简析马克吐温在《汤姆索亚历险记》中使用的写作手法英语专业毕业设计论文.doc

吉林华桥外国语学院本科毕业论文（2006级）姓 名： 学 号： 院 系：双语学院 专 业：英语（英日方向）指导教师： 二〇一一年六月An Analysis of Mark Twain’s Writing Techniques in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer简析马克吐温在《汤姆索亚历险记》中使用的写作手法 姓 名： 学 号： 院 系： 双语学院专 业： 英语（英日方向）指导教师： 吉林华桥外国语学院 Jilin HuaQiao Foreign Languages InstituteContentⅠ.Introduction 1Ⅱ. Mark Twain and The Adventure of Tom Sawyer 12.1 Mark Twain’s Life Experience 12.2 A Brief Introduction of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 2Ⅲ. Writing Techniques Reflected in the Work 43.1 Humor 43.2 Satire 53.3 Colloquial Language 63.3.1 Local Color 73.3.2 Vernacular Language 73.4 Figures of Speech 83.4.1 Exaggeration 83.4.2 Metaphor 93.4.3 Transferred epithet 103.4.4 Metonymy 11Ⅳ Conclusion 11Bibliography 13 吉林华桥外国语学院毕业论文用纸AbstractMark Twain, a mastermind of humor and satire, is seen as a giant in world literature. His humor had great impact on the following men of letters. He produced the world famous juvenile work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer which reflected his own life experience. He produced countless successful works loved by people form different countries. Until today, his works are still read by people all over the world. The thesis presents some of the writing features which contributed to his success such as humor, satire colloquial language and various figures of speech and some of the illustrations from the work.The thesis consists of four parts. The first part of the body tells the life experience of Mark Twain and his famous work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. The part following, which is also the theme that is discussed in the thesis, is a detailed analysis to some of the writing techniques such as humor, satire which Mark Twain applied in his work. This part specifically states how he created a vivid and expressive image to his readers with the application of the writing techniques and what kind of effects he achieved through this by some of the examples from Twain’s work. The last part is a conclusion of the achievements and brilliance Mark Twain have got. Mark Twain depicts the real world around him with vivid and animated words which shows his true feelings to the world.Key Words: Mark Twain; Tom Sawyer; writing techniques 摘 要美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克·土温,被看作一位世界文学巨匠。

他的幽默对其后辈文人产生了巨大的影响.批评家对此亦高度重视并就此提出了不同的阐释.他创作了闻名世界的儿童著作《汤姆索亚历险记》，从本书中读者们可以感受到马克吐温的生活经历除了《汤姆索亚历险记》，他还创作了许多名著深受全世界读者的喜爱，直到今天，全世界的人任在读他的作品本文介绍了一些促成马克吐温成功的写作特点如幽默、讽刺、口语化的语言，不同修辞手法以及他文中的一些例句本文由四部分组成正文的第一部分讲述了马克吐温的生活经历与其作品《汤姆索亚历险记》紧接着的部分，也就是本文的主题，详细分析了马克吐温应用于其作品的写作手法如幽默，讽刺等这一部分详细陈述了马克吐温是如何利用这些写作手法为读者们创造出生动的形象并通过文中的一些例句来展示他达到了怎样的效果最后一个部分是对马克吐温的成就和辉煌的一个总结马克吐温用生动形象的文字把包含他真实感情的真实的世界展现给了他的读者们关键词: 马克吐温； 汤姆索亚； 写作手法第11页An Analysis of Mark Twain’s Writing Techniques in The Adventures of Tom SawyerI. IntroductionMost of Mark Twain’s works are directed against the American society. He is good at using extreme technique, enlarge the ugly phenomenon to the readers, let them find out what is right, what is wrong by themselves. For this reason, Mark Twain has a lot of audiences in the whole world. His works have practical significances, deserving to analyze. This thesis uses several points to expound Mark Twain’s writing style. His humorous style is different from that of other authors. Mark Twain’s humor is remarkable, it is fun to read Twain at first, for most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks and so on, and some of them are actually tall tales. Today, most of the authors still choose Mark Twain’s humorous style as the main technique in their literary works, because it is the best weapon to attack the darkness, could show the author’s ideas better than any other ways. Ⅱ. Mark Twain and The Adventure of Tom SawyerAs an outstanding writer, humorist, critic… Mark Twain is loved by people all around the world. His works had been translated into several other languages across the universe. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is one of his most successful juvenile works which is still a bestseller today. The book was written partly based on Twain’s own life experience. So when the readers are reading through the book, they could imagine a vivid image of young Mark Twain.2.1 Mark Twain’s Life ExperienceMark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835-1910), was an American writer, journalist and humorist, who won a worldwide audience for his stories of the youthful adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, of a Virginian family. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri. The life of which contributed to the construction of the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. After his father's death in 1847, he was apprenticed to a printer and wrote for his brother's newspaper. And later He worked as a licensed Mississippi river-boat pilot, which provided him with sufficient materials for him and inspired him to the creation of many great works. The Civil War put an end to the steamboat traffic and Clemens moved to Virginia City, where he edited the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, 'Mark Twain' was born when Clemens signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym.In 1864 Twain left for California, and worked in San Francisco as a journalist. There he got his first success as a writer for his humorous tall tale. He visited Hawaii as a correspondent for The Sacramento Union, publishing letters on his trip and giving lectures. Then He set out on a world tour, traveling in France and Italy. His travelogue was recorded in 1869 in The Innocents Abroad, which gained him wide popularity, and poked fun at both American and European prejudices and manners.The success as a writer gave Twain enough financial security to marry Olivia Langdon in 1870 whom Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight . The next year, they moved to Hartford. Twain continued to give lecture in the United States and worked as an editor and writer in the Buffalo Express. Between 1876 and 1884 he published several masterpieces, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1881) and The Prince And The Pauper (1881). Life On The Mississippi appeared in 1883 and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884.Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in new inventions and technology. In the 1890s Twain lost most of his earnings in financial speculations and in the failure of his own publishing firm. To recover from the bankruptcy, he started a world lecture tour, during which one of his daughters died. Twain toured New Zealand, Australia, India, and South Africa. He wrote such books as The Tragedy Of Pudd'head Wilson (1884), Personal Recollections Of Joan Of Arc (1885), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and the travelogue Following The Equator (1897). During his long writing career, Twain also produced a considerable number of essays. “Advice to youth” and “Courage”Misery and sufferings beat the man who makes the world laugh. The death of his wife and his second daughter darkened the author's later years, which is seen in his posthumously published autobiography (1924). Twain died on April 21, 1910. His funeral was at the "Old Brick" Presbyterian Church in New York. He is buried in his wife's family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. His grave is marked by a 12-foot (i.e., two fathoms, or "mark twain") monument. 2.2 A Brief Introduction of The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a literary masterpieces, written in 1876 is a child’s adventure story by the famous author Mark Twain. Tom Sawyer is a mischievous young boy who lives in the small town on the Mississippi River called St. Petersburg. Tom Sawyer is saucy and naturally show-off, who likes to show his authority over the other boys. He is a 13 years old boy who was born in a town on the Mississippi River, where he and Huck-his best friend, grew up. Tom is intended to represent the carefree and wonderful world of boyhood in the antebellum era. The story line is simple, the book reads like a biography or a memoir of a summer in Tom Sawyer's life. Tom Sawyer seems to be the precursor of and the template for misfit kids such as Dennis the Menace, Malcolm in the Middle, and Calvin and Hobbs. What makes this story great is that Tom Sawyer represents everything that is great about childhood. The book is filled with Tom's adventures playing pirates and war with his friend Joe Harper. Tom has a trusted friend, Huck Finn, who few of the adults approve of. The book is filled with ideas of how the world works, such as how pirates and robbers work, that are so innocent, they could only come from a child. It is a story filled with action, adventure, ingenious ideas, love, and schoolyard politics. The whole story is seemingly a complication of what people did or wish they did during their childhood. One of America’s best-loved tales, Tom Sawyer has a double appeal. First, it appeals to the young adolescent as the exciting adventures of a typical boy during the mid-nineteenth century, adventures that are still intriguing and delightful because they appeal to the basic instincts of nearly all young people, regardless of time or culture. Second, the novel appeals to the adult reader who looks back on his or her own childhood with fond reminiscences. Thus, the novel is a combination of the past and the present, of the well-remembered events from childhood told in such a way as to evoke remembrances in the adult mind.The tale is very dramatically wrought, and the subordinate characters are treated with the same graphic force that sets Tom alive before us. The worthless vagabond, Huck Finn, is entirely delightful throughout, and in his promised reform his identity is respected: he will lead a decent life in order that he may one day be thought worthy to become a member of that gang of robbers which Tom is to organize. Tom's aunt is excellent, with her kind heart's sorrow and secret pride in Tom; and so is his sister Mary, one of those good girls