP / EAPApplications with full C. V. and the names of two referees, one of whom must be themost recent employer, together with recent photograph of yourself, to Lewis Kerr, TheBell Educational Trust, Hillscross, 1 Red Cross Lane, Cambridge CB2 2QX.D.We are a major company with an international reputation with customers throughoutEurope, the MiddleEast and S. E. Asia.Qualifications:—— Proven secretarial skills—— Languages ( French, German, Arabic Mandarin)—— Abilityto work as part of team and on own initiativeNon-native speakers will have a fluent command of spoken and written English.Benefits include generous salary, 6 weeks7 holiday, and promotion prospects.Send C. V. to Video Unlimited, Morecombe Gardens, Manchester.练习 4. Job Advertisements1. This work has something to do with people's mental health.2. How much the person earns will depend on his practical experience.3. This advertisement offers employees the prospect of getting promoted.4. If you get the job, youUl haveto make business trips every now and then.5. This business needs a person with managerial experience and skills.6. Experience in advertising would be helpful in this job.7. This business provides a wide range of service items.A. ManagementDiversified service business seeking experienced (10 years plus) executive fortop-level spot.Excellent salary, bonuses, and profit-sharing for person with proven problem-solving,marketing and people skills.B. CommunicationsMajor Southeastern chemical corporation requires a professional to fill a vacancy inthe Communications Department. Applications must have demonstrated experience inall phases of promotion, including: media, production, writing, trade shows, publicrelations and special event handling. Travel required. CBC preferred. Position canlead to Department Management.C. Technical sales representativeOur Pigment Division seeks a NJ based salesperson for the NJ, PA, MD, DE territory.Pigment sales experience necessary. BS Chemistry or Physical Science degreepreferred. Generous, immediate and free benefits package. Salary commensurate withexperience.D. Psychiatric social workerPrivate mental-health clinic seeks 2 experienced certified Social Workers to provideindividual, group and family psychotherapy to children, adolescents and adults.Function as a member of multidisciplined team. Excellent supervision; starting salary$ 30,988. Comprehensive medical, dental and pension benefits.E. Marketing executiveThis important position has recently been created by one of the country's leadingclothes manufacturers.It is an outstanding opportunity for a graduate with two years' experience in design ormagazine publishing. The successful candidate will be given responsibility for a major,recently launched brand. It would bean advantage to have experience of promotionalactivities. Excellent fringe benefits on offer.第三课时试 题 10Example:The job offers perks in addition to the basic salary.Answer: D1. Experience in advertising would be helpful in this job.2. This job would probably suit somebody who has worked in the purchasingdepartment of a large chainof stores.3. Three years1 experience would not be enough for this job.4. For this job it would be useful if you have studied how to carry out surveys intoconsumer attitudes.5. In this job you would take charge of a product which has been on the market formany years.6. To get this job it is not necessary to have work experience.7. Such a high-ranking position does not come up very often.AProduct ManagerThis company has at present about 30% of the market and a turnover of more than£500 million. The person appointed will have responsibility for a long-establishedproduct which is a household name. Experience in the insurance market is necessaryand a background in accountancy would be helpful.BGroup Product ManagerThis is a rare opportunity to work at a senior level for a market leader in the foodindustry, located in the north of the country. The person appointed will report directlyto the Marketing Director and take full responsibility for a turnover in excess of £80million and a team of three managers. Applicants need to have a minimum of fiveyears9 experience in product management. A market research qualification would bean advantage.CManagement TraineesFor this exciting position in the leisure industry we are seeking management traineesto develop excellent buying skills. Possibly a new graduate, the successful applicantmay have experience with a big national retailer, but must certainly possess excellentnegotiation and communication skills.DMarketing ExecutiveThis important position has recently been created by one of the country's leadingclothes manufacturers. It is an outstanding opportunity for a graduate with two years'experience in design or magazine publishing. The successful candidate will be givenresponsibility for a major, recently launched brand. It would be an advantage to haveexperience of promotional activities. Excellent fringe benefits on offer.3、招生广告试 题 5Example: You would learn about deductions from salaries.Key: C1. You need to have worked in an office before attending this course.2. You would learn something about preventing accidents at work.3. You would be able to sit an examination in typing.4. This course is useful if your job involves greeting people and dealing withenquiries.5. This course would suit someone with budgetary responsibility.6. You would get practice in helping people in a group to communicate.7. You would learn how to change the appearance of a letter or memo.A.Tuesday 13.00-15.00This course provides training in arranging meetings, conducting them effectively andmaking travelarrangements. The topics will include drawing up agendas, preparing for meetings,introducing speakersor participants, managing discussions successfully, keeping to an agreed timetable,and writing follow-upreports. Previous experience of typing and general office work are essential for thiscourse.B.Mon, Thu,Fri 10.00-12.00This courses is intended both for beginners and for those who have reached anelementary level intypewriting. You will have the opportunity to develop your skills on up-to-dateelectronic equipment,gaining experience of producing all kinds of typed material in a variety of modernlayouts. Students willbe given ample opportunities for “hands on" experience of word-processing on thelatest personalcomputers. Typewriting tests can be taken for widely recognised qualifications.C.Monday 9.00-11.00This course is designed to provide students with experience of operating a set ofaccounts, comparablewith those of a small family firm, and of dealing with the more general financialaspects of running asmall business. Topics will include profit and loss, maintaining records efficiently,cash payments,taxation, insurance and computerised accounting. External examinations can bearranged.D.Friday 11.00-13.00Participants on this course will develop their telephone skills and reception techniquesin practicalsituations. Other topics included in the course are dealing with correspondence, thelatest development infax equipment and photocopiers, and the advantages these new facilities offer. Thecourse also covershealth and safety, including recent important changes in safety regulations governingthe workplace.试 题 9Example:This course will improve your typing skills.Answer: C1. Apply for this course if you are interested in running courses in office skills.2. This course will teach you how to repair computers.3. Applicants must give reasons for wanting to join this course.4. This course promises very quick results.5. You will be shown a range of teaching methods on this course.6. If you complete this course successfully, you may be given a job.7. The organisers will cover some of your costs while you are on this course.AInteractive TrainingHave you ever considered a career in training?Apply now to join one of our Interactive Training courses. All our trainers have hadleading roles in Staff Development and they will demonstrate a variety of trainingtechniques from individual and group involvement to using drama. Courseparticipants contribute their experience in the discussions which follow each activity.Guidance in designing a range of courses including Word Processing, Typing, TimeManagement and Accounting is provided.Contact Ian Draper: Phone 23345454 Fax 2334 577810BCD4、书评广告试 题 6Example:The book offers some information about communication style.Answer: A1. It aims to train the students to become sensitive to different styles of writing.2. Students are expected to learn something about American society.3. It mainly focuses on the development of your reading techniques.Euromoney Trainee SchemeStudents interested in creating or selling financial products are invited to apply forsix-month training schemes.An expenses allowance is paid monthly to each trainee. At the end of the six months,trainees will be assessed on their aptitude and a selected number will be offeredpermanent employment in our central office.Students wishing to apply should send a CV plus a 200-word summary of why theythink they are suitable for this scheme.Applications to: Euromoney, Unit 3, Dearing Commercial Estate, SingaporeCercos High Technology Courses Regardless of previous experience, if you are agedeighteen or over, Cercos* professional seven week full-time training programmeprovides the gateway to employment in the rapidly expanding computer maintenanceindustry. Learn how to diagnose faults using the latest technological aids and to dealeffectively and efficiently with problem machinery and problem customers!Contact John Segarro on 0772 4313 for application form and course contents.Wizard Training Courses Many people are confused by the arrangement of letters on acomputer keyboard and never progress beyond tapping slowly away with two fingers.Our courses concentrate on training the fingers to find all the letters on the keyboard.Easy, short drills with three-letter words help you master the skills of typing within amatter of days.Phone 34254422 for costs and further details.4. Students are encouraged to participate in group activities.5. Some useful information is offered on how to further your academic study.6. One chapter deals with different aspects of culture in America.7. The material chosen for the book is from the real life.A.This classic cross-culture book provides reading passages, culture notes, anddiscussion topics which focus on values, behavior, attitudes and communication styles.It features a chapter on cultural diversity in the US; an explanation of mainstream USvalues with examples which reveal some of the morehidden aspects of culture; examples of cross-cultural differences in a wide variety ofcultures; and extensive readings and exercises.B.As a multi-stand course- organized according to functions, discussion techniques andcommunication concepts-- this text develops the speaking skills of businessprofessionals or business students. It is easily adaptable to differing class sizes,student needs and interests. A special feature of the course is its carefully stageddiscussion activities which structure and facilitate group participation.C.This series is intended for students now ready to approach English literature. Eachbook deals with both the literary and the language aspects of their texts. Someexercises focus on a personal response, others on discussing literary qualities such asstyle, character, imagery and ideas. Other exercises concentrate on the development oflanguage awareness in terms of grammar, vocabulary and different styles of writing.D.Authentic texts covering a wide range of topics provide a stimulating basis for a skillsand strategies approach to academic reading. Techniques of skimming and scanning,identifying main ideas, understanding text organization and guessing unknownvocabulary provide the basis for each unit. These are followed by more advancedstrategies, such as analyzing a writer's use of time, evaluating a writer's attitude andassessing the degree of certainty in arguments. Each unit ends with discussion topicswhich lead to a writing task based on the reading texts.试 题 12Example:It is the work of a successful writer.Answer: C1. It describes activities which have become increasingly popular.2. It gives important information as briefly as possible.3. It deals with an area that has received little attention previously.4. It describes methods that can help with team-building.5. It is suitable to people with varying degrees of commercial experience.6. It was previously published with a different title.12 7. It is written for people from different types of professional background.AThe Trainer's PocketbookFormerly known as The Instructor's Pocketbook, the eighth edition of this shortguide covers 'all the essentials of training\ from creating the right learningenvironment to the use of audio-visual equipment. This 78-page book concentrateson presenting the key facts in summary form.BThe Handbook of Health and SafetyThis is a comprehensive guide intended for managers, union safety representativesand anyone teaching for Occupational Health & Safety examinations. Apart from theusual subjects of legal obligations and risk prevention, it focuses on a relativelyneglected issue, that of health concerns about computer use-particularly thoseassociated with keyboard work.CWriting Effective AdvertisementsThis guide has been put together by best-selling author John Newton and looks atthe reasons why some advertisements are more successful than others. Ideal both forsomeone starting up in business and for the established business person, it containsuseful information on advertisement layout and content.DUsing Management GamesThis second edition, which reflects the growing trend to use management games astraining tools, acts as a guide to exercises designed to increase group effectiveness.The writer explains the ways in which exercises, for example puzzles andcommunication games, can be used to improve group co-operation.财经类新闻(Business News)练习 2. Business News1. Shareholders seemed to have a final say in top management.2. This news suggests bitter competition between computer giants.3. Some people would take advantage of this period of time to make money.4. The man would be detained on a foreign land for some time.5. The buy-out seemed to benefit both companies.6. The company hadn't entered into the American market before it was merged.7. The change in personnel has boosted shareholders9 confidence in the company.A.In a deal valued at more than $ 5 billion, Crown Cork, a leading Americanpackaging company with little presence in Europe, agreed to buy Camaud Metalboxof France, one of Europe's largest packagers with little presence in America. A frenzyof dealing sent shares in both soaring around 15%.B. Another top French businessman was placed under investigation for corruption. Theman is being questioned about a 1991 water-supply contract. Meanwhile, a Germanbusinessman, who went missing after his property empire collapsed last year,embarrassing the many banks that had backed him, was arrested in Miami. Extraditioncould take months.C. Kmart, America's second-largest retailer, is to have a new boss to replace JosephAntonini, who was forced to step down earlier this year by unhappy shareholders.Shares soared on the news that Floyd Hall, former chief executive of Target Stores, arival discounter, is to step into Antonini's shoes.D. IBM tried to counter the growth of Microsoft, the world's largest software firm, bylaunching a $3.3 billion hostile bid for Lotus Development, a software company. The$ 60-a -share offer boosted the price of Lotus shares by 89%. IBM sees Lotus's Notessoftware as a passport into the growing market for 'groupware9 programs that helpnetworks of computers talk to each other.E. The European Commission published a consultative paper on its promise singlecurrency, in which it suggested that there would have to be four years between a finaldecision to launch the new currency and its arrival in citizens' pockets. It predictedthat speculators would use the interval to make destabilisingbets on the final conversion rates of the old currencies. But the commission is stickingto its deadline of January 1999 for economic and monetary union.第四课时Test 2READINGPART ONEQuestions 1-71 Sometimes it is necessary to insist on further explanation.2 You shouldn't focus on your response while others are still speaking.3 People are reluctant to admit that they don't listen well.4 There are benefits in seeing things from the speaker's perspective.5 Keen observation of the speaker can support our listening skills.6 It is risky to think about a different issue while someone is speaking.7 People do not mind hearing their own views summarised.Good listener, better managerAToo often we accuse others of not listening, pretending that we ourselves are faultless,yet in our heartswe know that many of the mistakes we make come about because we haven't listenedcarefully enough.We get things wrong because we haven*t quite understood what someone meant whenthey were talking to us. Anyone who has ever taken the minutes of a long meetingwill know how hard it is to remember - despite the benefit of notes - exactly whateveryone said. But success depends on getting things right - and that means listening.BListening is not the same thing as hearing; it is not an effortless activity. It demandsattention and concentration. It may mean quizzing the speaker for additionalinformation or for clarification - it is always better to ask than to continue regardlessand get things wrong. However, if you allow your mind to wander onto somethingelse, even for a few minutes, you'll miss what the speaker is saying - probably at thevery moment when he or she is saying something critical. And not having heard, youwon*t know you've missed anything until it's too late.CThe most common bad habit we have is to start thinking of what we are going to sayabout the subject long before the other speaker has finished. We then stop listening.Even worse, this often adds rudeness to inattentiveness, as once you have decidedwhat to say there is a fair chance you will interrupt to say it.Good listeners don*t interrupt. In fact it is often worth explaining the main idea ofwhat you have just been told before going on to make your own points. Nobody isoffended by this and it shows that you have listened well.DAbove all be patient and accept that many people are not very good communicators.It's helpful to remember that the ways people move and position themselves whilethey are speaking can reveal a great deal about what they are saying. Equallyimportantly you should put yourself in the other person's place, both intellectually andemotionally; it will help you to understand what they are getting at and form aresponse. But don't be too clever. Faced with a know-all, many people keep quietbecause they see no point in continuing.Test 3READINGPART ONEQuestions 1-71 Listen to what your boss tells you about how well you are working.2 Realise that your boss will occasionally need to be left alone.3 Comment on your boss's work in a positive spirit.4 Try to impress your boss with your thoroughness.5 Do not hesitate to involve your boss if you have difficulties with your work.6 Show your boss that you are capable of working at a higher level.7 Speak to your boss, even about matters not directly related to your work.MANAGE YOUR BOSSAdvice from four top business people on how you should treat your bossAThe ConsultantNo boss likes nasty surprises. Thinking you can solve a serious problem before he orshe finds out is a doomed strategy. Much better to inform your boss about thesituation early on, together with your suggested solution. Also, remember that bosseslike praise as much as any employee. Do this without making it obvious, if only toearn the right to criticise (constructively, of course). 