曼昆《经济学原理第三版》第1-12章(上)微观分册原版中英文双语ppt课件(很经典).ppt

Principles of Economics Third Edition by N. Gregory Mankiw经济学原理（第三版）,,,,1 INTRODUCTION 导言,Ten Principles of Economics 经济学十大原理,Chapter 1,Economy. . . 经济…,. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.”经济一词来源于希腊语，意思是“管理家庭的人”A household and an economy face many decisions: 一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：,Who will work?谁去工作？ What goods and how many of them should be produced?应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？,A household and an economy face many decisions: 一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：,What resources should be used in production?应该用什么资源生产？ At what price should the goods be sold?物品的销售价格应该是多少？,Society and Scarce Resources: 社会和稀缺资源：,The management of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce. 因为资源是稀缺的，所以社会资源的管理就很重要。

Scarcity . . . 稀缺…,. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. …意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务Economics 经济学,Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. 经济学——研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科Economists study. . . 经济学家研究…,How people make decisions. 人们如何作出决策 How people interact with each other. 人们如何与他人相互交易 The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.影响整体经济的力量和趋势,Ten Principles of Economics,People face tradeoffs. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Rational people think at the margin. People respond to incentives.,How People Make Decisions,经济学十大原理,人们面临权衡取舍 某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西 理性人考虑边际量 人们会对激励作出反应,人们如何作出决策,Ten Principles of Economics,Trade can make everyone better off. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.,How People Interact with each other,经济学十大原理,贸易可以使每个人状况更好。

市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 政府有时能改善市场经济效果人们如何与他人相互交易,Ten Principles of Economics,The standard of living depends on a country’s production. Prices rise when the government prints too much money. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.,The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works,经济学十大原理,一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力 当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势,People face tradeoffs. 人们面临权衡取舍,“There is no such thing as a free lunch!” 天下没有免费的午餐,1. People face tradeoffs.,To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.Guns v. butterFood v. clothingLeisure time v. workEfficiency v. equity,Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.,1.人们面临权衡取舍,为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。

 大炮 vs.黄油 食物 vs. 衣服 休闲 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等,作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍,1. People face tradeoffs.,Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.,Efficiency v. Equity,1.人们面临权衡取舍,效率—— 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性 平等—— 社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性效率与平等,2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.,Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives. Whether to go to college or to work? Whether to study or go out on a date? Whether to go to class or sleep in?,2.某东西的成本就是为得到它 所放弃的东西,作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益上大学还是去工作? 学习还是出去约会? 去上课还是睡觉?,2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it 某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西,The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item. 机会成本——为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。

2. The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.,LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.,当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特（Kobe Bryant ）决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟（ NBA ）2.某东西的成本就是为得到它 所放弃的东西,3. Rational people think at the margin 理性人考虑边际量,Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 边际变动——对当前行动计划微小的增量调整People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin. 人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。

4. People respond to incentives.,Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond. The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!,4. 人们会对激励作出反应,成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作出反应 当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择别的5. Trade can make everyone better off.,People gain from their ability to trade with one another. Competition results in gains from trading. Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.,5. 贸易能使每个人状况变好,人们可以从与他人相互交易的能力中获益。

竞争可以使人们从贸易中获益 贸易可以让人们从事他们最专长的工作6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.,A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. households decide what to buy and who to work for. Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.,6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法,市场经济——当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济 家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作 企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.,Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”,。