who are born to usefulness and charity and forbearance and unvarying rectitude. Many village people and local notables are introduced in well-conceived character; the whole little town lives in the reader's sense, with its religiousness, its lawlessness, its droll social distinctions, its civilization qualified by its slave-holding, and its traditions of the wilder West which has passed away. The picture will be instructive to those who have fancied the whole Southwest a sort of vast Pike County, and have not conceived of a sober and serious and orderly contrast to the sort of life that has come to represent the Southwest in literature.Although Tom Sawyer is set in a small town along the western frontier on the banks of the legendary Mississippi River sometime during the 1840s, readers from all parts of the world respond to the various adventures experienced by Tom and his band of friends. The appeal of the novel lies mostly in Twain’s ability to capture-or recapture-universal experiences and dreams and fears of childhood.Ⅲ. Writing Techniques Reflected in the WorkWhatever Mark Twain writes is pretty sure of an eager popular recognition. And it is due to him to say that he finds his readers and admirers all around the world. His application of humor, satire and colloquial language to his work bestowed him the most powerful weapon to win him the outstanding status in history of literature.3.1 HumorThe word “Humor” in English originated from ancient Latin, "Liquid "or" Fluid ", which originally refers to one of the four humors (i.e., blood, mucus, bile, depression fluid) that play a decisive role in human nature and health. It was later extended to the meaning of today's humor. Humor is one of the most complex mechanisms of human language. According to their different life experiences, different social context, different writing style, writers defers greatly in their way of expression. Some express their meaning directly; some others are subtle and indirect in the expression of their thoughts and feelings. Humor is always showed in the indirect way.Humor is among the most important ingredients that make satire interesting and attractive. But humor is certainly multifaceted. It may be aggressive and derisive, it can be playful or intelligent, it can even be serious as satire…; it cannot be false.Humor cannot desert truth. Mark Twain, who was extremely gifted in humor, used his talent in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, which has become American humor’s “masterpiece as well as MarkThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer is the first novel which Mark Twain wrote independently. In this novel, Mark Twain create a vivid, delicate and lovely boy Tom and a colorful world which belong to him in the third person with a friendly easy-going tone. On the humorous and clever use of irony, the author criticized the current social vulgar, social institutions, and all kinds of people in society. Mark Twain combines o the real material and the humor together to form his own unique writing style which is frequently applied to his work. Mr. Lu said: "The irony from life is the real irony.” Only when one is involved in the real life could one grasp the surprise hiding in the common social phenomena could we discover and create good humor.So Life is the source of humor, and humor could only be reflected fully by life.Mark Twain's humor is the case. Mark Twain inherited the 19th century humorous writing styles of the early American western literature of popularity. Besides, because of Mark Twain own writing features, .He used expressive words so that the characters in his work looks vivid. The carefully used words give the simple images a special effect. He perfectly combined the realism and humor together criticizes the dark society. His doesn’t not only create a unique humorous writing style, but also influence many American artists and authors.3.2 SatireSatire is primarily a literary genre or form, although in practice it can also be found in the graphic and performing arts. In satire, vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, and society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be funny, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit as a weapon.A common feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm—"in satire, irony is militant"[2]—but parody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to attack.In the Adventure of Tom Sawyer, Twain does not confine himself to telling a simple children’s story. He is, as always, the satirist and commentator on the foibles of human nature. As the authorial commentator, Twain often steps in and comments on the absurdity of human nature. In Tom Sawyer, he is content with mild admonitions about the human race. For example, after Tom has tricked the other boys into painting the fence for him, the voice of Twain, the author, points out the gullibility of man:”…than in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain.” There are stronger satires. Twain is constantly