'Consideration* is the key word.Treat bosses as you hope to be treated- it should help you to move up to the next level.BThe DirectorOf course there are all the formal things in managing your boss - ensuring that youcome to meetings well prepared, that you have a good eye for detail, and so on. Butyou also need to distinguish effectively between things that are important and thingsthat are merely small details. Bosses like it if you can see *the big picture* becausethey want to be able to delegate. So it's all about psychology, as well as performance.CThe ChairmanBosses want people to understand their objectives, their way of working and thepressures they are under.If you can understand what sort of individual your boss is, it is easier to appreciatewhy certain reactions might arise, and thus avoid problems. Also, keep the lines o fcommunication with your boss open. You need to receive ongoing feedback onwhether your work is effective, asking about what you do not understand, and, ifnecessary, discussing personal issues from outside the workplace. When the gapbetween you is reduced, so are the difficulties.DThe Chief ExecutiveUnderstand that a boss will want to take the glory when things go well. After all, theytake ultimate responsibility, so they deserve some of the credit. Also, find out aboutyour boss's outside interests, as this can help to improve the relationship. You mayfind you have an interest in common. Similarly, recognise that everyone is human,and there are times when a request from you may be unwelcome. Get to know yourboss's Personal Assistant, who can advise you when it is a good time to talk to him orher.Part 2练习 2Japanese McDonald' sIf you always thought of McDonald's as an all-American company it, may surpriseyou to learn that the king of McDonald\ franchises is named Fujita and that hedoesn't eat hamburgers. 1 By ignoring many of the customs of both hisnative and his parent company, Fujita has made McDonald's the top fast-foodbusiness in Japan and has changed the face of franchising.McDonald's came to Japan in 1970 searching for a Japanese partner with whom tocreate a Japanese McDonald's. Fujita was far from the richest potential candidateinterviewed, but he was an eager entrepreneur who seemed willing to devote hisenergies to the new v e n tu r e .2 Almost immediately, however, Fujita begangoing his own way. The parent company recommended opening the first JapaneseMcDonald's in the suburbs, where most American fast-food stores are located. Fujitahad his own i d e a s . 3 He got his way, opened the first Japanese McDonald'sin a department store in Tokyo, didn't spend anything on a d v e rtisin g .4McDonald's learned its lesson from Fujita and has since opened inner-city restaurantaround the w o r l d . 5 While the Japanese seem fascinated with western stylesand tastes, they often don't think of themselves as consumers of American products.So Fujita's McDonald's franchises play down their American origins, to the pointwhere, according to Fujita, some Japanese who visit the United States are surprised tofind that we have 4Makudonarudo\ as the Japanese say it, in America too.A. In fact, Fujita is unusual in many respects, and his uniqueness has made him veryrich.B. McDonald's took a chance and chose him.C. Fujita and McDonald's continue to benefit from each other.D. Other companies might learn from the way Fujita marketedMcDonald\ in Japan.E. Fujita likes to take credit for a rise in the average weight of his people.F. And within a year he had broken McDonald's world record for one-day sales:$14,000.G. He thought the young pedestrians of Japan5s cities were more likely to give upJapan fish-and -rice diet for a hamburger than were the more traditional suburbandwellers.H. But Fujita himself prefers noodles toBig Macs.I. And the Tokyo McDonald's that once caused an argument is now one of 500 thatFujita owns in Japan.答案：1. A； 2. B； 3.G； 4. F； 5. D练习 3.Banks and Banking : Other Bank ServicesA modern bank provides many services other than checking a c c o u n ts .1If you went to a bank to open a savings account, you would go through almost thesame procedures followed in applying for a checking a c c o u n t.2 Then youwould be given a passbook in which your initial deposit would be recorded. Alldeposits and withdrawals from your account are entered into your passbook.3 With a regular passbook savings account, you would be able to withdrawmoney wherever you needed it. All you would have to do is fill out a withdrawalorder and present it,along with your passbook to the teller.All banks pay interest on savings accounts. 4 Banks also pay interest atdifferent times.5 Suppose, for example, that on January 1, you deposited $ 1,000 in a bankthat paid 4 1/2 percent interest semiannually. By July l,you would have earned$ 22.50 interest. This interest would automatically be credited to your account; and ofyou left it in the bank, along with your original deposit,you would receive interest on $ 1,022.50 for the next six-month period. That is, yourinterest would be compounded.A. But the majority of them pay semiannually, that is, every six months.B. The interest rate varies from bank to bank, but the general range is from 4 1/2 to 6percent.C. This means that passbook contains an actual record of all transactions made andthat you know the exact amount of savings you have at any one time.D. One of these is checking accounts.E. First you would be asked to fill out a signature card.F. But most banks pay interest at the end of a year.G. One of the most important of these is regular passbook savings.H. One can withdraw money whenever necessary.答案：1.； 2. ； 3. ； 4. B； 5. A试 题 1PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this letter to the editor of The Economist.• Choose the best sentence from the list A-I to fill each of the blanks.• For each bland (8-12) mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mar4 any letter twice.• One answer has been given as an example.Sir,You state on February 13th that New Mexico has “few natural resources",example In 1991 NewMexico ranked fourth in the United States in production of natural gas, seventh in oiland tenth in non-fuel minerals 8 Non-fuel minerals contributed about $ 1billion and coal $ 509 million.Taxes from production of fuels and minerals, and lease payments on state lands havebeen set aside by legislative acts to endow two permanent funds worth about $ 5.65b i l l i o n , 9 In addition, during fiscal year 1991 , payments to New Mexicofrom taxes on federal lands were S 108 million, all earmarked for public education.10 About $566 million came from taxes and permanent-fund earningsattributable to oil and gas p ro d u c tio n .11 Tourism is an important industry inMew Mexico, yet its economic impact on the public sector is dwarfed by that ofmineral production.New Mexico came through the recent recession in much better shape than most otherstates. It does not have a d e f i c i t . 12 States that rely primarily on a sales taxor on an income tax have big problems during economic downturns. Income growthper head in New Mexico averaged 6.1/00 in the year to October 1992-oneif the fastestgrowth rates in the United States.Charles ChapinExample: CA. That it has a broadly based tax structure is an important point.B. In 1992 it produced more oil than Colorado and Kansas combined.C. However, the extractive mineral industry in New Mexico is one of the state'sstrongest economic forces.D. During fiscal year 1992 New Mexico raised permanent funds worth about $6.1billion.E. The combined value of oil and gas production was $ 2.8 billion.F. Some 16,000 employees work in the extractive industries and their wages areamong the highest of any major industry.G. The $39 million earned by these funds in 1991 was used to finance education andother public services.H. Only S 25 million came from agricultural taxes.I. New Mexico's extractive mineral industries contribute about a third of the state's$ 1.9 billion general-fund income in fiscal year 1991.答案：8. E 9. G 10.1 11. F 12. A试 题 7PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the following text.• Choose the best sentence from the list on page 52 to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8 - 12 mark one letter A - I on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.The Cash-free SocietyImagine a society in which cash no longer exists, Instead, 6 6 cash “ is electronic, as inbank-card Systems.Currency and coin are abandoned.e x a m p l e . Theft of cash would become impossible. Bank robberies andcash-registerrobberies would simply cease to o c c u r ( 8 ) . Purse snatchings wouldbecome a thing of thepast. Urban streets would become s a f e r ( 9 ). Security costs and insurancerates would fall.Property values would rise. Neighbourhoods would improve.Drug traffickers and their clients, burglars and receives of stolen property, arsonistsfbr hire, and bribe-takers would no longer have the advantage of using untraceablec u r r e n c y .( 10 )These prosecutions, in turn, would inhibit further crimes.In a society devoid of physical money, a change from cash to recorded electronicmoney would be accompanied by a flow of previously unpaid income-tax revenuesrunning in the tens of billions of d o l l a r s . ( 1 1 ) Cash has been the root ofmuch social and economic e v i l . ( 1 2 ) Eighty percent of Americans regularlyuse credit cards. The development of a federal system to handle the country's 300billion annual cash transactions in the United States electronically is within reach.Example: H.A. A national electronic-money system would operate as a debit-card system.B. Retail shops in once dangerous areas could operate in safety.C. As a result, income tax rates could be lowered or the national debt reduced.D. The use of cash has diminished substantially since World War ILE. Attacks on shopkeepers, taxi drivers, and cashiers would all end.F. The emergence of electronic funds-transfer technology makes it possible to changethe nature of money and to divorce it from evil.G. Almost every present-day cash transaction can be duplicated electronically.H. The immediate benefits would be profound and fundamental.I. Electronic “money“ would leave incriminating trails of data, resulting in morearrests and convictions.答案：Questions 8 - 12: E, B, I, C, F第五课时练习 3.Banks and Banking : Other Bank ServicesA modern bank provides many services other than checking a c c o u n ts .1If you went to a bank to open a savings account, you would go through almost thesame procedures followed in applying for a checking a c c o u n t.2 Then youwould be given a passbook in which your initial deposit would be recorded. Alldeposits and withdrawals from your account are entered into your passbook.3 With a regular passbook savings account, you would be able to withdrawmoney wherever you needed it. All you would have to do is fill out a withdrawalorder and present it, along with your passbook to the teller. All banks pay interest onsavings a c c o u n ts .4 Banks also pay interest at different times.5 Suppose, for example, that on January 1, you deposited $ 1,000 in a bankthat paid 4 1/2 percent interest semiannually. By July l,you would have earned$ 22.50 interest. This interest would automatically be credited to your account; and ofyou left it in the bank, along with your original deposit,you would receive interest on $ 1,022.50 for the next six-month period. That is, yourinterest would be compounded.A. But the majority of them pay semiannually, that is, every six months.B. The interest rate varies from bank to bank, but the general range is from 4 1/2 to 6percent.C. This means that passbook contains an actual record of all transactions made andthat you know the exact amount of savings you have at any one time.D. One of these is checking accounts.E. First you would be asked to fill out a signature card.F. But most banks pay interest at the end of a year.G. One of the most important ofthese is regular passbook savings.H. One can withdraw money whenever necessary.答案：l.G； 2. ； 3. ； 4. B； 5. A试 题 11PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about the management of documents.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.How do you improve white collar productivity?For many years, technological development was thought to be the key to improvingproductivity in the office. In the 1980s cheap small computers first appeared ondesktops, ( e x a m p l e ) The power of personal computers has increaseddramatically, and the uses of software have expanded too. Companies both large andsmall have spent large sums of money on improving office computer facilities.(8).It seems that business has failed to apply the developments in technology togreater effect, to increase the amount of time which office workers have available fornon-routine tasks. To do this, we need to understand how information is processed inbusiness ventures.Typically, information is first gathered, then processed, and finally produced in itschanged form as output.(9) . Increasingly complex programs have beeninvented, to feed ever more powerful processing systems.But what about output? A recent study by an American management institute showsthat the processing of documents takes up 60% of office workers9 time, 40% of labourcosts and up to 10% of business income.(lO) . In fact, the internationalcompanies studied for the research show that this breakdown is true world-wide,wherever the company operates.Taking these findings into account, the management of documents has becomeextremely important. Documents support nearly all business transactions. They areincreasingly the way to communicate with customers, suppliers and employees. It istherefore upon document output and distribution that we should focus. (11)Unfortunately, technological developments in equipment for document managementseem more impressive than they really are.(12) New technologicalsolutions are needed to tackle the problem, to help drive businesses forward toimprove their productivity and output.Only now are we beginning to study business objectives and to structure technologyto suit them.Our company is attempting to understand how people use technology and how it canbe applied to business problems.A. These new methods of handling paperwork have already greatly improvedefficiency.B. This would be a key way of improving white collar productivity.C. It will help them to make better use of all office employees.D. However, this enormous investment has not improved productivity as expected.E. Laser printers have many limitations, and photocopiers have few applications.F. Most technology has concentrated its attention on the first two of these stages.G. These figures are hardly surprising since documents convey nine-tenths of allinformation.H. Nevertheless, it is an important way to improve business processes and workflow.I. Since then, these machines have caused a revolution in the way we work in theoffice.答案：8.D 9.F 10.G ll.B 12.E试 题 3PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this text about electrical power in Canada.• Choose the best sentence from the list A-I to fill each of the blanks.• For each blank (8- 12) mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer Sheet.• De not mark any letter twice.• One answer has been given as an example.ELECTRICITY: WEALTH, MONEY, POWERCanadian industries have prospered for more than a century on the country'sabundance of cheap, reliable electrical p o w e r . e x a m p l e . In fact, Canadaconsumes more electricity on a per person basis than any country except forNorway 8 Electricity is a significant source of export income for Canada.9 But in the 1970s , Canadian exports rose sharply to address the U. S.demand for cheaper and more reliable.In 1985, exports of Canadian electrical power reached 1,400 million US d o l l a r s .10. Net electricity exports account for more than 60% of Canada's balance oftrade.Domestically, Canada continues to generate electrical power, primarily from water11 Exports of electricity are now subject to forces far beyond the controlof utility managers 12 Example: BA. Besides, electricity from coal and nuclear is 50% to 75% cheaper than many otherindustrial nations.B. Generated primarily by water, our power supplies have attracted and supportedenergy-intensive industries such as mining.C. It also ranks among the top three electricity producers in the world, behind the U. S.and Russia.D. Next to electricity, Canadian paper exports came to 900 million US dollars everyyear in the 1960s.E. Two large nuclear power plants began to generate electricity.F. Since then, electricity9 exports have declined but they have continued to exceed 700million US dollars.G. Environmental and trade policies all influence electrical production and trade.H. Canada and the U. S. imported and exported power in almost equal measures after1901.I. Therefore, the Canadian government has little influence on these forces.答案：8. C9. H10. F11.A12.G试 题 11PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about the management of documents.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.A. These new methods of handling paperwork have already greatly improvedefficiency.B. This would be a key way of improving white collar productivity.C. It will help them to make better use of all office employees.D. However, this enormous investment has not improved productivity as expected.E. Laser printers have many limitations, and photocopiers have few applications.F. Most technology has concentrated its attention on the first two of these stages.G. These figures are hardly surprising since documents convey nine-tenths of allinformation.H. Nevertheless, it is an important way to improve business processes and workflow.I. Since then, these machines have caused a revolution in the way we work in theoffice.答案：8.D 9.F10.G ll.B 12.E试题 9 How do you improve white collar productivity?For many years, technological development was thought to be the key to improvingproductivity in the office. In the 1980s cheap small computers first appeared ondesktops, (example)The power of personal computers has increased dramatically, and the uses of softwarehave expanded too. Companies both large and small have spent large sums of moneyon improving office computer f a c i l i t i e s .( 8 ) .I t seems that business has failedto apply the developments in technology to greater effect, to increase the amount oftime which office workers have available for non-routine tasks. To do this, we need tounderstand how information is processed in business ventures.Typically, information is first gathered, then processed, and finally produced in itschanged form as output.(9) . Increasingly complex programs have beeninvented, to feed ever more powerful processing systems.But what about output? A recent study by an American management institute showsthat the processing of documents takes up 60% of office workers, time, 40% of labourcosts and up to 10% of business income.