Argument比较全的分类词汇和句式.doc

Argument 比较全的分类词汇和句式一、 词汇(一) 动词支持：support, in support of, bolster, justify, substantiate, validate,保证：guarantee, warrant, demonstrate, prove, ensure that, assure (sb) that…Ø Say/tell/inform little more than/about, do little to…, lend no strong support to, lends little credible support to, is insufficient/far from being enough to support…, does not support/ensure/…,Ø fails to convince us that, fails to provide/produce/present any evidence/facts that... /information concerning..., provide no evidence that…, have no evidence to supportØ The author’s implicit claim that… is poorly supported/unconvincing.Ø there is no guarantee/ warrant/justification/proof/assurance/evidence that…, It does not naturally warrant that…, it is unwarranted that…,增强：solidify /strengthen/fortify/reinforce, enhance,弄清楚：make clear, elucidate, explain削弱：weaken, undermine, attenuate, dilute, invalidate评估，鉴别：evaluate, assess, appraise, identify怀疑：doubt, suspect相信：believe, be certain /sure that…, accept使用：employ (employs two lines of reasoning to), utilize, apply建立：establish (establish a causal relationship between), set up接受：accept,提出，呈现，显示：suggest, indicate, imply, show, present, reveal, introduce, propose提供：provide, be involved in, offer引用 cite得出：it did not follow that…, This would go a long way toward explaining why…, reach, arrived at, get, draw有可能：there is a good chance that…有理由：have a good reason to…收集：gather, collect告诉：tell, inform指出：Point out建议：Proposal, recommendation, advocate依靠：Rest/depend/rely on, be based on, on the basis of推理：reason, infer, the reasoning that…过分… overemphasize, oversimplify宣称：assert/claim影响：affect, influence, account for, be more important than… in determining…, lead to, cause, give rise to, have some bearing on, have negative impact on有助于：help, facilitate, make for, contribute to, has done more to..., be advantageous to, benefit归功于：owe a lot to, attribute to, ascribe to导致：lead to, result in, give rise to, cause, bring about, call... into existence由于：Result from,遭受：Suffer from, be influenced by,忽略：Ignores/overlooks; fails to take into account/consideration /consider/acknowledge/explain; fails to rule out其他因素：The possibility that, other factors that…, other likely benefits of…, other possible causes of…, other criteria for determining, the only attribute/reason/factor necessary to关心：Be concerned about, care for, consider as important喜欢：Prefer, incline最终证明是 to prove to be in the result or end, turn out that/ to be, end up with意味着：mean, imply系动词：be, exist, remainIt 句型：it is unwise to…, it is unwarranted to assume that…There 句型： there is no guarantee that…(二) 名词证据：(the supporting) evidence (offered by the arguer), fact, information (about), data, justification for, statistical evidence, statistics,survey, study, experiment, investigation, observation, This observed phenomenon, experience, assurances, no evidence whatsoever,statistics showing that, a survey showing that, assurances from… that…假设：assumption-assume, claim, assert-assertion结论：conclusion-conclude, claim, what the arguer maintains原因：Reason, factor, cause, attribute, contingencies关注：concern about分析，检查：examination, investigations, inspection, analysis解释：explanation错误：fallacies /flaws部分：A small portion of, a fraction of作者：The arguer, This loan applicantThe… of：the importance of, the necessity of, the reliability of, the combination of, the result of, the example of, the sign of/no sign ofThe… to：the desire to, the need to,名词后可跟的修饰其的小词Evidence available, which is of course unwarranted, A third problem with the argument, The conclusion reached in this argument, The evidence provided in this argument/ offered by the arguer, the statistical evidence upon which it relies, the evidence cited in the analysis, The statistics offered in the announcement, no evidence whatsoever, the difficulties inherent in this process, any evidence suggesting/shows that, all of which are ignored by the arguers, both of which are unknown from this argument, society as a whole(三) 形容词合理的：reliability, credibility, justifiable, reasonable, legitimacy, reliable, valid, credible, persuasive, sound无理的：unfounded, unwarranted, gratuitous, unreasonable, invalid, unconvincing , groundless, unproved, in lack of solid ground, no evidence whatsoever, untenable, poorly supported, vague, questionable, doubtful, suspect, uninformative, presumptuous, premature, ineffective, probably misleading, Unfairly, oversimplified, counterproductive, impractical, meaningless强有力的：solid, strong, substantial很少的：trivial, trifling, slim information负的：Negative, adverse相关的，重要的：relevant严重的，主要的：Major, critical, serious, main不充分的：insufficient,具体的：specific, detailed, particular暗含的：Implicit-explicit仔细的：careful, thorough, comprehensive仅仅：mere在名词后修饰的形容词：enough /necessary to,(四) 副词不好 poorly, seriously, unfairly,必然 necessarily,可能 probably,其他 automatically, naturally, directly–indirectly, actually, only, equally, adm。