satirizing the hypocrisy found in many religious observances. For example, in the Sunday school episode, there are aspects of religion satirized, as Twain points out that one boy had memorized so many verses of the Bible so as to win prizes—more Bibles elegantly illustrated—that “the strain upon his mental faculties was too great, and he was little better than an idiot from that day forward.”The adults’ reaction to Injun Joe and his malevolence is a typical Twain commentary on society; the adults create petitions to free Joe who has already killed, so it was believed, five” citizens of the village, but what of that? If he had been Satan himself there would have been plenty of weaklings ready to scribble their names to a pardon petition, and drip a tear on it from their permanently impaired and leaky waterworks.”Twain criticizes the adult attitudes and behaviors throughout the novel. That is part of the conflict: the maturation of a youth into adulthood conflicting with the disapproval of the adult behaviors that exist. It is this double vision that raises the novel above the level of a boy’s adventure story.3.3 Colloquial LanguageAnother factor that made Mark Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of colloquial language. “In his hands, comic jargon and dialect became a finished literary weapon, unemphatic, visual, and deceptively simple, sounding like speech and yet not quite the same”. At that time, Mark Twain adopts the American colloquial languages, hammering it into shape again and again. His words are vivid, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language. And Mark Twain skillfully used the colloquialism to cast his protagonists in their everyday life. What’s more, his characters, confined to a particular region and to a particular historical moment, speak with a strong accent, which is true of his local colorism. Besides, different characters from different literary or cultural backgrounds talk differently, as is the case with Tom. Indeed, with his great master and effective use of vernacular, Mark Twain has made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country. His style of language was later taken up by his descendants, Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway, and influenced generations of letters. 3.3.1 Local ColorLocal color as a trend first made its presence in the late 1860s and early seventies. It was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that been gathering energy since early nineteenth century. Since then local color became dominate in American Literature. One of the most important writing features of Mark Twain is the use of Local colorism. Twain refers to the elements, which characterize a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and also a particular place as local colorism. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to identify and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. Twain depicted social life through descriptions of local places and people he knew best and believed that “the most valuable capital, or culture, or education usable in the building of novels is personal experience.” Mark twain preferred to respect social life through portraits of local places which he knew best and drew heavily from his own rich fund of knowledge of people and places with the full depiction of the customs, dialects, sights, smell and sounds of regional America. Mark Twain often used local color to create realistic characters and settings within his writings. The special accent and the way of speaking his characters give the readers the feeling that they are shown a respectable, knowing person. It presented a vivid and real scene to the readers when they are reading through his works.3.3.2 Vernacular LanguageMark Twain enriches the heritage of American literature by his style of writing in the vernacular, which means to write the way that people think and speak. The vernacular portrays the word in the purest sense of its original meaning. The vernacular symbolizes American writing because nobody else on earth would talk in that way besides the early American settlers. This style is done by writing without worrying about spelling or context, and rather just writing the way that the speech sounds. This style of writing is uniquely American, because the famous European authors did not write that way since the people of Europe didn’t speak that way. Europeans had never spoken like this or heard of it before Mark Twain. The vernacular enhances American writing solely because it is uniquely early American. It also gives a face to American writing, distinguishing it from writing in other parts of the world. The vernacular also shows the rural, uneducated portion of America. These are two examples from Tom Sawyer:" Can"t, Mars Tom. Ole missis, she tole me I got to go an" git dis water an" not stop foolin" roun" wid anybody. She say she spec" Mars Tom gwine to ax me to whitewash, an" so she tole me to go "long an" "tend to my own business - she "lowed she"d tend to de whitewashin"" (Twain 13). Another example is: " Look at him, Jim! He"s a-going up there. Say-look! He"s a-going to shake hands with him..."