(10) . In fact, the internationalcompanies studied for the research show that this breakdownis true world-wide,wherever the company operates.Taking these findings into account, the management of documents has becomeextremely important. Documents support nearly all business transactions. They areincreasingly the way to communicate with customers, suppliers and employees. It istherefore upon document output and distribution that we should focus. (11)Unfortunately, technological developments in equipment for document managementseem more impressive than they really are.(12) New technologicalsolutions are needed to tackle the problem, to help drive businesses forward toimprove their productivity and output.Only now are we beginning to study business objectives and to structure technologyto suit them.Our company is attempting to understand how people use technology and how it canbe applied to business problems.PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this advertisement about business book reviews.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8 - 12, mark one letter A-1 on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.Special Introductory Offer!Gain a working knowledge of the topBusiness books - rapidly and easilyNow you can read the best business books - in just 15 minutes each!It's the executive dilemma of the Nineties: information overload.(exam ple).Thereshould be a simpler way to keep track of the latest ideas. And there is.A systematic solution:Suppose you had an assistant who screened and selected only the quality books fory o u . ( 8 ) . So you could obtain a working knowledge of the book's contentsin a fraction of the time. Now you can have that assistant with Executive BookSummaries. Every month, you receive quick-reading, time-saving summaries of thebest new business b o o k s . ( 9 ) .This means that rather than taking five to ten hours to read, it takes just 15 minutes!How you'll benefit.Executive Book Summaries, designed for the busy executive, are a solution to thegrowing management problem of too much to read and too little lime to do it.• Improve your business confidence.You gain a real understanding of the key points of the best new business books.• Learn more, remember more.We've taken account of extensive research into the memory functions of the humanb r a i n ( 1 0 ) .• Get ideas you can use.( 1 1 ) , In a summary, these ideas are more accessible and 'actionable'.• Cut hundreds of hours off your reading load.How often have you opened a new book with great expectations - only to find it ahuge disappointm ent?(12)The books we summarise cover just about every subject you need to know, frommanagement techniques to guidance on your career.A) These introductory texts are the most important books and using them can pay bigdividends.B) Discover practical tips and techniques you can apply without delay.C) In order to avoid this problem, we select for you only the truly worthwhile titlesand reject the rest.D) According to studies published in psychology journals, you retain the content of asummary better than a book.E) He or she would take the most important ideas from each one, and compile theminto a neat executive summary.F) With the breadth and depth of knowledge gained from books, it is less likely thatyou'll be caught off guard.G) Each contains all the key points in the original book, but instead of 200 to 500pages there are only eight pages.H) There's a sample of the superb business titles that we summarise for you.I) With all the reading you have to do in the normal course of your work, you find itimpossible to keep up with all the new business books.答 案 :8.E9.G 10.D ll.B 12.C试 题1PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this letter to the editor of The Economist.• Choose the best sentence from the list A-I to fill each of the blanks.• For each bland (8-12) mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mar4 any letter twice.• One answer has been given as an example.Sir,You state on February 13th that New Mexico has “few natural resources”,example In 1991 NewMexico ranked fourth in the United States in production of natural gas, seventh in oiland tenth in non-fuel minerals 8 Non-fuel minerals contributed about $ 1billion and coal $ 509 million.Taxes from production of fuels and minerals, and lease payments on state lands havebeen set aside by legislative acts to endow two permanent funds worth about $ 5.65b i l l i o n , 9 In addition, during fiscal year 1991 , payments to New Mexicofrom taxes on federal lands were S 108 million, all earmarked for public education.10 About $566 million came from taxes and permanent-fund earningsattributable to oil and gas p ro d u c tio n .11 Tourism is an important industry inMew Mexico, yet its economic impact on the public sector is dwarfed by that ofmineral production.New Mexico came through the recent recession in much better shape than most otherstates. It does not have a d e f i c i t . 12 States that rely primarily on a sales taxor on an income tax have big problems during economic downturns. Income growthper head in New Mexico averaged 6.1/00 in the year to October 1992-one if thefastest growth rates in the United States.Charles ChapinExample: CA. That it has a broadly based tax structure is an important point.B. In 1992 it produced more oil than Colorado and Kansas combined.C. However, the extractive mineral industry in New Mexico is one of the state'sstrongest economic forces.D. During fiscal year 1992 New Mexico raised permanent funds worth about $6.1billion.E. The combined value of oil and gas production was $ 2.8 billion.F. Some 16,000 employees work in the extractive industries and their wages areamong the highest of any major industry.G. The $39 million earned by these funds in 1991 was used to finance education andother public services.H. Only S 25 million came from agricultural taxes.I. New Mexico's extractive mineral industries contribute about a third of the state's$ 1.9 billiongeneral-fund income in fiscal year 1991.答案：8.E 9. G 10.1 11. F 12. A试 题 2PARTTWOQuestions 8-12• Read this proposal about the CPT Word Processor.• Choose the best sentencefrom the list A-I to fill each of the blanks.• For each blank (8-12) mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet.• De not mark any letter twice.• One answer has been given as an example.15 June 1993Ms. Martha WestonWord Processing SupervisorABC CompanyPost Office Box 107228 King's Street LondonDear Ms. Weston,Performance of the CPT EquipmentI'm Pleased to tell you about our experience with the CPT Word Processor as yourequested recently example I assume you have looked at several machinesand have narrowed down your choices.Here are my observations.An approach to adopting word processorsEighteen months ago we adopted CPT equipment on limited scale with the idea inmind that we could gradually get rid of electric typewriters as we became familiarwith the word p ro c e s s o r.8 The stations are actually in pairs so each pair canshare a common printer 9 We use the equipment as dedicated wordprocessors, although we do have the ability to link up with our computer installation.The step-at-a-time development of our word-processing center has, we think, saved usmoney and training t i me . 10PerformanceIn terms of performance, the CPT equipment is e x c e lle n t.11 Moreover ourservice contract and warranty have covered all maintenance costs.We have software packages that check spelling and signal when a mistake occurs.12 Using both printers, we recently prepared 1200 individually typed formletter mailings a under four hours. We have no complaint about our preparation ofexecutive reports.Example: IA. So it works very well and has so many different functions.B. Also it has reduced the confusion that exists about buying software packages.C. The train stops at each station for only fifteen minutes.D. We beganwith two work stations and now have four.E. Our routine letters are prepared from disc-stored masters.F. The Rotary W printer with a speed of 45 characters a second can easily handle twoinput stations.G. In contrast, its size and weight are ideal for carrying.H. We have not yet experienced mechanical problems so far.I. We are pleased with its performance and multi-functions.8. D 9. F 10.B 11. H 12. EPART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this text on Dave* s dream.• Choose the best sentence from the Opposite page 68 to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter A-1 on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.28 Icon Acoustics: Bypassing TraditionLike most entrepreneurs, Dave Fokos dreams a lot. He imagines customers eagerlyphoning Icon Acoustics in Billerica, Massachusetts, to order his latest, custom-madestereo peakers example Like most entrepreneurs, Dave has taken a longtime to develop his d r e a m . ( 8) Dave discovered that he had a strong interestin studio engineering, He took independent-study courses in this area and bygraduation had designed and built a pair of marketable stereo speakers. Followinggraduation, Dave pursued his interest in audio engineering. He landed a job as aloudspeaker designer with Conrad-Johnson, a high-end audio-equipmentmanufacturer headquarters in Fairfax, V ir g in ia ( 9) Dave identified a marketniche that he felt other speaker firms had o v e rlo o k e d ( 1 0 ) These affluent,well-educated customers are genuinely obsessed with their stereo equipment. 'They'drather buy a new set of speakers than eat/ Dave observes.Dave faced one major problem—how to distribute Icon's products. He had learnedfrom experience at Conrad-Johnson that most manufacturers distribute theirequipment primarily through stereo dealers.Dave did not hold a high opinion of most such dealers; he felt that they too oftenplayed hardball with manufacturers, forcing them to accept thin margins.( 1 1 ) This kept those firms that offered more customized products fromgaining access to the market. Perhaps most disturbing, Dave felt that theestablished dealers often sold not what was best for customers, but whatever they hadin inventory that month.Dave dreamed of offering high-end stereo loudspeakers directly to the audio-obsessed,bypassing the established dealer n e tw o r k .( 1 2 ) "My vision for the future isone where all manufacturers sell their products directly to end user. In this way, eventhe audiophiles in Dead Horse, Alaska, can have access to all that theaudio-manufacturing community has to offer.”Example: I.A. At the age of 28, Dave set out to turn his dreams into reality.B. Furthermore, the dealers concentrated on only a handful of well-known producersC. Who provided mass-produced models.D.The firms tend to plow their money in to developing their products and have littleleft over to market them.E. Within four years, Dave had designed 13 speaker models and decided to start hisown company.F. To serve the audio-addicts segment, Dave offers only the highest-quality speakers.G.It all began while majoring in electrical engineering at Cornell.By going directly to the customers, Dave could avoid the dealer markups and offertop-quality products and service at reasonable price.H.This niche consisted of “audio・ addicts”—— people who love to listen to music andappreciate first-ratestereo equipment.I. He sees sales climbing , cash flowing, and hundreds of happy workersStriving to produce top-quality products that delight Icon's customers.答案：Questions 8- 12:F, D, H, B, G试 题 9PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this advertisement about business book reviews.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8 - 12, mark one letter A-1 on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.A) These introductory texts are the most important books and using them can pay bigdividends.Special Introductory Offer!Gain a working knowledge of the topBusiness books - rapidly and easilyNow you can read the best business books - in just 15 minutes each!It's the executive dilemma of the Nineties: information overload.(exam ple).There should be a simpler way to keep track of the latest ideas. And there is.A systematic solution:Suppose you had an assistant who screened and selected only the quality books fory o u . ( 8 ) , So you could obtain a working knowledge of the book's contentsin a fraction of the time. Now you can have that assistant with Executive BookSummaries. Every month, you receive quick-reading, time-saving summaries of thebest new business b o o k s . ( 9 ) . This means that rather than taking five to tenhours to read, it takes just 15 minutes!How you'll benefit.Executive Book Summaries, designed for the busy executive, are a solution to thegrowing management problem of too much to read and too little lime to do it.• Improve your business confidence.You gain a real understanding of the key points of the best new business books.• Learn more, remember more.We*ve taken account of extensive research into the memory functions of the humanb r a i n ( 1 0 ) . • Get ideas you can use.( 1 1 ) . In a summary, these ideas are more accessible and 'actionable'.• Cut hundreds of hours off your reading load.How often have you opened a new book with great expectations - only to find it ahuge disappointm ent?(12)The books we summarise cover just about every subject you need to know, frommanagement techniques to guidance on your career.B) Discover practical tips and techniques you can apply without delay.C) In order to avoid this problem, we select for you only the truly worthwhile titlesand reject the rest.D) According to studies published in psychology journals, you retain the content of asummary better than a book.E) He or she would take the most important ideas from each one, and compile theminto a neat executive summary.F) With the breadth and depth of knowledge gained from books, it is less likely thatyou'll be caught off guard.G) Each contains all the key points in the original book, but instead of 200 to 500pages there are onlyeight pages.H) There's a sample of the superb business titles that we summarise for you.I) With all the reading you have to do in the normal course of your work, you find itimpossible tokeep up with all the new business books.答案：8.E9.G 10.D ll.B 12.C试 题 13PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about career planning.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.Career PlanningFor many employees, automatic promotion up the ranks of a company is becomingincreasingly rare. A new study suggests that, in response, employers need to considerhowthey can help staff develop their careers.Employers need to rethink their approach to career management completely,according to the latestresearch by the Institute of Employment Studies. The new study finds that in factthere is littleopportunity for individual career development in many large organisations,(exam ple).The Instituteof Employment Studies makes it clear that it is not good practice for companies tohand over career development to individual employees and then simply leave them toget on with it. ( 8 ) . So how should employers help their staff develop a career?Most employees have come to accept that career development is not always the samething as upward promotion and a higher salary. ( 9) .They must also ensure thatthese opportunities are extended to all their staff and not just to selected individuals.Nick Bridges, who is Director of Human Resources Policy at the Bank of EasternEngland, believes there is more talk than action in this area. ( 1 0 ) . One way, hebelieves, for companies to show how serious they are about individual learning is tomake it an official part of company practice, as the Bank of Eastern England has done.( 1 1 ) . This document, he points out, has made the role of managers clear, and thecompany has also invested huge amounts of money educating managers so that theycan then train their staff.Another company, British Chemicals, has contracted an independent organisation tohelp staff with confidential career advice. According to John Yates, the head ofIndividual Learning and Development at British Chemicals, there is an important rolefor outside agencies to play in the career management process. He adds that it iscompany policy for managers to give all staff 'roadmaps' which show possiblecareer routes within the company structure. ( 1 2 ) . This has worked especially well,he says, for staff who are used to depending on their line managers for guidance.Many large organisations now recognise that career development cannot be regardedin isolation, and must be part of an overall business strategy. Human Resources has areal role to play in building a strong workforce which meets a company's long-termbusiness needs and makes it more competitive.A Its policy statement says that by 2006, eighty per cent of its staff will have aprofessional qualification.B His recommendations go even further than that, and he has called for a nationaldebate on the issue of what should be regarded as a career in the future.C This change of attitude means employers need to place more emphasis on givingstaff the chance to develop a range of skills through horizontal job moves.D It points out that employees need to know what the overall company vision is inorder to achieve many of these.E The problem that often arises is that, while they are increasingly encouraged tomanage their own careers, they are not provided with the knowledge and training todo this.F They are able to see that, contrary to expectations, jobs in different fields are similar,and they can also see how it is possible to cross over to other areas.G Its employees are no longer motivated by these factors alone, and the problemtoday is matching a person's motivation with the right job.H He argues that while Human Resources managers are saying the way forward isthrough self-managed learning and self-development, they are still failing to provideadequate learning resources.I The main reasons for this, it concludes, are the recent cuts in the number ofmiddle-management posts, and the changes that have taken place in theresponsibilities of personnel departments.答 案 :8.E9.C 10.H 11.A12.D试 题8PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the following text.• Choose the best sentence from the list on page 36 to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8 - 12 mark one letter A - I on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.MarketingIn the past, the concept of marketing emphasised sales. The producer or manufacturermade a product he wanted to s e l l . e x a mp l e . Basically, selling the productwould be accomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personals e l l i n g ( 8) Distribution consisted oftransportation, storage, and related services such as financing, standardisation andgrading, and the related risks.The modern marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it isbased on a different set of p r in c ip le s ( 9) In other words, goods should beproduced only if they can be sold.Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product----- or whatthe market for the product is —— before production begins.Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing andproducing a product that satisfies these wants at a profit to the c o m p a n y (11)This is much more difficult since it involves human b e h a v io u r.( 1 2 ) Thus,demand and market forces are still an important aspect of modern marketing, but theyare considered prior to the production process.Example: CA. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified onlybyconsumption.B. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product.C. Marketing is as important in today's economy as the production of goods andservices.D. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem.E. Such markets must be created and stimulated by managers.F. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.G. More than half the cost of consumer goods can be traced to marketing activities.H. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution ofthe product to the places where it was actually sold.I. Instead of concentrating solely on production, the company must consider thedesires of the consumer.答 案 :Questions 8 - 12:H, A, F, I, D试 题9PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this advertisement about business book reviews.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8 - 12, mark one letter A-1 on your Answer Sheet.33 • Do not mark any letter twice.A) These introductory texts are the most important books and using them can pay bigdividends.B) Discover practical tips and techniques you can apply without delay.Special Introductory Offer!Gain a working knowledge of the topBusiness books - rapidly and easilyNow you can read the best business books - in just 15 minutes each!It's the executive dilemma of the Nineties: information overload.(exam ple).There should be a simpler way to keep track of the latest ideas. And there is.A systematic solution:Suppose you had an assistant who screened and selected only the quality books fory o u . ( 8 ) , So you could obtain a working knowledge of the book's contentsin a fraction of the time. Now you can have that assistant with Executive BookSummaries. Every month, you receive quick-reading, time-saving summaries of thebest new business b o o k s . ( 9 ) . This means that rather than taking five to tenhours to read, it takes just 15 minutes! How you'll benefit. Executive BookSummaries, designed for the busy executive, are a solution to the growingmanagement problem of too much to read and too little lime to do it.• Improve your business confidence.You gain a real understanding of the key points of the best new business books.• Learn more, remember more.We've taken account of extensive research into the memory functions of the humanb r a i n ( 1 0 ) . • Get ideas you can u s e . ( 1 1 ) . In a summary, theseideas are more accessible and 'actionable9. • Cut hundreds of hours off your readingload. How often have you opened a new book with great expectations - only to find ita huge disappointm ent?( 1 2 ) The books we summarise cover just aboutevery subject you need to know, from management techniques to guidance on yourcareer.34 C) In order to avoid this problem, we select for you only the truly worthwhile titlesand reject the rest.D) According to studies published in psychology journals, you retain the content of asummary better than a book.E) He or she would take the most important ideas from each one, and compile theminto a neat executive summary.F) With the breadth and depth of knowledge gained from books, it is less likely thatyou'll be caught off guard.G) Each contains all the key points in the original book, but instead of 200 to 500pages there are only eight pages.H) There's a sample of the superb business titles that we summarise for you.I) With all the reading you have to do in the normal course of your work, you find itimpossible to keep up with all the new business books.答案：8.E9.G 10.D ll.B 12.C试 题 13PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about career planning.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.Career PlanningFor many employees, automatic promotion up the ranks of a company is becomingincreasingly rare. A new study suggests that, in response, employers need to considerhow they can help staff develop their careers.Employers need to rethink their approach to career management completely,according to the latest research by the Institute of Employment Studies. The newstudy finds that in fact there is little opportunity for individual career development inmany large organisations, (exam ple).The Institute of Employment Studies makesit clear that it is not good practice for companies to hand over careerdevelopment to individual employees and then simply leave them to get on with it. (8)So how should employers help their staff develop a career? Most employees havecome to accept that career development is not always the same thing as upwardpromotion and a higher salary. (9) .They must also ensure that theseopportunities are extended to all their staff and not just to selected individuals.Nick Bridges, who is Director of Human Resources Policy at the Bank of EasternEngland, believes there is more talk than action in this area. ( 1 0 ) . One way, hebelieves, for companies to show how serious they are about individual learning is tomake it an official part of company practice, as the Bank of Eastern England has done.( 1 1 ) . This document, he points out, has made the role of managersclear, and the company has also invested huge amounts of money educating managersso that they can then train their staff.35 Another company, British Chemicals, has contracted an independent organisationto help staff with confidential career advice. According to John Yates, the head ofIndividual Learning and Development at British Chemicals, there is an important rolefor outside agencies to play in the career management process. He adds that it iscompany policy for managers to give all staff 'roadmaps' which show possible careerroutes within the company structure. ( 1 2 ) . This has worked especially well, hesays, for staff who are used to depending on their line managers for guidance.Many large organisations now recognise that career development cannot be regardedin isolation, and must be part of an overall business strategy. Human Resources has areal role to play in building a strong workforce which meets a company's long-termbusiness needs and makes it more competitive. A Its policy statement says that by2006, eighty per cent of its staff will have a professional qualification.B His recommendations go even further than that, and he has called for a nationaldebate on the issue of what should be regarded as a career in the future.C This change of attitude means employers need to place more emphasis on givingstaff the chance to develop a range of skills through horizontal job moves.D It points out that employees need to know what the overall company vision is inorder to achieve many of these.E The problem that often arises is that, while they are increasingly encouraged tomanage their own careers, they are not provided with the knowledge and training todo this.F They are able to see that, contrary to expectations, jobs in different fields are similar,and they can also see how it is possible to cross over to other areas.G Its employees are no longer motivated by these factors alone, and the problemtoday is matching a person's motivation with the right job.H He argues that while Human Resources managers are saying the way forward isthrough self-managed learning and self-development, they are still failing to provideadequate learning resources.I The main reasons for this, it concludes, are the recent cuts in the number ofmiddle-management posts, and the changes that have taken place in theresponsibilities of personnel departments.答 案 :8.E9.C 10.H 11.A12.D试 题4PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this memorandum.• Choose the best sentence from the list A - I to fill each of the blanks.• For each blank (8- 12) mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer Sheet.• De not mark any letter twice.• One answer has teen given as an example.MEMORANDUMTo: Filma Williams, school of Architecture36 From: Ram S. Johnson, Physical Plant OperationsSubject: Air-conditioning Installation Costs for East Hall.Date: 4.4.94As you requested in your memo of March 15, we have studied the costs of installingair conditioning for the seven offices and two studio classrooms in East HallExampleOffice and Classroom installationEstimates were obtained from three contractors on the costs of covering the officesand classrooms 8 The work would take about three weeks.Because the central unit would be installed on the roof, some noise problems mightoccur during a four-or five-day period 9 Sheet metal work to build out lestin the classes could be dine on weekends, and the overtime labour costs of about$ 1,500 have been included in the estimates.Arrangements were not made to do the office space installation on weekends ... 10 ...Additional InstallationBecause a larger installation, including a more powerful central unit, would benecessary to handle the halls and stairways, an additional $6,000 would be requiredfor the e q u ip m e n t. 11 If this additional work were delayed until a latertime, a new central unit would be required along with changesin the pipe way 12SummaryThe total job for the building would be about $ 35,000 if done at one time. Atwo-stage installation would cost about $55,000.1 can get official bids at your request.Example: AA. As you suggested, we also sought information on the additional cost of airconditioning in the entrance halls and stairways.B. All these three were in the $ 20,000 to $ 25,000 range.C. This later installation would cost about $20,000.D. However, class interruption should be minimal.E. In the same way, each of these three would take at least one month.F. Therefore, the total cost was this $6,000 plus another $5,000.G. Labour costs would be an additional S 5,000, bringing the total cost of the additionto $11,000.H. Each faculty member could expect to have workers in office for about one day.I. So faculty members can continue their office work as usual.答案：8. B9. D 10. H 11. G 12. C试 题 10PART TWOQuestions 8-1237 • Read the text below about work uniforms.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter A-I on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.A. Feedback was then collected from staff at the hotel and minor changes were madebefore the uniform was introduced across all hotels.B. The award will be presented to the competition winners at The Career andWorkwear Show which Altered Images We have teamed up with The Career andWorkwear Show to find the best-dressed organization. Two hotel groups and amanagement center have made it to the shortlist.Uniforms project an instant image about a business, as well as creating a team spiritamong staff. Choose the wrong workwear and you risk upsetting your customers andemployees.Three entrants have been shortlisted in the competition to find the best-dressedbusiness:Country Hotel Group, Goring Residential Management College and Major Hotels,(example)A detailed entry form set out to discover the thought processes the entrants had usedbefore they selected their new uniforms. ( 8) . In addition to price and style thejudges wanted to know how the organisation introduced the new look and whatlessons it had learnt. The Country Hotel Group was looking for a uniform that wascomfortable to wear and presented a relaxed country image to guests. The firm admitsto placing a great emphasis on the clothing and appearance of its staff. ( 9) . Abrief was issued to a number of companies who then had to present their ideas in afashion show format to 50 employees.After the design was chosen, one hotel tried out the uniform for three months. (10)The aim of the new uniform at Goring Residential Management College was to makestaff instantly recognisable to course participants. The chosen design from ClassyRags established a clear corporate image at the college. There were many differentoutfits but only three fabrics had been used throughout the range and therefore theuniform was easily recognisable. One of the judges in the competition, fashionjournalist Sally Bain, was also impressed with the value for money aspect of theuniforms. (11)At Major Hotels a new uniform was needed to replace the old one which wasconsidered to be 'old-fashioned and unattractive/ The new design was well receivedby the reception staff of the hotel chain. ( 1 2 ) . The new bottle-green uniformswere selected from Rayner Corporate Clothing. It was felt that it was a functionalchoice of colour and made a pleasant change from the more traditional black.38 will be held at Business Design Centre in London.C. They all believe that its introduction has led to a modern, more professionalcorporate image and greater confidence among them.D. One entry predicted that uniform fabrics would incorporate security aids which areread by sensors on doors and only allow access to authorised personnel.E. In her opinion this had been achieved at half the cost of the other entries, with theaverage cost per person being£201,and each uniform being expected to last two years.F. It asked why the uniform was introduced, who it was designed to be worn by, andhow the firm went about selecting a supplier.G. She felt that the head receptionist at the hotel should be asked to put forward theviews and preferences of the team.H. In its entry it said: 'Substantial investment has been made in this uniform becauseuniforms are seen as a very important area.9I) One reason for this is that all three proved to the judges that they had thoroughlyresearched their choice of new uniforms.答案：8.F9.H10.A11.E12.C练习 3.Banks and Banking : Other Bank ServicesA modern bank provides many services other than checking a c c o u n ts .1If you went to a bank to open a savings account, you would go through almost thesame procedures followed in applying for a checking a c c o u n t.2 Then youwould be given a passbook in which your initial deposit would be recorded. Alldeposits and withdrawals from your account are entered into your passbook.3 With a regular passbook savings account, you would be able to withdrawmoney wherever you needed it. All you would have to do is fill out a withdrawalorder and present it,along with your passbook to the teller.All banks pay interest on savings accounts. 4 Banks also pay interest atdifferent times.5 Suppose, for example, that on January 1, you deposited $ 1,000 in a bankthat paid 4 1/2 percent interest semiannually. By July l,you would have earned$ 22.50 interest. This interest would automatically be credited to your account; and ofyou left it in the bank, along with your original deposit, you would receive interest on$ 1,022.50 for the next six-month period. That is, your interest would be compounded.A. But the majority of them pay semiannually, that is, every six months.B. The interest rate varies from bank to bank, but the general range is from 4 1/2 to 6percent.C. This means that passbook contains an actual record of all transactions made andthat you know the exact amount of savings you have at any one time.D. One of these is checking accounts.E. First you would be asked to fill out a signature card.F. But most banks pay interest at the end of a year.G. One of the most important of these is regular passbook savings.H. One can withdraw money whenever necessary.答案：答案：LG； 2.E； 3. ； 4. B； 5. A第六课时练习 1. Problems at Southford PlantDear MR Ballard,You asked for a brief report concerning the recent events at the Southford Plant.We have consulted the files and spoken to relevant members of the highermanagement and thus are able to provide an explanation for the breakdown reportedin the press on 17 May of this year.1 The handling equipment used to deliver the components to the assemblyline has been known to be in need of an overhaul for the past six months. The planthas been working to full capacity to finish the American orders according to schedule.As you know, we had commissioned a study by Industrial Research Consultants.2 In it they warned that there was not enough space available to storesufficient components 3 We had decided to install fully automated robotsystem. However, at the same time it was clear to our production director that giventhe present maintenance staff, we would not have sufficient staff available if bigproblems were to arise 4 But we were still only working a two-shift systemso the machines were not getting the necessary cover.We all agree that the breakdown was extremely unfortunate and yet we must admitthat, under the circumstance, it was not entirely unexpected.We now believe that we have managed to sort out the major problems which we hadbeen having with the conveyor equipment 5 Added to this is the fact thatpersonnel department has been successful in recruiting some highly qualifiedmaintenance staff who makes us confident that a repetition of the 16 May now seemsentirely unlikely.A. They also recommended expanding the present two-shift system to a three-shiftone.B. And also when the new robots are installed in September, we feel certain that suchproblems will become a thing of the past.C. Unfortunately, as you know, there has been a major problem with recognizing themaintenance schedule.D. The wide range of machine we operate is not fully supervised at all times.E. The cause of the breakdown was very simple.F. They submitted their report on April 5.G. There have been a number of delays and breakdowns in production recently whichhave been reported in the press.H. The firm has been advertising for maintenance engineers for some weeks.I. All the facilities in the plant will be coordinated to enable the workers to step upproduction of the new range of machines.40 答案：l.E ； 2.F； 3. A； 4. H； 5.B试 题 14PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the article below about job interviews.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12 mark one letter (A-I) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.How to Succeed at InterviewsThe aim of a job interview is to establish whether you are likely to do well in aparticular job in a specific organisation. This is not only a matter of having thenecessary technical knowledge and skills.You must also have the motivation, the ability to adapt to new ways of working and toa new work environment, and the personality to do the job and fit into a new team,(e x a m p le ). These include getting on with people, oral and writtencommunication, teamworking, problem solving and good time management.Most people think that interviewers know what they are looking for and willrecognise it when they see it. ( 8 ) . This applies to recruiters as much as anyoneelse. In fact a former head of selection at one big firmused to say that “someinterviewers are so poor they would do better to rely on chance”.In companies which recognise this, various methods are used to try to find the rightperson ( 9 ) .Research has shown that this approach is more reliable than the ordinary job interview,though not as effective as using personality tests or assessment centres.In a structured interview the interviewer groups the qualities listed in the jobspecification under various headings. There are two well-established structures forthis: the National Institute of Industrial Psychology's Seven-Point Plan and theFive-Fold Grading System. Both these systems cover factors such as physicalappearance, qualifications, general intelligence, motivation and previousexperience.(lO ).However, they should not give equal weight to each one. Some factors are moreimportant in one job than another. For example, physical appearance and manner willbe more important in a sales position than in a researcher who works behind thescenes. It is also a fact that the impact the candidate makes in the first three of fourminutes of an interview is of major importance^ 11) .A decision not to hire isoften made during those first few minutes.It is not always possible to tell whether structured interview techniques are being used.If interviewers ask questions systematically, using some kind of checklist, andoccasionally make a brief note, they probably are. On the other hand, if theinterviewer goes through your application form to confirm what you have already said,or asks irrelevant questions, or jumps from one topic to another the interview isunlikely to be structured. Before you attend any interview, look again at the jobdescription and the personal specification. ( 1 2 ) . If you already have a mental listof the key points that you need to mention, you are unlikely to waste time givingirrelevant information or to omit important points in your favour.A Study them closely and assess what your interviewer will be looking for.B However, people are actually not very good at assessing one another.C A number of skills are common to most of these interviewing situations.D Although a favourable impression may be reversed later in the interview, a negativeimpression is rarely changed.E The most common is the structured interview.F The effectiveness of the interviewer can be improved by training.G For each of these areas the interviewers score candidates against how well they fitthe job specification.H The ability to cope with stress and get on with people is essential.I But there are other personal skills that affect your success in a job.答案：8.B 9.E 10.G ll.D 12.AFinding the right peopleWhen a small company grows, managers must take on many new roles. Besides theday-to-day running of the business, they find themselves responsible for, among otherthings, relations with outside investors, increased levels of cashflow and, hardest ofall, recruitment.For most managers of small and medium-sized enterprises, the job of searching for,interviewing and selecting staff is difficult and time-consuming. ___(0) G___.Interviewing, for example, is a highly skilled activity in itself.“We have found the whole process very hard,“ says Dan Baker, founding partner ofa PR company.“In seven years we have grown from five to eighteen staff, but we have not found iteasy to locate and recruit the right people.^^___(8)___. As Dan Baker explains, 64Wewent to one for out first recruitment drive, but they took a lot of money in advanceand didn't put forward anybody suitable. In the end wehad to do it ourselves.”Most recruitment decisions are based on a pile of CVs, a couple of short interviewsand two cautious references. David Rowe, a business psychologist, studied howappointments were made in five small companies. He claims that selection was rarelybased in clear criteria. ___(9)___. This kind of approach to recruitment often hasunhappy consequences for both employers and new recruits.Small companies often know what kind of person they are looking for.___(10)___.According to David Rowe, this means that small company managers themselves haveto devote more time and energy to recruitment. It shouldn't be something that is left tothe evenings or weekends.Many companies start the recruitment process with over-optimistic ideas about thetype of person that will fit into their team. "It's very easy to say you must have thebest people in the top positions,,,says Alex Jones, managing partner of an executive recruitment company. "Butsomeone who is excellent in one company may not do so well in another environment.___(11)___. You can never guarantee a successful transfer of skills.”Whatever the candidate's qualifications, their personal qualities are just as importantsince they will have to integrate with existing members of staff. This is where, therecruitment industry argues, they can really help.According to Alex Jones, good recruitment agency will visit your company and aska lot of questions.__ (12)___. They can ask applicants all sorts of you with a shortlistof people who not only have the skills, but who arelikelyto fit in with your company'sway of doing things.A. A finance director in a big company, for example, will often make a terrible smallcompany finance director because he or she is used to having a team doing theday-to-day jobs.B. More often than not, the people making the choice prioritized different qualities incandidates or relied on guesswork.C. Recruitment would seem an obvious task to outsource, but the company'sexperience of recruitment agencies was not encouraging.D. They need paying for that, of course, but you will have them working for you andnot for the candidate.E. They are usually in very specific markets and the problem they face is thatrecruitment agencies may not really understand the sector.F. This means that companies cannot spend more than the standard ten minutesinterviewing each applicant.G. Yet few are trained and competent for all aspects of the task.答案：8.C； 9.B； 10.E； ll.A； 12.DPart 3作业：Part 3Exercise 1Questions 1-6Read the article below about public relations.For each question 1-6, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet, for theanswer you choose.Public RelationsA company does not function in a vacuum, but rather as part of a society. That societyconsists of the people who work for it, the people and companies that do businesswith it, the public at large, and the government that regulates and taxes it. Thesegroups are known as a company's "publics.” In order for a company to deal with thesepublics effectively, a relationship of trust must exist. Employees will notcooperate with or put forth their best efforts for a company that they do not trust orthat they feel is taking advantage of them. The public will not buy products orservices from a company that, in their view, is not responsible or trustworthy. And thegovernment, as the protector of the society it governs, is especially vigilant in dealingwith a company that it regards as not operating in the public interest. Given thesecircumstances, every business, whether it is a giant corporation or a small factory, afive-star hotel or a roadside tavern, needs to give some thought to the relationship ithas with all the various publics it interacts with. The techniques that a company usesto improve these relationships are known as “publicrelations”, also called PR.43 The goal of public relations is usually to improve the climate or atmosphere inwhich a company operates.Here are some results a company might expect from asuccessfulpublic relationscampaign:Its products and services are better known.Its relationship with employees has improved.Its public reputation has improved.A successful public relations campaign can get people to do something that will help acompany, stop them from doing something that might hurt it, or at least allow thecompany to proceed with a course of action without criticism. 66An organization withgood public relations has a favourable image or reputation, perhaps as a result ofpublic relations activities." Says Richard Weiner, a noted and award-winning publicrelations counselor. In developing and implementing public relations plans,companies often use a simple five-step process: research or fact finding, planning,action,communication, and evaluation.A classic example of public relations at work is McDonald's. It has always beenimportant to McDonald's to be known as a company that values cleanliness. Indeed,founder Ray Kroc emphasized cleanliness a long with quality, service, and value asbeing the four most important things in any McDonald's operation. For that reason,Kroc instructed the first McDonald's franchisees to pick up all litter within a twoblock radius of their stores, whether it was McDonald's litter or not. The companyalso did many other things to help protect the environment. In 1990, it announced aprogram called McRecycle in which McDonald's committed itself to buy $100million in recycled materials for use in building and remodeling its restaurants. It isimportant to understand the role public relations has played in all the company'sdecisions. McDonald's has always been socially responsible and extremely concernedabout its image. These two facts are part and parcel of its public relationships. ToMcDonald's,public relationships activities go much deeper than simply sending out press releasesand having corporate officers serve on various charitable boards. The companyunderstands that real public relations means taking significant action first, thenannouncing them to the public. Without the first step, the second would bemeaningless. Many companies do not understand this basic principle: If you want tomake news, you must first do something newsworthy.1. According tothe passage, a company's publics refer toA. people in a societyB. employees and employers within a companyC. people and organization in and outside a companyD. the company and the government2. A good public relationship is based onA. mutual understandingB. mutual familiarityC. mutual attractionD. mutual trust3. The aim of public relations is toA. improve a company's operatingenvironmentB. make a company's products known to the publicC. make a company's name known to the publicD. establish a good relationship with employees4. The passage tells us that a good reputation of a company mostly comes fromA. its high quality productsB. the fame of its executivesC. its public relation activitiesD. its relationship with the government5. According to the text, how many steps are usually adopted to implement publicrelations plans?A. Three.B. Five.C. Eight.D. Not mentioned.6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Public relations first, business second.B. Actions speak louder than words.C. It is easier said than done.D. One should seek truth from facts.PARTTHREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article belowabout business meetings and the questions on the oppositepage.• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet forthe answer you choose.GETTING THE MOST OUT OF MEETINGOne aspect of business life which many managers are unhappy with is the need toattend meetings.Research indicates that managers will spend between a third and a half of theirworking lives in meetings.Although most managers would agree that it is hard to think of an alternative tomeetings, as a means of considering information and making collective decisions,their length and frequency can cause problems with the workload of even thebest-organised executives.Meetings work best if they take place only when necessary and not as a matter ofroutine. One example of this is the discussion of personal or career matters betweenmembers of staff and their line and personnel managers. Another is during the earlystages of a project when the team managing it need to learn to understandand trust oneanother.Once it has been decided that a meeting is necessary, decisions need to be taken aboutwho will attend and about the location and length of the meeting. People should onlybe invited to attend if they are directly involved in the matters under discussion andthe agenda should be distributed well in advance.An agenda is vital because it acts as a road map to keep discussion focused andwithin the time limited allocated. This is also the responsibility of the person chairingthe meeting, who should encourage those who say little to speak and stop those whohave a great deal to say from talking too much.At the end of a well organised meeting, people will feel that the meeting has been asuccess and be pleased they were invited. They will know not only what decisionswere made but also the reasons for these decisions. Unfortunately, at the end of abadly organised meeting those present will leave feelingthat they have wasted their time and that nothing worthwhile has been achieved.Much together has been given over the years to ways of keeping meeting short. Oneman who has no intention of spending half his working life in meeting is RolandWinterson, chief executive of a large manufacturing company. He believes thatmeetings should be short, sharp and infrequent. "I try to hold no more than two orthree meetings a week, attended by a maximum of three people for no longer thanhalf an hour,“ he says. "They are clearly aimed at achieving a specific objective, suchas making a decision or planning a strategy, and are based on careful preparation. Idraw up the agenda for every meeting and circulate it in advance; those attending areexpected to study it carefully and should be prepared to both ask and answer questions.Managers are best employed carrying out tasks directlyconnected with their jobs not attending endless meetings. In business, time is moneyand spending it in needless meetings that don't achieve anything can be very costly.Executives should follow the example of lawyers and put a cost on each hour of theirtime and then decide whether attending a long meeting really is the best way to spendtheir13. What do most managers think about meetings?A. Meetings take up most of their working life.B. Meetings allow them to monitor decision-making.C. Meetings prevent them from establishing a routine.D. Meetings are the only way they know of achieving certain objectives.14. According to the writer, an example of a valuable meeting is one whichA. allows colleagues toachieve a better working relationship.B. requires managers to discuss staffing needs with personnel.C. selects a suitable group of people to work together as a team.D. encourages staff to present ideas on improvements in management.15. According tothe writer the agenda is important because itA. is seen by everybody before the meeting.B. helps to give direction to the discussions.C. contains items of interest toall those present.D. shows who should speak at each stage of the meeting.16. The writer says that people leaving a well organised meeting will understandA. the reason for their invitation to attend.B. how the decisions taken were relevant to them.C. the importance of proposals under discussion.D. why certain courses of action were agreed upon.17. What does Roland Winterson say about the meetings that he organises?A. He aims to hold them on a regular basis.B. He ensures they have a definite purpose.C. He requires his managers to draw up the agenda.D. He uses them to make decisions about strategy.18. What is Roland Winteson's opinion about meetings?A. They ban be a bad use of a manager's time.B. Their importance is often underestimated.C. They frequently result in wrong decisions.D. Their effectiveness couldbe improved with better planning.答案：13.D； 14.A； 15.B； 16.D； 17.B； 18.APARTTHREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about how to avoid working long hours and the questionson the opposite page• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, forthe answer you choose.Morning, noon and nightThe long-hours culture at workWorking an eight-hour day is a luxury for most professional people. Nowadays, theonly way to guarantee an eight-hour working day is to have the kind of job where youclock on and off. Those professionals who have managed to limit their hours to whatwas, 20 years ago, the average do not wish to identify themselves. "I can quite easilyachieve my work within a normal day, but I don't like to draw attention to it,“ saysone sales manager. "People looked at me when I left at 5 o'clock. Now, I putpaperwork in my bag. People assume I'm doing extra hours at home.^^But more typical is Mark, who works as an account manager. He says, “My contractsays I work from 9 until 5 with extra hours as necessary. It sounds as if the extra hoursare exceptional. In fact ,my job would be enough not only for me, but also forsomeone else part-time. The idea of an eight-hour day makes me laugh!,? He says hehas thought about going freelance but realises that this doesn't guaranteebetter working hours.Professors Cary Cooper, occupational psychologist at the University of Manchester, isthe author of the annual Quality of Working Life survey. The most recent surveyfound that 77% of managers in Britain work more than their contracted hours, andthat this is having a damaging effect on their health, relationships and productivity.Professor Cooper is critical of the long-hours culture. He says that while bossesbelieve long hours lead to greater efficiency, there is no evidence to support this. t4Infact, the evidence shows that long hours make you ill.”There are, he says, steps that can be taken. One is to accept that the in-tray will neverbe empty. "There are always things to do. You just have to make the rule that oncertain days you go home early.^^Prioritising work and doing essential tasks first helps, he says. He also thinks it's timeto criticize bad employers and unreasonable terms of employment. "By all means,show commitment where necessary but when expectations are too high, people haveto begin saying openly that they have a life outside of work/Personal development coach Mo Shapiro agrees that communication is important.Staff need to talk to managers about the working practices within a company. Bothparties should feel that the expectations are realistic and allow them to haveresponsibilities and interests outside work. She recongnises, however,that in many organizations the response might well be, “If you want more interestsoutside work, then find another job.^^She believes that senior staff have a duty to set an example. UI recently worked for afirm of solicitors where the partners started at 7.30am. What kind of message is that tosend to the staff?” She believes there is no shame in working sensible hours - in factquite the reserve. "Some people might be in at 7.30am but will be doing very little.You can work really hard from 9 to 5 and achieve the same. If you find it difficult toachieve an eight-hour day, there is, as a last resort, the old trick of leaving your jacketon your chair and your computers switched on, even after you have left the building.”13. What does the writer say in the first paragraph about people who work aneight-hour day?A. They are reluctant to admit to this.B. They are disliked by their colleagues.C. They are limited to certain professions.D. They often catch up on work in the evenings.14. What does Mark say about his work?A. His main concern is job security.B. Too much of his time at work is wasted.C. The terms of his contract are misleading.D. He objects to being given other people's work.15. What does Cary Cooper say about recent trends in the workplace?A. He believes that a long working day is counter-productive.B. He has doubts about the results of theQuality of Working Life survey.C. He says that employers should accept the link between working hours and safety.D. He argues that further research is needed into the relationship between work andhealth.16. How does Cary Cooper think people should deal with the requirements of theworkplace?A. Obtain help in negotiating terms of employment.B. Let people know when demands are unreasonable.C. Delegate the less important work to other staff.D. Accept that the modern workplace is a competitive place.17. What does Mo Shapiro see as a problem for employees today?A. They lack the communication skills that modern business requires.B. Many employers would not regard requests for shorter hours favourably.C. Most employers do not want to be responsible for the professional development ofstaff.D. They have difficulties adapting to the rapid changes occurring in workingpractices.18. What does Mo Shapiro think about present working hours?A. In many companies senior staff need to work a long day.B. The best staff are efficient enough to finish their work within eight hours.C. There are too many staff deceiving employers about their hours of work.D. Top executives should use their influenceto change the long-hours culture.答案：13.A； 14.C； 15.A； 16.B； 17.B； 18.DPARTTHREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article belowabout managing a small business and the questions on theopposite page.■ For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, forthe answer you choose.The Difficulties Of Managing A Small BusinessRonald Meers asks who chief executives of entrepreneurial orsmall businesses can turn to for advice.“The organisational weaknesses that entrepreneurs have to deal with every daywould cause the managers of a mature company to panic, ” Andrew Bidden wroterecently in Boston Business Review.This seems to suggest that the leaders of entrepreneurial or small businesses must beunlike other managers, or the problems faced by such leaders must be the subject of aspecialised body of wisdom, or possibly both. Unfortunately, neither is true. Not muchworth reading about managing the entrepreneurial or small business has been written,and the leaders of such businesses are made of flesh and blood, like the rest of us.Furthermore, little has been done to address the aspects of entrepreneurial or smallbusinesses that are so difficult to deal with and so different from the challenges facedby management in big business. In part this is because those involved in gatheringexpertise about business and in selling advice to businesses have historically beenmore interested in the needs of big business. In part, in the UK at least, it is alsobecause small businesses havealways preferred to adapt to changing circumstances.The organisational problems of entrepreneurial or small businesses are thus forcedupon the individuals who lead them. Even more so than for bigger businesses, the oldsaying is true - that people, particularly those who make the important decisions, are abusiness's most important asset. The research that does exist shows that neithermoney nor the ability to access more of it is the major factor determining growth.The main reason an entrepreneurial business stops growing is the lack of managementand leadership resource available to the business when it matters. Give anentrepreneur an experienced, skilled team and he or she will find the funds every time.Getting the team, though, is the difficult bit.Part of the problem for entrepreneurs is the speed of change that affects theirbusinesses. They have to cope with continuous change yet have always beensuspicious about the latest "management solution”.They regard the many offerings from business schools as out of date even before theyleave the planning board and have little faith in the recommendations of consultantswhen they arrive in the hands of young., inexperienced graduates. But suchimpatience with "management solutions^^ does not mean that problems can be left tosolve themselves. However, the leaders of growing businesses are still left withthe problem of who to turn to for advice.The answer is horribly simple: leaders of small businesses can ask each other. Thecollective knowledge of a group of leaders can prove enormously helpful in solvingthe specific problems of individuals. One leader's problems have certainly beensolved already by someone else. There is an organisation called KITE which enablesthose responsible for small businesses to meet. Its members, all of whom are chiefexecutives, go through a demanding selection process, and then join a small group ofother chief executives. They come from a range of business sectors and each offers adifferent coiporate history.Each group is led by a “moderator"， an independently selected businessman orwoman who has been specially trained to head the group. Each member takes it inturn to host a meeting at his or her business premises and, most important of all, groupdiscussions are kept strictly confidential. This encourages a free sharing of problemsand increase the possibility of solutions being discovered.13. What does the writer say about entrepreneurs in the first paragraph?A. It is wrong to assume that they are different from other managers.B. The problems they have to cope with are specific to small businesses.C. They find it difficult to attract staff with sufficient expertise.D. They could learn from the organisational skills of managers in large companies.14. According to the second paragraph, what has led to a lack of support forentrepreneurs?A. Entrepreneurs have always preferred to act independently.B. The requirements of big businesses have always taken priority.C. It is difficult to find solutions to the problems faced by entrepreneurs.D. Entrepreneurs are reluctant to provide information about their businesses.15. What does the writer say about the expansion of small businesses?A. Many small businesses do not produce enough profits to finance growth.B. Many employees in small businesses have problems working as part of a team.C. Being able to recruit the right people is the most important factor affecting growth.D. Leaders of small businesses lack the experience to make their companies a success.16. What does the writer say is an additional problem for entrepreneurs in the fourthparagraph?A. They rely on management systems that are out of date.B. They will not adopt measures that provide long-term solutions.C. They have little confidence in the business advice that is available.D. They do not take market changes into account when drawing up business plans.17. What does the writer say the members of the KITE organisation provide?A. Advice no how to select suitable staff.B. A means of contacting potential clients.C. A simple checklist for analyzing problems.D. Direct experience of a number of industries.18. The writer says that KITE groups are likely to succeed becauseA. members are able to elect their leader.B. the leaders have received extensive training.C. members are encouraged to adopt a critical approach.D. information is not passed on to non-members答案：13.A； 14.B； 15.C； 16.C； 17.D； 18.D讲解：Part 3Exercise 1Questions 1-6Read the article below about public relations.For eachquestion 1-6, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet, for theanswer you choose.Public RelationsA company does not function in a vacuum, but rather as part of a society. That societyconsists of the people who work for it, the people and companies that do businesswith it, the public at large, and the government that regulates and taxes it. Thesegroups are known as a company's "publics." In order for a company to deal with thesepublics effectively, a relationship of trust must exist. Employees will not cooperatewith or put forth their best efforts for a company that they do not trust or that they feelis taking advantage of them. The public will not buy products or services from acompany that, in their view, is not responsible or trustworthy. And the government, asthe protector of the society it governs, is especially vigilant in dealing with a companythat it regards as not operating in the public interest. Given these circumstances, everybusiness, whether it is a giant corporation or a small factory, a five-star hotel or aroadside tavern, needs to give some thought to the relationship it has with all thevarious publics it interacts with. The techniques that a company uses to improve theserelationships are known as “public relations”, also called PR.The goal of public relations is usually to improve the climate or atmosphere in whicha company operates.Here are some results a company might expect from asuccessfulpublic relationscampaign:Its products and services are better known.Its relationship with employees has improved.Its public reputation has improved.A successful public relations campaign can get people to do something that will help acompany, stop them from doing something that might hurt it, or at least allow thecompany to proceed with a course of action without criticism. 4tAn organization withgood public relations has a favourable image or reputation, perhaps as a result ofpublic relations activities." Says Richard Weiner, a noted and award-winning publicrelations counselor. In developing and implementing public relations plans,companies often use a simple five-step process: research or fact finding, planning,action, communication, and evaluation.A classic example of public relations at work is McDonald's. It has always beenimportant to McDonald's to be known as a company that values cleanliness. Indeed,founder Ray Kroc emphasized cleanliness a long with quality, service, and value asbeing the four most important things in any McDonald's operation. For that reason,Kroc instructed the first McDonald's franchisees to pick up all litter within a twoblock radius of their stores, whether it was McDonald's litter or not. The companyalso did many other things to help protect the environment. In 1990, it announced aprogram called McRecycle in which McDonald's committed itself to buy $100million in recycled materials for use in building and remodeling its restaurants. It isimportant to understand the role public relations has played in all the company'sdecisions. McDonald's has always been socially responsible and extremely concernedabout its image. These two facts are part and parcel of its public relationships. ToMcDonald's, public relationships activities go much deeper than simply sending outpress releases and having corporate officers serve on various charitable boards. Thecompany understands that real public relations means taking significant action first,then announcing them to the public. Without the first step, the second would bemeaningless. Many companies do not understand this basic principle: If you want tomake news, you must first do something newsworthy.1. According tothe passage, a company's publics refer toA. people in a societyB. employees and employers within a companyC. people and organization in and outside a companyD. the company and the government2. A good public relationship is based onA. mutual understandingB. mutual familiarityC. mutual attractionD. mutual trust3. The aim of public relations is toA. improve a company's operatingenvironmentB. make a company's products known to the publicC. make a company's name known to the publicD. establish a good relationship with employees4. The passage tells us that a good reputation of a company mostly comes fromA. its high quality productsB. the fame of its executivesC. its public relation activitiesD. its relationship with the government5. According to the text, how many steps are usually adopted to implement publicrelations plans?A. Three.B. Five.C. Eight.D. Not mentioned.6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Public relations first, business second.B. Actions speak louder than words.C. It is easier said than done.D. One should seek truth from facts.第七课时PARTTHREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article belowabout business meetings and the questions on the oppositepage.• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet forthe answer youchoose.GETTING THE MOST OUT OF MEETINGOne aspect of business life which many managers are unhappy with is the need toattend meetings.Research indicates that managers will spend between a third and a half of theirworking lives in meetings.Although most managers would agree that it is hard to think of an alternative tomeetings, as a means of considering information and making collective decisions,their length and frequency can cause problems with the workload of even thebest-organised executives.Meetings work best if they take place only when necessary and not as a matter ofroutine. One example of this is the discussion of personal or career matters betweenmembers of staff and their line and personnel managers. Another is during the earlystages of a project when the team managing it need to learn to understand and trustone another.Once it has been decided that a meeting is necessary, decisions need to be taken aboutwho will attend and about the location and length of the meeting. People should onlybe invited to attend if they are directly involved in the matters under discussion andthe agenda should be distributed well in advance. An agenda is vital because it acts asa road map to keep discussion focused and within the time limited allocated. This isalso the responsibility of the person chairing the meeting, who should encourage thosewho say little to speak and stop those who have a great deal to say from talking toomuch.At the end of a well organised meeting, people will feel that the meeting has been asuccess and be pleased they were invited. They will know not only what decisionswere made but also the reasons fbr these decisions. Unfortunately, at the end of abadly organised meeting those present will leave feeling that they have wasted theirtime and that nothing worthwhile has been achieved.Much together has been given over the years to ways of keeping meeting short. Oneman who has no intention of spending half his working life in meeting is RolandWinterson, chief executive of a large manufacturing company. He believes thatmeetings should be short, sharp and infrequent. "I try to hold no more than two orthree meetings a week, attended by a maximum of three people for no longer thanhalf an hour,“ he says. "They are clearly aimed at achieving a specific objective, suchas making a decision or planning a strategy, and are based on careful preparation. Idraw up the agenda for every meeting and circulate it in advance; those attending areexpected to study it carefully and should be prepared to both ask and answer questions.Managers are best employed carrying out tasks directly connected with their jobs notattending endless meetings. In business, time is money and spending it in needlessmeetings that don't achieve anything can be very costly. Executives should follow theexample of lawyers and put a cost on each hour of their time and then decide whetherattending a long meeting really is the best way to spend their time.”13. What do most managers think about meetings?A. Meetings take up most of their working life.B. Meetings allow them to monitor decision-making.C. Meetings prevent them from establishing a routine.D. Meetings are the only way they know of achieving certain objectives.14. According to the writer, an example of a valuable meeting is one whichA. allows colleagues to achieve a better working relationship.B. requires managers to discuss staffing needs with personnel.C. selects a suitable group of people to work together as a team.D. encourages staff to present ideas on improvements in management.15. According to the writer the agenda is important because itA. is seen by everybodybefore the meeting.B. helps to give direction to the discussions.C. contains items of interest toall those present.D. shows who should speak at each stage of the meeting.16. The writer says that people leaving a well organised meeting will understandA. the reason for their invitation to attend.B. how the decisions taken were relevant to them.C. the importance of proposals under discussion.D. why certain courses of action were agreed upon.17. What does Roland Winterson say about the meetings that he organises?A. He aims to hold them on a regular basis.B. He ensures they have a definite purpose.C. He requires his managers to draw up the agenda.D. He uses them to make decisions about strategy.18. What is Roland Winteson's opinion about meetings?A. They ban be a bad use of a manager's time.B. Their importance is often underestimated.C. They frequently result in wrong decisions.D. Their effectiveness could be improved with better planning.答案：13.D； 14.A； 15.B； 16.D； 17.B； 18.APARTTHREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about how to avoid working long hours and the questionson the opposite page• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, forthe answer you choose.Morning, noon and nightThe long-hours culture at workWorking an eight-hour day is a luxury for most professional people. Nowadays, theonly way to guarantee an eight-hour working day is to have the kind of job where youclock on and off. Those professionals who have managed to limit their hours to whatwas, 20 years ago, the average do not wish to identify themselves. "I can quite easilyachieve my work within a normal day, but I don't like to draw attention to it,“ saysone sales manager. "People looked at me when I left at 5 o'clock. Now, I putpaperwork in my bag. People assume I'm doing extra hours at home.^^But more typical is Mark, who works as an account manager. He says, “My contractsays I work from 9 until 5 with extra hours as necessary. It sounds as if the extra hoursare exceptional. In fact ,my job would be enough not only for me, but also forsomeone else part-time. The idea of an eight-hour day makes me laugh!” He says hehas thought about going freelance but realises that this doesn't guarantee betterworking hours.Professors Cary Cooper, occupational psychologist at the University of Manchester, isthe author of the annual Quality of Working Life survey. The most recent surveyfound that 77% of managers in Britain work more than their contracted hours, andthat this is having a damaging effect on their health, relationships and productivity.Professor Cooper is critical of the long-hours culture. He says that while bossesbelieve long hours lead to greater efficiency, there is no evidence to support this. "Infact, the evidence shows that long hours make you ill.”There are, he says, steps that can be taken. One is to accept that the in-tray will neverbe empty. "There are always things to do. You just have to make the rule that oncertain days you go home early.^^Prioritising work and doing essential tasks first helps, he says. He also thinks it's timeto criticize bad employers and unreasonable terms of employment. "By all means,show commitment where necessary but when expectations are too high, people haveto begin saying openly that they have a life outside of work/Personal development coach Mo Shapiro agrees that communication is important.Staff need to talk to managers about the working practices within a company. Bothparties should feel that the expectations are realistic and allow them to haveresponsibilities and interests outside work. She recongnises, however, that in manyorganizations the response might well be, “If you want more interests outside work,then find another job.She believes that senior staff have a duty to set an example. UI recently worked for afirm of solicitors where the partners started at 7.30am. What kind of message is that tosend to the staff?” She believes there is no shame in working sensible hours - in factquite the reserve. "Some people might be in at 7.30am but will be doing very little.You can work really hard from 9 to 5 and achieve the same. If you find it difficult toachieve an eight-hour day, there is, as a last resort, the old trick of leaving your jacketon your chair and your computers switched on, even after you have left the building.”13. What does the writer say in the first paragraph about people who work aneight-hour day?A. They are reluctant to admit to this.B. They are disliked by their colleagues.C. They are limited to certain professions.D. They often catch up on work in the evenings.14. What does Mark say about his work?A. His main concern is job security.B. Too much of his time at work is wasted.C. The terms of his contract are misleading.D. He objects to being given other people's work.15. What does Cary Cooper say about recent trends in the workplace?A. He believes that a long working day is counter-productive.B. He has doubts about the results of theQuality of Working Life survey.C. He says that employers should accept the link between working hours and safety.D. He argues that further research is needed into the relationship between work andhealth.16. How does Cary Cooper think people should deal with the requirements of theworkplace?A. Obtain help in negotiating terms of employment.B. Let people know when demands are unreasonable.C. Delegate the less important work to other staff.D. Accept that the modern workplace is a competitive place.17. What does MoShapiro see as a problem for employees today?A. They lack the communication skills that modern business requires.B. Many employers would not regard requests for shorter hours favourably.C. Most employers do not want to be responsible for the professional development ofstaff.D. They have difficulties adapting to the rapid changes occurring in workingpractices.18. What does Mo Shapiro think about present working hours?A. In many companies senior staff need to work a long day.B. The best staffare efficient enough to finish their work within eight hours.C. There are too many staff deceiving employers about their hours of work.D. Top executives should use their influence to change the long-hours culture.答案：13.A； 14.C； 15.A； 16.B； 17.B； 18.DPARTTHREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article belowabout managing a small business and the questions on theopposite page.■ For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, forthe answer you choose.The Difficulties Of Managing A Small BusinessRonald Meers asks who chief executives of entrepreneurial orsmall businesses can turn to for advice.“The organisational weaknesses that entrepreneurs have to deal with every daywould cause the managers of a mature company to panic, ” Andrew Bidden wroterecently in Boston Business Review.This seems to suggest that the leaders of entrepreneurial or small businesses must beunlike other managers, or the problems faced by such leaders must be the subject of aspecialised body of wisdom, or possibly both. Unfortunately, neither is true. Not muchworth reading about managing the entrepreneurial or small business has been written,and the leaders of such businesses are made of flesh and blood, like the rest of us.Furthermore, little has been done to address the aspects of entrepreneurial or smallbusinesses that are so difficult to deal with and so different from the challenges facedby management in big business. In part this is because those involved in gatheringexpertise about business and in selling advice to businesses have historically beenmore interested in the needs of big business. In part, in the UK at least, it is alsobecause small businesses havealways preferred to adapt to changing circumstances.The organisational problems of entrepreneurial or small businesses are thus forcedupon the individuals who lead them. Even more so than for bigger businesses, the oldsaying is true - that people, particularly those who make the important decisions, are abusiness's most important asset. The research that does exist shows that neithermoney nor the ability to access more of it is the major factor determining growth.The main reason an entrepreneurial business stops growing is the lack of managementand leadership resource available to the business when it matters. Give anentrepreneur an experienced, skilled team and he or she will find the funds every time.Getting the team, though, is the difficult bit.Part of the problem for entrepreneurs is the speed of change that affects theirbusinesses. They have to cope with continuous change yet have always beensuspicious about the latest "management solution”.They regard the many offerings from business schools as out of date even before theyleave the planning board and have little faith inthe recommendations of consultantswhen they arrive in the hands of young., inexperienced graduates. But suchimpatience with "management solutions^^ does not mean that problems can be left tosolve themselves. However, the leaders of growing businesses are still left withthe problem of who to turn to for advice.The answer is horribly simple: leaders of small businesses can ask each other. Thecollective knowledge of a group of leaders can prove enormously helpful in solvingthe specific problems of individuals. One leader's problems have certainly beensolved already by someone else. There is an organisation called KITE which enablesthose responsible for small businesses to meet. Its members, all of whom are chiefexecutives, go through a demanding selection process, and then join a small group ofother chief executives. They come from a range of business sectors and each offers adifferent coiporate history.Each group is led by a “moderator"， an independently selected businessman orwoman who has been specially trained to head the group. Each member takes it inturn to host a meeting at his or her business premises and, most important of all, groupdiscussions are kept strictly confidential. This encourages a free sharing of problemsand increase the possibility of solutions being discovered.13. What does the writer say about entrepreneurs in the first paragraph?A. It is wrong to assume that they are different from other managers.B. The problems they have to cope with are specific to small businesses.C. They find it difficult to attract staff with sufficient expertise.D. They could learn from the organisational skills of managers in large companies.14. According to the second paragraph, what has led to a lack of support forentrepreneurs?A. Entrepreneurs have always preferred to act independently.B. The requirements of big businesses have always taken priority.C. It is difficult to find solutions to the problems faced by entrepreneurs.D. Entrepreneurs are reluctant to provide information about their businesses.15. What does the writer say about the expansion of small businesses?A. Many small businesses do not produce enough profits to finance growth.B. Many employees in small businesses have problems working as part of a team.C. Being able to recruit the right people is the most important factor affecting growth.D. Leaders of small businesses lack the experience to make their companies a success.16. What does the writer say is an additional problem for entrepreneurs in the fourthparagraph?A. They rely on management systems that are out of date.B. They will not adopt measures that provide long-term solutions.C. They have little confidence in the business advice that is available.D. They do not take market changes intoaccount when drawing up business plans.17. What does the writer say the members of the KITE organisation provide?58 A. Advice no how to select suitable staff.B. A means of contacting potential clients.C. A simple checklist for analyzing problems.D. Direct experience of a number of industries.18. The writer says that KITE groups are likely to succeed becauseA. members are able to elect their leader.B. the leaders have received extensive training.C. members are encouraged to adopt a critical approach.D. information is not passed on to non-members答案：13.A； 14.B； 15.C； 16.C； 17.D； 18.D第八课时PARTTHREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article belowabout managing a small business and the questions on theopposite page.• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, forthe answer youchoose.The Difficulties Of Managing A Small BusinessRonald Meers asks who chief executives of entrepreneurial orsmall businesses can turn to for advice.“The organisational weaknesses that entrepreneurs have to deal with every daywould cause the managers of a mature company to panic, “ Andrew Bidden wroterecently in Boston Business Review.This seems to suggest that the leaders of entrepreneurial or small businesses must beunlike other managers, or the problems faced by such leaders must be the subject of aspecialised body of wisdom, or possibly both. Unfortunately, neither is true. Not muchworth reading about managing the entrepreneurial or small business has been written,and the leaders of such businesses are made of flesh and blood, like the rest of us.Furthermore, little has been done to address the aspects of entrepreneurial or smallbusinesses that are so difficult to deal with and so different from the challenges facedby management in big business. In part this is because those involved in gatheringexpertise about business and in selling advice to businesses have historically beenmore interested in the needs of big business. In part, in the UK at least, it is alsobecause small businesses havealways preferred to adapt to changing circumstances.The organisational problems of entrepreneurial or small businesses are thus forcedupon the individuals who lead them. Even more so than for bigger businesses, the oldsaying is true - that people, particularly those who make the important decisions, are abusiness's most important asset. The research that does exist shows that neithermoney nor the ability to access more of it is the major factor determining growth.The main reason an entrepreneurial business stops growing is the lack of managementand leadership resource available to the business when it matters. Give anentrepreneur an experienced, skilled team and he or she will find the funds every time.Getting the team, though, is the difficult bit.Part of the problem for entrepreneurs is the speed of change that affects theirbusinesses. They have to cope with continuous change yet have always beensuspicious about the latest "management solution”.They regard the many offerings from business schools as out of date even before theyleave the planning board and have little faith in the recommendations of consultantswhen they arrive in the hands of young., inexperienced graduates. But suchimpatience with "management solutions^^ does not mean that problems can be left tosolve themselves. However, the leaders of growing businesses are still left with theproblem of who to turn to for advice.The answer is horribly simple: leaders of small businesses can ask each other. Thecollective knowledge of a group of leaders can prove enormously helpful in solvingthe specific problems of individuals. One leader's problems have certainly beensolved already by someone else. There is an organisation called KITE which enablesthose responsible for small businesses to meet. Its members, all of whom are chiefexecutives, go through a demanding selection process, and then join a small group ofother chief executives. They come from a range of business sectors and each offers adifferent corporate history.Each group is led by a “moderator"， an independently selected businessman orwoman who has been specially trained to head the group. Each member takes it inturn to host a meeting at his or her business premises and, most important of all, groupdiscussions are kept strictly confidential. This encourages a free sharing of problemsand increase the possibility of solutions being discovered.13. What does the writer say about entrepreneurs in the first paragraph?A. It is wrong to assume that they are different from other managers.B. The problems they have to cope with are specific to small businesses.C. They find it difficult to attract staff with sufficient expertise.D. They could learn from the organisational skills of managers in large companies.14. According to the second paragraph, what has led toa lack of support forentrepreneurs?A. Entrepreneurs have always preferred to act independently.B. The requirements of big businesses have always taken priority.C. It is difficult to find solutions to the problems faced by entrepreneurs.D. Entrepreneurs are reluctant to provide information about their businesses.15. What does the writer say about the expansion of small businesses?A. Many small businesses do not produce enough profits to finance growth.B. Many employees in small businesses have problems working as part of a team.C. Being able to recruit the right people is the most important factor affecting growth.D. Leaders of small businesses lack the experience to make their companies a success.16. What does the writer say is an additional problem for entrepreneurs in the fourthparagraph?A. They rely on management systems that are out of date.B. They will not adopt measures that provide long-term solutions.C. They have little confidence in the business advice that is available.D. They do not take market changes into account when drawing up business plans.17. What does the writer say the members of the KITE organisation provide?A. Advice no how to select suitable staff.B. A means of contacting potential clients.C. A simple checklist for analyzing problems.D. Direct experience of a number of industries.18. The writer says that KITE groups are likely to succeed becauseA. members are able to elect their leader.B. the leaders have received extensive training.C. members are encouraged to adopt a critical approach.D. information is not passed on to non-membersPARTFOURQuestions 21-35• Read the text below, which gives advice about job interviews.• Choose the best work from A, B, C or D on the opposite page to fill each gap.• For each question 21-35, mark one letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet.Success often (example)---------on your performance at an interview. For those whoare well prepared, it can be a positive 2 1 ---------but for others it can be a terrifyingtime. Love them or hate them, though, your 2 2 ------prospects are largely dependenton your interview 2 3 ---------.It's not unusual for a company to have fifty or sixty applicants for a job, so if you areasked to 24 --------- an interview, you are a serious contender being seriouslyconsidered for the post.Usually companies give you at least a day' s 2 5 ---------of an interview, so use thattime to prepare yourself well Read through the job 26 --------- and any otherinformation sent to you, and27---------answers to as many questions as you can thinkof. At the interview try to present a 'pleasant' version of yourself. You need to 28--------- the employer that you can do the job, but you mustn' t 29 ----------over-confident. Being pleasant, however, doesn't mean that you should agree witheverything that the interviewer says. Most companies want to30-------- someonewith his or her own opinions.It， s also important to make 3 1 ---------that you really listen to what is being asked. Inyour preparation you will have rehearsed answers to a number of imaginary questions,but you must tailor your response to32---------the question.It' s worthwhile spending a few moments after the interview analysing your 3 3------—.You can do this best before you know the 3 4 ---------. What aspects of theinterview went well? What do you need to35---------? What would you do differentlynext time?Interview SuccessExample:A relies B depends C trusts D countsExample: A B C D□ ■ □ □61 21. A. practice B. experience C. knowledge D. happening22. A. job B. occupation C. position D. profession23. A. craft B. proficiency C. qualifications D. skills24. A. visit B. stay C. come D. attend25. A. caution B. news C. notice D. advice26. A. description B. account C. record D. explanation27. A. make B. prepare C. bring D. arrange28. A. prove B. confirm C. convince D. guarantee28. A. show B. reveal C. display D. appear30. A. place B. appoint C. commission D. elect31. A. clear B. definite C. sure D. positive32. A. suit B. agree C. correspond D. belong33. A. performance B. production C. management D. transaction34. A. achievement B. result C. effect D. judgement35. A. advance B. encourage C. improve D. progressPARTFOURQuestion2 1-35• Read the letter below.• Choose the best word from A, B, C or D on the opposite page to fill each gap.• For each question 21-35, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.Dear Miss Brown,Thank you for your letter of 5 October, concerning (example)------goods purchasedin our store in Basingstoke.I am very sorry indeed that you were not satisfied with the celebration chocolates thatyou bought from our store. I can 2 1 ------your disappointment when you discoveredthat the chocolates were not as shown on the22------and were, in23------, all thesame shape.Our company is always trying to improve the 2 4 ------of its merchandise, and we arevery unhappy when one of our products does not 2 5 ------satisfaction.The manufacturers of our chocolates have 2 6 ------guidelines for production, whichshould 2 7 ------instances such as this from happening. Obviously our checking andpacking procedures were not 28 ------ , and we will discuss this with themanufacturers.In the 2 9 ------, I regret the disappointment you were 3 0 ------. As a gesture ofgoodwill, I have pleasure in refunding the 3 1 ------of the chocolates, and enclose agift voucher that you can 3 2 ------in our Basingstoke branch.Thank you for bringing this matter to our 3 3 ------. I hope any future purchases youmay 3 4 ------at our stores will be up to our 3 5 ------high standards.Yours sincerely,A N FergusonA N FergusonCustomer Relations21. A. know B. distinguish C. understand D. recognise22. A. packaging B. layer C. parcel D. envelope23. A. point B. fact C. honesty D. detail24. A. worth B. goodness C. quality D. grade25. A. meet B. supply C. present D. give26. A. straight B. pure C. immediate D. clear27. A. prevent B. avoid C. forbid D. contain28. A. followed B. admitted C. confirmed D. engaged29. A. while B. meantime C. period D. space30. A. brought B. caused C. effected D. produced31. A. cost B. money C. amount D. bill32. A. employ B. operate C. apply D. use33. A. view B. attention C. sight D. regard34. A. move B. have C. make D. do35. A. ordinary B. usual C. common D. natural第九课时PARTFOURQuestions 21-35• Read the letter below.• Choose the correct word A, B, C or D on the opposite page to fill each gap.RICHMAN RINGInternational MoversExample:A. faulty B. wrong C. incorrect D. inadequateExample: ABCD■ □ □ □Our ref: F/2/J21st March 1998• For each question 21-35, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.Dear Mr. Ratanara,Re: Removal of business equipment from Singapore to Hong KongThank you for your telephone enquiry. I am (example)---------to provide you with thequotation that you requested. 21---------addition to this, I am including further detailsof our service. The price is 22---------on the items that you mentioned in your phonecal and will, of course, vary if you decide to add extra items or 23--some.In order to keep the cost as low as 24---------, we will move your equipment when it ismost convenient for us. We will try to 25---------your move with those of other clientswho ask us to transport goods at around the same time. I am sure you will 26---------that if we were to make a special trip just for your equipment the cost would be much27---------. This means that 28------you requested a move on 23 June, this precise datemay not be possible. However, we regularly transport goods 29---------Singapore andHong Kong, and we would 30---------to be able to move your equipment within twoor three days of your requested date.The 31--------- does not include packing. I understand that you prefer to 32---------outyour own packing since33---------of your equipment is quite fragile.I hope that these initial details meet with your 34---------, and ask that you do nothesitate to35---------us if you requireany further advice.Yours sincerely,Dave RingDave RingTransport ManagerExample:A. sending B. communicating C. writing D. workingExample: ABCD□ □ ■ □21. A. In B. With C. On D. By22. A. built B. created C. based D. made23. A. decrease B. prevent C. omit D. reduce24. A. realistic B. possible C. probable D. desired25. A. associate B. gather C. mix D. combine26. A. appreciate B. satisfy C. wish D. consider27. A. appreciated B. higher C. heavier D. superior28. A. still B. even C. despite D. although29. A. among B. beside C. between D. along30. A. forecast B. think C. choose D. expect31. A. guess B. value C. estimate D. judgement32. A. end B. carry C. bring D. take33. A. part B. section C. piece D. bit34. A. kindness B. approval C. permission D. allowance35. A. dial B. connect C. reach D. contactPARTFIVESection AQuestions 36 - 40• Read this book review.• In most of the lines 36 - 40 there is one extra word which does not fit. One ortwo lines, however, are correct.• If the line is correct, put a tick ( ) in the space on your Answer Sheet.• If there is an extra word in the line, write that word in the space on your AnswerSheet.Example:Most of the world's business in marine insurance is centred ...........in London though whatever there are other important markets ...whatever...PARTFIVESectionAWhere and How to Raise Financeby A J McKeonThe search for capital often begins and ends with a bank manager, but36. it doesn't need to be that way. A visit to the bank may be the first37. step in a difficult hunt but it shouldn't to be the only one. Funding38. arrangements are developing constantly and the number of sources39. is growing up. This book is a comprehensive guide written in an40. accessible format with the lists of possible sources and how to makethe most ofthem.Questions 36-40• Read the text below about a conference.• In most of the lines 36-40 there is one extra word which does not fit. One or twolines, however, arecorrect.• If a line is correct, put a tick ( V) in the space on your Answer Sheet.• If there is an extra word in the line, write that word in the space on your AnswerSheet.Examples:In order to meet the requirements of our customers and our Finance....... V .......Department, we have introduced to a new pricing policy.......to ........September 18-20:Russian Capital Markets and Investor Conference (Moscow)A three-day conference has been arranged by Dow Jones Telerate and36 the Wall Street Journal Europe. It will be look at the latest developments37 in capital markets of the Russian Federation and prospects for38 investment in key sectors and regions. Presentations that will be39 given by government ministers, including the Deputy Prime Minister40 of the Russian Federation, as well as too representatives fromthe Central Bank, and Russian investment bankers.PARTFIVESection AQuestions 36-40• Read the advertisement below for a global telephone card.• In most of the lines 36-40 there is one extra word which does not fit in. One ortwo lines, however, are correct.• If a line is correct, put a tick ( V) in the space on your Answer Sheet.• If there is an extra word in the line, write that word in the space on your AnswerSheet.PARTFIVESection AQuestions 36-40 Executives traveling internationally know all about the horrors ofphoning36 to home from abroad. They will be familiar with large hotel phone bills37 andthe problems involved in trying to find the right local coins38 for the payphone or trying to communicate with foreign operators.39 World Telecom knows all about these problems so it has been introduced40 a chargecard especially for to keep business travellers' costs down.Call costs are far lower than with competitors, and the card is simple to use.Example:Phoning is even the cheaper with our Global Calling Card....the...For further information call 0171 563879. ••• J ・ ・ ・Hamson Bell yesterday announced a range of new products which36 it hopes will make it to the world's leading pencil manufacturer by37 the year of 2010. The company is currently in third position in38 terms of market share, behind KPX and Unipen. Achieving its goal39 of number one position might be difficult, according to opinions40 market analysts, because its competitors are also working extremely hard toincrease their market share.• Read the short article below.• In most of the lines 36-40 there is one extra word which does not fit. One or twolines, however, are correct.• If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.• If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERSon your Answer Sheet.Examples:0 Manufacturingthe pens and pencils is becoming a truly global00 business, and the profits that can be made are enormous. 0T H E 00 CORRE CT试 题 15Candidate Name Centre Number CandidateNumberUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATEExaminations in English as a Foreign LanguageBUSINESS ENGLISH CERTIFICATE 0352/1VantageTest of Reading Test 022Saturday 1 JUNE 2002 Morning 1 hourAdditional materials:Answer SheetTIME 1 hourINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATEDo not open this paper until you are told to do so.Write your name, Center number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of thispage. Write these details in pencil on your Answer Sheet if these are not alreadyprinted.Write all your answers in pencil on your Answer Sheet- no extra time is allowed forthis.Read carefully the instructions for each part and the instructions for completing yourAnswer Sheet.Try to answer all the questions.At the end of the examination hand in both this question paper and your AnswerSheet.INFORMATION FOR CANDIDTESThere are forty-five questions on this question paper.This question paper consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.SP(SLC) S22086/3UCLES 2002 Turn OverPART ONEQuestions 1-7• Look at the statements below and the book reviews on the opposite page.• Which book (A, B, C or D) does each statement 1 - 7 refer to?• For each statement 1 - 7, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.• You will need to use some of these letters more than once.Example:0 It includes studies of a number of companies around the world.0A B C D1 It looks at how business organizations can affect the environment.2 It contains practical advice for people involved in data collection.3 It claims that earlier analyses of this aspect of organizations were too simplistic.4 It examines contrasting approaches to staff selection.5 It gives a better explanation of the issues than other books on the subject.6 It draws on the personal experience of the writers.7 It looks at how external influences can impact on the effectiveness of managers.AMANAGERS IN THE MAKINGAs examples of 'organizational' and 4market9 approaches to society, Japan and Britainprovide a useful contrast, showing the national and cultural factors which affect theperformance of executives. There is extensive research data behind this book, andkey areas of comparison between the two countries include their different systems ofrecruitment and their diverse attitudes both to management control and the workenvironment.BAnalyzingOrganizationsThis book provides support for managers who need to plan organizational researchwith a step-by-step, how-to9 guide. The authors describe each part of the process,the advantages and disadvantages that result from many of the choices that must bemade, and the lessons they have learnt from years spent designing and conductingsurveys. The sections on research into recruitment and employment relationships areparticularly informative.CThe Culture OfOrganizationsThis book looks at the culture of business organizations and the writers suggest thatthis is more complex and diverse than had previously been recognized. A variety ofdifferent and non-traditional research settings across industries are represented,including a car plant in Slovenia, a US software developer and a Korean electronicscompany.DImages OfOrganizationsThis book shows how organizations can be managed and designed in new ways.There are chapters on the complexity of corporate culture, and on how managers candeal with the negative impact organizations may have on society and the naturalworld. No other publication covers the arguments so clearly while developing theimplications for management with such force.PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the article below about a recruitment company.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.• There is an example at the beginning. (0).PROSPECTS ARE GROWINGJane Woodford, head of Prospects recruitment group, talks about how the company isset to grow.How many jobs have managing directors reading this article had already? Five?More than ten?Well, Jane Woodford, head of the Prospects recruitment group, has had an amazingseventeen jobs.Woodford has kept a careful count of jobs, which include working in fast food, at atheatre and as a dress-maker. (0).......In February of this year, after several years asa partner in the business, she became the managing director of the Prospects group.Prospects was started in 1988 as the Job Shop group, by Hilary Marks. A formerestate agent, she decided to go it alone and launched the company in a three-metre bythree-metre office, after a downturn in the property market. (8) ....... 'I don't thinkshe believed she could find anybody who cared as much about her 'baby' as she did/says Woodford.Surely it must have been difficult for Marks when Woodford became the MD and shebecame marketing director? Yes, Woodford agrees it was: 6It was extremely hard forHilary, because originally she had been her own boss. But how to manage changesin the company was something we all had to learn about/ (9) ....... Some benefitedfrom this opportunity while others didn't, though the company has only lost two of itslong-serving managers.The change in the head of the company happened at the same time as the company'sname changed. A brainstorming session between Woodford, Marks and theiraccountant produced the name Prospects.The company now has three separate trading divisions, each with its own internalmanagement structure. One of Prospects9 operations, New Directions, provides ITtraining for clients and courses about employment affairs for students, teachers andeducational advisers. (10) 4We need to be closely involved with theeducational system/ she says.Always looking to encourage and motivate staff, Prospects has appointed team leaders,giving them extra responsibility for dealing with the company's accounts, budgetingand day-to-day operations.(11) ....... 'We accept that they may go on to become directors of other companies/Woodford explains.So, what are Woodford\ own ambitions for Prospects? ’I'd like to consolidate all thework we have already done and continue to build up a good team of people/ shereplies simply. (12).......iWhen a recruiter has been with us for three years we offer financial bonusestowards the cost of opening his or her own Prospects branch,9she says.Example:A B C D E F GAThe reasoning behind this decisionwas that these people will help the company toprogress, and yet their own careers will benefit at the same time.BOriginally, she wasn't looking for a business partner at all.CShe joined the company in 1995 as business development manager, and became ashareholder in 1996 and a director in 1997 before taking on her current position.DWoodford sees this activity as particularly important for Prospects becauserecruitment isn't something she believes should stand on its own.EShe is also keen for her trusted consultants, as she calls them, to share in thecompany's success through its internal reward scheme.FDiscussion group were set up to help staff at every level make necessary adjustments.GThis very wide experience of working life has without a doubt helped her as a highlysuccessful recruiter.7 2 第十课时PARTTHREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about Smithson' s, a British department store, and thequestions on the opposite page.• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet forthe answer you choose.Department Store MagicFor most of the 20 th century Smithson's was one of Britain's most successfuldepartment stores, but by the mid-1990s, it had become dull. Still profitable, thankslargely to a series of successful advertising campaigns, but decidedly boring. Thefamous were careful not to be seen there, and its sales staff didn't seem to havechanged since the store opened in 1908. Worst of all, its customers were buyingfewer and fewer of its own-brand products, the major part of its business, andshowing a preference for more fashionable brands.But now all this has changed, thanks to Rowena Baker, who became Smithson's firstwoman Chief Executive three years ago. Since then, while most major retailers inBritain have been losing money, Smithson's profits have been rising steadily. WhenBaker started, a lot of improvements had just been made to the building, withouthaving any effect on sales, and she took the bold decision to invite one of Europe'smost exciting interior designers to develop the fashion area, the heart of the store.This very quickly led to rising sales, even before the good on display were changed.And as sales grew, so did profits.Baker had ambitious plans for the store from the start. 'We're playing a big game, toprove we're up there with the leaders in our sector, and we have to make sure peopleget that message. Smithson's had fallen behind the competition. It provided atraditional service targeted at middle-aged, middle-incomecustomers, who'd been shopping there for years, and the customer base was graduallycontracting. Our idea is to sell such an exciting variety of goods that everyone willwant to come in, whether they plan to spend a little or a lot.'Baker's vision for thestore is clear, but achieving it is far from simple. At first,many employees resisted her improvements because they just wouldn't be persuadedthat there was anything wrong with the way they'd always done things, even if theyaccepted that the store had to overtake its competitors. It took many long meetings,involving the entire workforce, to win their support. It helped when they realizedthat Baker was a very different kind of manager from the ones they had known.Baker's staff policies contained more surprises. The uniform that had hardlychanged since day one has now disappeared. Moreover, teenagers now get youngshop assistants, and staff in the sports departments are themselves sports fans intrainers. As Baker explains, 4How can you sell jeans if you,re wearing a black suit?Smithson's has a new identity, and this needs to be made clear to the customers.9 She'salso given every sales assistant responsibility for ensuring customer satisfaction,even if it means occasionally breaking company rules in the hope that this will helpcompany profits.Rowena Baker is proving successful, but the City's big investors haven't beenpersuaded. According to retail analyst, John Matthews, 'Money had already beeninvested in refurbishment of the store and in fact that led to the boost in sales. Shetook the credit, but hadn't done anything to achieve it. And in my view thecompany's shareholders are not convinced. The fact is that unless she opens severalmore stores pretty soon, Smithson's profits will start to fall because turnover at theexisting store will inevitably start to decline/13. According to the writer, in the mid-1990s Smithson's department storeA. was making a lossB. had a problem keeping staffC. was unhappy with its advertising agencyD. mostly sold goods under the Smithson's name14. According to the writer, Smithson's profits started rising three years ago becauseofA. an improvement in the retailing sectorB. the previous work done on the storeC. Rowena Baker's choice of designerD. a change in the products on sale15. According to Rowena Baker, one problem which Smithson's faced when shejoined was thatA. the number of people using the store was failing slowly.B. its competitors offered a morespecializedrange of products.C. the store's prices were set at the wrong level.D. customers were unhappy with the service provided.16. According to the writer, many staff opposed Baker's plans becauseA. they were unwilling to change their way of working.B. they disagreed with her goals for the store.C. they felt they were not consulted enough about the changes.D. they were unhappy with her style of management.17 Baker has changed staff policies because she believes thatA. the corporate image can be improved through staff uniforms.B. the previous rules were not fair to customers.C. customers should be able to identify with the staff serving them.D. employees should share in company profits.18. What problem does John Matthews think Smithson's is facing?A. More money needs to be invested in the present store.B. The company's profits will only continue to rise if it expands.C. The refurbishment of the store is proving unpopular with customers.D. Smithson's shareholders expect a quick return on their investments.PART FOURQuestions 19-33• Read the advice below abut how to make meetings more effective.• Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.• For each question 19-33, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.• There is an example at the beginning, (0).GETTING THE BEST OUT OF MEETINGSMany people feel that meetings are a complete (0).......of time and try to avoid them.However, they don't have to be, as long as a few rules are (19).......Meetings are very rarely held without at least one day's (20).......This is because thefirst rules is that all the participants need to (21) ....... for the meeting, not just theChair. Being asked to (22).......a meeting means you are seen as having somethingto (23) ....... , so make sure this is the case. You should also ensure that any itemyou want to discuss is put on the agenda. If you are planning to (24).......an issueyou know is difficult, find out before the meeting if you have any (25).......for yourpoint of view.If you are the Chair, there are three other (26) ....... rules. Firstly, respect yourparticipants by being punctual, always starting and ending on time. If you don't,they51 1 spend the (27) meeting looking at their watches and wondering how lateyou're going to (28) ....... them. Secondly, (29) ....... a meeting only when it isabsolutely necessary. Look closely at what you want to (30) ....... in the meeting.If your aim is to complete a task that requires (31).......or no discussion, ask yourselfwhether e-mail or the phone could do the job. Finally, invite only as many people asare needed to get the job done. Don't, however, exclude people who may be able to(32).......the best ideas, just because of their (33)........in the organization.Example:A. excess B. surplus C. rubbish D. waste0A BCD19. A. observed B. watched C. seen D. copied20. A. instruction B. direction C. notice D. advice21. A. prepare B. arrange C. order D. manage22. A. occupy B. place C. attend D. enter23. A. send B. transfer C. pass D. offer24. A. launch B. raise C. bring D. lift25. A. assistance B. protection C. confirmation D. support26. A. chief B. key C. top D. high27. A. entire B. absolute C. major D. contain28. A. restrict B. limit C. keep D. contain29. A. tell B. do C. make D. call30. A. acquire B. achieve C. reach D. possess31. A. small B. little C. tiny D. short32. A. contribute B. subscribe C. insert D. serve33. A. scale B. degree C. rank D. priority。