(Twain 38). This shows how they are uneducated, because of the sloppy sentence structure, and it hints at the fact of them being rural by mentioning whitewashing the fence. This enriches American literature by showing a point of view from the poor, which is welcome to those who are tired of hearing about the glamour of rich people3.4 Figures of SpeechBesides humor, satire, and colloquial language, Twain is also a master of figurative techniques. He applied several figurative techniques in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer such as exaggeration, metaphor, pun and so on to provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. Twain’s profusion of language enriched the reader’s effect of vivid scenes.3.4.1 ExaggerationExaggeration is way of strengthen or exaggerate the meaning of language adopted by writers to make the readers to laugh and create a certain effect in the writings. But sometimes it is not easy to distinguish from boast and exaggeration. Boast is a way of make a self content or make others believe that something is true though it may not be true. So a good writer must be able to use exaggerations properly. It is quite important to distinguish the boundary that make the difference of exaggeration and boast. Mark Twain presented sophisticated skills in the appliance of exaggerations. Fantastic exaggerations often appear in Mark Twain’s works. Through the way of fantastic exaggeration, Mark Twain made his novels reach ironic effect. Then he can stress the gist of the article. Sometimes, exaggeration in his works seems a little bit ridicule, but it actually reflects the character’s unique personality. People got a big laugh out of reading these misspell words. As a satirist, He would often do things that did not just make a fun, but make the reader think that he really mean something really deep. Then the reader would be able to get the point easily.The Church's uncushioned pews would seat about 300 people. ( p.26) At last he was satisfied that time had Ceased and eternity began. (p.62) Some vague figures approached through the gloom swinging an old fashioned tin lantern that freckled the ground with innumerable little spangles of light. (p. 64) He was so brimful of exultation that he could hardly hold himself when the old lady came back and stood above the wreck discharging lightnings of wrath from over her spectacles. (p.20) These words sound absolutely ridiculous, but Mark Twain can describe distantly a character that is addicted to gambling. Then, in landing, we would be lost in reflection, which could cerise the mass awareness to improve the society and perfect their personality.3.4.2 MetaphorMetaphor is the most common seen figure of speech in writings. It directly reflected the concept of human beings and human’s subjective reaction to the outside world. The essence of metaphor is to understand one things on the basis of another thing. Authors often apply metaphor in their writings to create humorous and ironic effects. Delving into the psychological aspects of metaphor to reveal Twain s attitudes and thoughts, Bird shows how using metaphor as a guide to Twain reveals much about his composition process. Twain s metaphoric construction over his complete career and especially sheds new light on his central texts. He reconsiders Old Times on the Mississippi as the most purely metaphorical of Twain s writings, goes on to look at how Twain used metaphor and talked about it in a variety of works and genres, and even argues that Clemens s pseudonym is not so much an alter ego as a metaphorized self. “Old Scratch” in “He’s full of the Old Scratch”(2) refers to devil. “In high feather” in “To which Tom responded with jeers, and started off in high feather”(8) means “in high spirit”. Here “feather” is compared as one’s spirit. “Gird up one’s lions” in “Then Tom girded up his lions”(22) means “preparing for action”. One’s attention and spirit here are compared as “lion”.“Give a wide berth to” in “… they struck far off to the right, to give the haunted house a wide berth to… ” (168) refers to “remain at a safe distance from somebody or something”. “Berth” originally means “the port or harborage for ship to stop at”. Here its meaning is amplified as “the safe distance”.3.4.3 Transferred epithetIt is a figure of speech where an epithet is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. The effect often stresses the emotions or feelings of the individual by expanding them on to the environment. It is one of the most frequently used figures of speech applied by the American writers. The using of transferred epithet is also an important writing feature of Mark Twain. Twain introduced transferred epithet in his work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer to strengthen the power of his language and much more vivid figures to the reader for a special artistic effect.In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the readers can find many words and phrases that vividly expressed transferred epithet which Twain applied in the work.For instance, “relieving snort” in “The strangling hero sprang up with a relieving snort…” (21) means that Tom snorted in order to relieve himself. Snort itself cannot make any effect of relieving people, but the epithet “relieving” is transferred to modify “snort”. Another example is “dreary, aching noon” in the sentence “She... take up the cross of a long dreary, aching afternoon… ”(56), which means that she felt that the afternoon is long, dreary and painful. The two adjectives “dreary” and “aching” are transferred to modify “afternoon”.3.4.4 MetonymyMetonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with the thing or concept. It is also a very popular writing technique applied by authors to illustrate their work. Usually the author would apply the most remarkable feature of the thing as the referent of it so that it would turn out to be a very artistic “exchange”. The “exchange” gave a vivid and interesting language to the readers and it made the expressions more visualized. So it can easily create a humorous and refreshing effect. The readers could easily found this wring technique in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. In this novel, there are also a lot of idioms using the name of one thing to refer to another associated one. “Mental stomach” in “Tom’s mental stomach had never really hungered for one of those prizes… ” (26) meaning in one’s mind is the first example. Here “mind” is substituted by “one’s stomach in a body” in the sentence. “Then all the young clerks in town in a body –for they had stood in the vestibule sucking their cane heads… ” (32). Here “in a body” means “altogether, in a whole”, substitutes “whole” with “body”. “Take up one’s cross” in the sentence “and she… take up the cross of a long dreary, aching afternoon….” (56) implies “suffer from and bear one’s tribulation”. Here, “cross” is the substitution of “suffering”, whose meaning comes from the story of Jesus. Ⅳ ConclusionAs one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is one of Twain’s best books because, for whatever reasons, he brought together in it, with the highest degree of artistic balance, those most fundamental dualities running through his work and life from start to finish. Most of all it has to do with the structure of the sentence, which is simple, direct, and fluent, maintaining the rhythm of the word’s group of speech and the intonations of the speaking voice. Mark Twain’s colloquial style has influenced a large number of American writers. Twain depicted mostly the lower class of society. Meanwhile, local color mixed romantic plots with realistic descriptions of things which were readily observed, i.e. with the customs, dialects, sights, smell and sounds of regional America. Twain shows satire on southern culture before the Civil War, when the Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Twain blended two different subjects, the experience of westward expansion and the experience of westward expansion and the experience of southern slavery. His contribution of the development of realism and American literature as a whole was partly through his colloquialism and satire. Commenting on Mark Twain as a social critic, Philip Foner observes that “Twain’s social criticism ranks with that of Milton, Swift, Defoe, and Bernard Shaw both in literary quality and influence on public opinion, and that it is an important part of Twain’s bequest. In this novel, one of the most successful writing styles is a combination of colloquial language and satire; it displays the major achievements of his art: writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience. It is only right that Mark Twain should be remembered both as a great literary artist and a great social critic in the history of the United States.” Bibliography[1] Admin. An Analysis of the Writing Style of Mark Twain in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, 2009.92[2] Chang,Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature. 南开大学出版社， 2008.9[3] Hu,Xizhi. The Speech Act Intentionally Exaggerated: The Exaggeration and Bragging Discrimination. Journal of BiJie University. NO.1 2008, Vol.26, General NO.96[4] Mark Twain. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer [M]. BeiJing Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press and Oxford Press, 1996 [5] Miao, Xin. Rhetorical Features of the Idioms in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, Scholl of Foreign Language, Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei 430070, China[6]Sun,Yi. The Persuasive Function of Metaphor. ShangHai International Studies University, 2009.7[7] 李四清. 《汤姆索亚历险记导读》[M]. 天津科技翻译出版公司,2003[8] 任强. 《论Metonymy之功能》. 河北师范大学外国语学院, 第11卷第1期, 2010年三月, 燕山大学学报[9] 马克吐温. 《汤姆索亚历险记》. 世界图书出版公司, 2009[10] 王变琴. 马克吐温短篇小说的讽刺艺术. 内蒙古电大学刊. 2005年第4期(总23期)[11] 肖复兴. 《汤姆索亚历险记与名家品读》[M]. 山西希望出版社, 2008[12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain。