新标准大学英语三unit10 第一篇文章 课件.ppt

Text Urban myths or Urban legends?1 London has the most extensive network of underground tunnels in the world. But for some inhabitants, the tunnels are more than just convenient – they live in them. The London Subterraneans are a race of people who live beneath the streets. They're human, but they don't speak English, and they have their own customs. Occasionally, a few of them come to the surface. They only appear at night through the drains in a dark backstreet, and if they hear footsteps, they hide in a dark alleyway and only come out when it's quiet again. And before sunrise, they go back under ground. Very few Londoners have seen them, but the friend of a friend has seen them several times. Text 2 True story? Probably not. It's a classic example of what's called in many languages an urban myth. An urban myth is a story you hear by word of mouth. It usually describes something which might have happened, an apocryphal, second-hand story told as if it were true, just about plausible enough to be credible, about some event which has supposedly happened to a real person. Factual or not, it's likely to rely on expert storytelling and on a trustworthy source, such as "It happened to my brother's friend's mother".Text 3 However, some academics claim that urban myths are not really myths. According to them, a myth is a story which held some religious or spiritual significance for those who told it or listened in the past to it, and which contributed to the expression of shared beliefs and values. However improbable a myth might be, it's always true for those who belong to that culture from which the myth comes.Text 4 So should we use the term urban myths? Let's look at one of the most durable of urban myths, The Vanishing Hitchhiker. The basic story is that of a driver alone at night on a dark, country road, who sees a young woman hitchhiking. The driver stops and offers her a lift. Soon the driver drops the hitchhiker off at her destination, and they say goodbye. But it's only when the driver stops later that he realizes the young woman has left behind a coat with her wallet, or sometimes an old envelope in the pocket. He then goes to the address to return the coat.Text  An old woman opens the door of the house, and the driver explains what has happened. It turns out that the coat does belong to the old woman's daughter, but she was killed several years before on the same stretch of road where the driver picked her up. That day was the anniversary of the accident.Text 5 In fact, like many myths, this story can be traced back to some time before the cars and roads of the 20th or 21st centuries, and to other countries or regions such as Sweden or East Africa. It also has other features common to the myth in its traditional sense. As we have already seen, it's a story for those people who want to believe in it, and who share the same cultural values. It has been told and retold many times over the years, gathering embellishments which are specific to the culture in which it's set. Finally, it's enjoyable, exciting and captivating to the listeners.Text 6 Another well-known urban myth is about the baby alligators which parents on their return from Florida bring home to their children in New York. As the alligators grow in size, they are no longer cute and the parents have to dispose of them down the toilet. But some of them survive, and as a result there are full-grown alligators living under the streets of Manhattan.Text 7 This is also a myth in that it describes something of the geography of a city or a region, warning of possible dangers. In Greek mythology, Odysseus sails between Scylla and Charybdis, the narrow and dangerous channel between mainland Italy and the island of Sicily. In the same way, the story of the alligators warns New Yorkers of the dangers which they may face when they use the subway.Text 8 Urban myths can also be a morality or “cautionary” tale. One of the best-known is the story of the man sitting in a hotel bar. Another person offers to buy him a drink. The next thing the man knows is that he's sitting in his hotel bath, with his body submerged in ice. On the wall is a note telling him not to move, but to call 911.Text  The operator, who is familiar with the situation, tells him to move very slowly, and to feel his lower back. If there's a tube protruding from it, it means that the man's kidney has been removed and sold to be transplanted. The moral of the story is: Be careful of anyone who offers to buy you a drink!Text 9 Similarly, traditional myths show people how to behave appropriately in their societies. Gods act in such a way as to set the people a good example. Human beings behave nobly and courageously. Sometimes a human hero may be based on a real person, but may become a god because of his noble actions.Text 10 In recent years, we have seen the rise of the urban myths which are not circulated orally, but by email, in the form of messages, usually about a virus which can wipe out your hard drive. It's usually recognizable by the warnings of dire consequences if you don't pass on the message to others, and by the use of CAPITAL LETTERS and exclamation marks!!! There are also web rumours which are based on the merest minor fact or speculation, and which passed around the Web, gathering further fictitious evidence to support them.Text 11 But is this a myth? No, not in the traditional sense. In fact, a more accurate word for it would be a hoax, something which appears true but turns out to be false and deliberately misleading. True myths are always benign in their intentions.Text 12 Urban myths have the characteristics common to all myths: They often record events, people believe in them, they have been passed on by word of mouth and exaggerated, they often contain a moral or warn of possible dangers in particular situations or contexts, and they advise people what to do or how to behave. In their way, for listeners in the 21st century, they are just as real as the myths of the Greeks, Romans, Celts, Vikings, Mesopotamians and Chinese from years gone by.Text 13 But the one difference is that true myths always feature gods or heroic near-gods, or stories about the creation of the world and its natural phenomena, such as lightning or sacred mountains.14 In contrast, urban myths are more mundane. The London Subterraneans are far from god-like, neither the hitchhiker nor the driver is heroic, the New York alligators don't symbolize natural phenomena, and while the story of the hapless businessman may be a cautionary tale, it hardly acts as a model for heroic behaviour.Text 15 So in conclusion, the urban myth is not a myth at all, but a legend, which is a story about the more recent past, and is based on historical events and human heroes, or fairies, witches or other fictitious characters. The urban myth is only a myth in the secondary sense of the word: something which turns out to be untrue.Text 都市神话还是都市传奇？都市神话还是都市传奇？1 伦敦有着世界上最为庞大的地下隧道网络。

但是对某些伦敦居民来说，隧道不仅仅给他们的生活提供了便利——他们还以此为家伦敦地下人是生活在街道下面的一族 他们属于人类，却不会说英语，他们有自己的风俗习惯他们中的个别人偶尔也会到地面上来他们只有在晚上才会从一条黑魆魆的偏僻街道的下水道里钻出来，到地面上活动，而且一听到脚步声，他们就会躲到黑暗的小巷子里藏身，直到没有了动静才出来日出之前，他们又会回到地下没有几个伦敦人真正见过他们，但是某人的朋友的朋友曾经见过他们好几次Text  2 这是真事吗？很可能不是这是在很多语言中被称为都市神话的一个典型例子都市神话是你通过口口相传听来的故事，讲述的是一些可能发生过的事情，一个杜撰的，从别处听来的故事，却被当作真事来讲，听起来像真的似的不论是真是假，都市神话依赖的是讲故事的技巧以及来源的可靠性，比如“这件事发生在我弟弟的朋友的母亲的身上Text 3 但是，有一些学者认为都市神话并非真正的神话在他们看来，神话故事对于讲故事和过去听故事的人来说都有某种宗教或精神层面的意义，而且神话帮助人们表达共同的信仰和价值观不管一个神话看上去是多么匪夷所思，对于那些从属于这些文化的人来说，它们永远是真实可信的。

Text 4 那么我们该不该用“都市神话”这个术语呢？ 让我们来看一下经久不衰的都市神话之一：“消失的搭车客”故事的大概是：一个司机独自开车行驶在漆黑的乡村公路上，他看到一位年轻女子在路边要搭车司机停下来，让她上了车很快司机就把她送到了目的地，他们相互道别可直到后来停车时司机才发现，这个年轻女子落了一件外套在车上，兜里还装着一个钱包，有的故事是兜里装着个旧信封于是他按照钱包里或信封上的地址把外套送回去Text  一位老妇人开了门，司机向她讲述了事情的经过原来，这件外套是老妇人女儿的，而她的女儿已经在几年前的车祸中去世了，车祸的地点正是司机让她上车的那个地方那一天也正是车祸的周年纪念日Text 5 事实上，和许多别的神话一样，这个故事可以追溯到20世纪或是21世纪的汽车和公路出现之前的其他国家和地区，比如瑞典和东非这个故事还具有传统神话所共有的其他一些特征正如我们所看到的，这个故事是讲给那些愿意相信它并持有相同的文化价值观的人听的多年以来，这个故事被人们讲了又讲，在不同的地方还被添加了专属于各地文化的一些元素最后，这个故事变得好玩、刺激，引人入胜Text 6 另外一个很出名的都市神话是关于佛罗里达小短吻鳄鱼的故事，大人们去佛罗里达度假，回纽约的时候会给孩子们带几条小鳄鱼。

后来短吻鳄越长越大，不像小时候那么可爱了大人们只好把它们扔进抽水马桶里冲掉但是其中一些短吻鳄活了下来，所以现在有一些成年短吻鳄在纽约曼哈顿街区下面游荡Text 7 这也是一个神话，因为它描绘了一个城市或地区的地理状况，提醒人们注意某些潜在的危险在希腊神话中，奥德修斯在意大利大陆和西西里岛之间狭窄而危险的海峡里航行，前有女海妖斯库拉，后有海妖卡律布狄斯短吻鳄的故事也同样是要提醒纽约人，坐地铁的时候要注意安全Text 8 都市神话也可以是道德故事或是“警示”故事这其中最有名的是，一个男子坐在旅馆的酒吧间喝酒，有一个人请他喝了一杯等他醒来的时候，发现自己躺在房间的浴缸里，身子被埋在冰块下面墙上贴了一张纸条告诉他不要乱动，立刻打911Text  接线员遇到过很多这样的情况，让他去摸一下后背下部，动作一定要缓慢如果脊部插着一根管子，那就说明他的肾被人摘走了，卖掉供人移植了这个故事的寓意是：如果有人请你喝酒，你一定要提高警惕Text 9 同样，传统神话也告诉人们在各自的社会中应该如何恰当地为人处事在神话中，神之所以如此行事，是要为人类树立一个好榜样神话中人的行为高尚且勇敢。

有时候神话中的人类英雄在历史上可能确有其人，可能正因为他们的高尚行为而变成了神Text 10 近年来， 越来越多的都市神话不是通过口口相传，而是通过电子邮件的形式广为流传的，这些邮件通常是告诉大家要小心某一种病毒，它会删除你硬盘里的文件通常只要看到那种“如果不把这封信转发给别人，就会有灾难性的后果”的警告，而且用了很多大写字母和惊叹号，你就知道这是一个都市神话还有很多网络传言，它们对一些微不足道的小细节添油加醋，或者是捕风捉影，在流传过程中加入了越来越多的虚假证据，以证明它们的真实性Text 11 但这是神话吗？不是，不是传统意义上的神话事实上，有一个更为准确的词“骗局”，就是一些看上去是真的，而最终发现是假的，并且是用来故意误导人的东西真正的神话其动机总是善意的Text 12 都市神话具有所有神话所共有的一些特征：它们通常记录了一些事件，人们相信它们的真实性，它们以口头形式代代相传，并且被逐渐夸大，它们通常包含一个道德寓意，或是警示某种特定情形或情况下可能存在的危险，它们告诉人们应该做什么、怎么做从形式上看，对于21世纪的听众来说，它们和希腊、罗马、凯尔特、维京、美索不达米亚以及中国的神话一样真实可信。

Text 13 但不同的是，真正的神话里总是有神或者接近神的英雄人物，有的神话讲述了创造世界和世界上的一些自然现象，如雷电、圣山之类的14 与之相反，都市神话更为世俗化伦敦的地下人和神灵没有半点关系，那个搭车客和司机也不是什么英雄，纽约的短吻鳄不代表什么自然现象，那个倒霉的商人的故事虽然是警示性的，但也绝对说不上是为英雄行为树立了榜样Text 15 总之，都市神话根本就不是神话，它是一种传奇，讲述一些新近发生的事情，故事是依据历史事件和人类英雄，或者仙女、女巫及其他的虚构人物来编排的都市神话中的神话这个词我们只能从它的次要意项去理解：一些并非真实的东西Text Words & Phrasesmythsubterraneanbackstreetfootstepalleywayapocryphalcrediblemoralitymythologydisposealligatorcaptivatingembellishmenthitchhikewarningrecognizableorallycourageouslynoblyappropriatelytransplantstorytellingdurablehitchhikerkidneyprotrudesubmergeexclamation markexclamationdireWords & PhrasesrumourspeculationfictitioushoaxdeliberatelymisleadingmisleaduntruesecondarywitchfairycautionaryhaplesssymbolizebenigncreationsacredWords & Phrasesby word of mouthdrop sb. offleave sth. behindwipe outWords & PhrasesLondoner 伦敦人Odysseus 奥德修斯Scylla 锡拉岩礁Charybdis 卡律布狄斯漩涡Sicily 西西里岛New Yorker 纽约人Celt 凯尔特人Mesopotamian 美索不达米亚人myth n. [C] an ancient traditional story about gods, heroes, and magic 神话e.g. 1. Nobody believes in the myth about human beings becoming immortals. 谁也不相信人能成仙的神话。

2. These are the heroes of Greek myths. 这些是希腊神话中的英雄Words & Phrasessubterranean 1) a. existing, occurring, or done under the surface of the earth 存在于地面下的；地底下发生的；在地下进行的 e.g. The prisoners escaped through the subterranean passages. 囚犯们从地下通道逃走了2) n. [C] people who live under the surface of the earth 生活在地下的人；在地下工作的人e.g. The miners are a group of subterraneans, they work more than 10 hours subterraneanly every day. 矿工是一群地下工作者，他们每天在地下工作10小时以上Words & Phrasesbackstreet n. [C] a small street in a town or city; a minor street away from the main roads 偏僻街道；小巷；后街e.g.1. We took a short cut through the backstreets of Kings Cross. 我们从金斯路口的后街抄了近道。

2. The Backstreet Boys is a very famous American band. 后街男孩是美国著名的乐队Words & Phrasesfootstep n. [C] (usu pl) the sound that one’s feet make when he is walking 脚步声e.g. I heard my husband’s footsteps coming up the stairs. 我听到我丈夫上楼的脚步声Øfollow in someone’s footsteps: do the same work or achieve the same success as someone else 仿效某人, 步某人的后尘e.g. He followed in his father’s footsteps and became a doctor. 他子承父业，也成为一名医生Words & Phrasesalleyway n. [C] (also alley) a narrow street or passage between or behind buildings 小巷；小街e.g. The attack occurred in a dark alleyway. 袭击发生在一条昏暗的小巷子里。

Synonym:alley, backstreetWords & Phrasesapocryphal a. probably not true, but believed by a lot of people to be true 不足凭信的；可疑的；杜撰的e.g.1. Most of the stories about his private life are probably apocryphal. 大多数有关他私生活的传言都可能是子虚乌有的2. We all heard the apocryphal story about the former president. 我们都听说了关于前总统的流传甚广但不足为信的报道Words & Phrasescredible a. able to be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的e.g.1. Is there a credible alternative to the nuclear deterrent? 是否有可以取代核威慑力量的可靠办法?2. The news report is hardly credible. 这则新闻报道令人难以置信。

Word family: credibility n. credibly ad. Antonym: incredibleWords & Phrasesstorytelling n. [U] to tell a story; the art of telling a story 讲故事；说书；讲故事（或说书）的技艺e.g. Storytelling is one of the earliest forms of folk art. 说书是民间艺术最早的一种形式 Words & Phrasesdurable a. 1) continuing to exist or work for a long time, even if the situation changes 持久的；永久的e.g. 1. We believe a durable peace can be achieved. 我们相信可以实现持久的和平2. Finding a durable solution will not be easy. 找到一个永久的解决方法不是件容易的事。

2) able to stay in good condition for a long time and after being used a lot 耐用的e.g. This raincoat is made of very durable material. 这件雨衣是用非常耐用的料子做的 Words & Phraseshitchhiker n. [C] people who travel by asking other people to take them in their car, by standing at the side of a road and holding out their thumb or a sign（站在路边竖起拇指或牌子要求）搭便车旅行的人e.g. 1. He picked up two hitchhikers at the entrance to the motorway. 在高速公路入口，他让两个免费搭车旅行者搭了他的车 2. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy series. 《银河系漫游指南》是系列科幻喜剧。

See also: hitchhike.Words & Phraseshitchhike vi. travel by asking other people to take you in their car, by standing at the side of a road and holding out your thumb or a sign （站在路边竖起拇指或牌子要求）搭便车旅行e.g. I was told that the boy hitchhiked all the way home. 我听说这个男孩一路搭便车回到家 See also: hitchhiker.Words & Phrasesembellishment n. [C, U] 1) a detail added to a story to make it more interesting, especially one that is not completely true, or the process of doing this（用以渲染故事的）细节，润饰e.g. 1. His articles are natural and without embellishment. 他的文章不事雕琢，自然质朴。

2. He wished to strip his own use of language of inessentials, ridding it of all traces of verbosity, embellishment, and sentimentality. 他希望削去自己文章里一切不必要的字句，彻底去除累赘、装饰，以及滥情的词语 Words & Phrases2) a decoration added to sth. in order to make it more beautiful, or the process of doing this 装饰物；装饰e.g. Leather treatments will distinguish handbags, which feature less embellishment than last year's styles. 与去年的风格相比，手包的装饰更少，全以皮革的处理度来加以区分 Word family: embellish v.e.g.1. The events of his life were heavily embellished by his biographers. 他的生平事迹已被传记作家们添油加醋地大加渲染。

2. The ceiling was embellished with cherubs. 天花板上装饰着小天使的图案Words & Phrasescaptivating a. very interesting or attractive in a way that takes all one’s attention 迷人的e.g. 1. Her smile is very captivating. 她的笑容极其迷人2. It seemed as if nature had also seized the moment to assume her mildest and most captivating form. 大自然似乎也抓紧这一时刻，来表现一下自己那最最温柔、最最迷人的姿态 Word family:captivate v.captivation n. Words & Phrasesalligator n. [C] a large reptile with a long tail, four short legs, a long pointed mouth, and sharp teeth that lives in parts of the US and China. Alligators are amphibious (=they can live both in water and on land), and they are closely related to crocodiles 短吻鳄（水陆两栖爬行动物）e.g. An Australian Blue heeler dog which fought off an alligator to protect its elderly owner in Florida has been honoured with a "Dog Hero of the Year" award. 在美国佛罗里达州，一只澳大利亚布卢·赫勒犬为保护其年迈的主人而与一只短吻鳄捕斗，被授予“本年度狗英雄奖”。

Words & Phrasesdispose v. (~ of) 1) get rid of by throwing away or giving or selling to someone else 丢掉；处理 e.g. The waste is disposed of in the North Sea. 废物被扔入北海2) remove something such as a problem by dealing with it successfully 应付，解决，处理﹙问题等﹚e.g. 1. There just remains the matter of funding to dispose of. 余下的只有资金问题需要解决2. Most complaints can be disposed of pretty quickly. 大多数投诉都能迅速得到处理Words & Phrases3) kill; destroy 杀死；毁掉 e.g. Her lover came up with hundreds of schemes for disposing of her husband. 她的情人想出了许多干掉她丈夫的计划。

4) defeat someone in a game, competition etc. 战胜；打败e.g. The league champions quickly disposed of the opposition. 联赛冠军很快打败了对手Word family:disposal n. Words & Phrasesmythology n. [C, U] a collection of ancient myths, especially those of a particular country or religion（尤指某个国家或宗教的）神话，神话集e.g.1. The history of Athens is tied to mythology. 雅典的历史与神话密不可分2. Ganesa was the god of wisdom and success in Hindu mythology.3. This is a book discussing Jewish and Christian mythologies.Word family:mythological a. mythologist n. Words & Phrases在印度神话中，象头神是智慧和成功之神。

这是一本讨论犹太教和基督教神话的书morality n. [U] principles of right or wrong behaviour; a particular system of values and principles of conduct, especially one held by a specified person or society 道德；（尤指特定社会或人的）道德观e.g. 1. We should strengthen professional morality study. 我们应该加强职业道德研究2. Behind all the arguments lies the issue of the morality of the possession of nuclear weapons. 引起所有这些争论的问题是拥有核武器是否道德Word family: moral a. & n. Words & Phrasessubmerge vt. 1) put sth. completely under water 使没入水中；使浸没；淹没e.g. The river overflowed and submerged the farmland. 河水泛滥，淹没了农田。

2) completely cover or obscure 湮没；湮灭；使完全消失e.g. 1. The tensions submerged earlier in the campaign now came to the fore. 竞选初期湮没的紧张局势现在突现了2 She found her individuality was submerged by family life. Words & Phrases她发现自己的个性已经湮没在家庭生活中protrude vi. be further forward than the rest of sth. 凸出；伸出e.g.1. The envelop was protruding from her bag. 信封从她包里露了出来2. Something like a fin protruded from the water. 一种像鳍的东西伸出水面3. The child protruded his tongue. 那小孩伸出舌头 Word family:protrusion n. protrusive a. Words & Phraseskidney n. [C] one of the two organs in one’s body that clean one’s blood, make urine and remove waste 肾；肾脏e.g. 1. She got a very serious kidney stone. 她有很严重的肾结石。

2. A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure to place a healthy kidney from a donor into a person whose kidneys no longer function properly. 肾移植就是将供体健康的肾移植给肾脏丧失功能者的外科手术 Words & Phrasestransplant vt. & n. 1) vt. take an organ from one person’s body and put it into another person’s body 移植（器官）e.g. Organs are transplanted from donors into patients who need them. 器官从捐献者身上移植到所需病人的体内2) vt. take a plant out of the ground and put it in a different place 移植；移种e.g. They are transplanting the flowers to the garden. 他们正在把花移植到花园里。

ØSome diseases are ___ by certain water animals. (CET4-2000-01-48)A) transplantedB) transformedC) transportedD) transmittedWords & PhrasesD3) n. a medical operation in which a new organ is put into someone’s body. The organ is taken from the body of another person, especially someone who has just died, who is called a donor （器官）移植e.g. 1. There is a shortage of donors for liver transplants. 肝移植的供体不足2. Several of the patients received kidney transplant. 病人中有几位已接受了肾移植手术3. She will have to have a heart-lung transplant within 48 hours. 她必须在48小时内接受心肺移植。

Words & Phrasesappropriately ad. suitably or properly 合适地；恰当地e.g. 1. The acting chairman did everything appropriately. 代理主席一切都做得很恰当2. Appropriately, the first recital will be given at the festival. 第一次独奏音乐会将在这一节日里举行，这样安排很妥当Word family:appropriate a. Words & Phrasesnobly ad. in a morally good or generous way that should be admired 崇高地；高尚地；高贵地e.g. 1. You can never understand that great pain nobly borne. 你永远也无法理解那种从容承受的巨大的痛苦。

2. They chose to die nobly rather than to betray their king. 他们宁可高尚地死去，也不愿背叛自己的国王3. The nobly born must nobly do. 出身高尚者行为也应高尚 Word family:noble a.Words & Phrasescourageously ad. bravely and determinedly 勇敢地；坚定地e.g. 1. They protested courageously against this armed intervention. 他们勇敢地抗议这一武装干涉2. He fought death courageously though his life was draining away . 他虽然生命垂危，但仍然勇敢地与死亡作斗争Word family:courageous a. courage n.Words & Phrasesorally ad. by spoken rather than written means 口头地；口述地e.g. 1. The students gave their responses orally. 学生们作出了口头回答。

2. Tribal lore and custom have been passed down orally. 部落的传统和风俗口耳相传保存下来了Word family:oral a.Words & Phrasesrecognizable a. able to be recognized 可识别的；可辨认的e.g.1. John’s car was easily recognizable in the car park. 约翰的车在停车场里很容易辨认出来2. The scheme’s benefits were recognizable to all interest groups. 所有利益集团都知道这一计划的好处Word formation: v. + able → a.know → knowable change → changeableread → readable love → lovablemove → movable use → useableWords & PhrasesWord family:recognize v.recognition n. e.g.1. They fully recognize the need to proceed carefully. 他们充分意识到继续谨慎行事的必要性。

2. She hoped she would avoid recognition by wearing dark glasses and a hat. 她戴上墨镜和帽子，希望人们认不出她来3. Their recognition of the new law is unlikely. 这项新法律不大可能获得他们的承认Words & Phraseswarning n. [C] an action or statement telling someone that they will be punished or that sth. bad will happen if they do sth. 提醒；警告；告诫e.g.1. This is your last warning – if you are late again, you’ll lose your job. 这是对你的最后一次警告——如果你再迟到，你就会失去工作2. He gave us a warning against placing confidence in people we did not know. 他告诫我们，不要轻信我们不了解的人。

Words & Phrasesdire a. 1) very severe or serious 极端的；非常严重的e.g. 1. The farming industry in this country is in extremely dire straits.2. The children are in dire need of medical attention. 孩子们急需得到治疗2) saying that sth. very bad is going to happen 预示灾难的e.g. Any refusal to meet their demands will result in dire consequences. 拒不接受他们的要求将导致灾难性的后果Words & Phrases 这个国家的农业处于极度困难的境地exclamation n. [C] a sudden cry or remark, especially expressing surprise, anger, or pain 感叹；呼喊；惊叫e.g. 1. Mother gave an involuntary exclamation. 母亲不由自主地叫了起来。

2. The visitors broke into exclamations of wonder when they saw the magnificent Great Wall. 看到雄伟的长城，游客们惊叹不已Øexclamation mark n. [C] the mark ! used in writing to show that someone says something suddenly and loudly because they are surprised, impressed, angry etc. 感叹号Words & Phrasesrumour n. [C, U] unofficial information that may or may not be true 谣言；谣传；传闻e.g. 1. The actor confirmed rumours that he will be leaving the series. 那位演员证实了他将离开那部系列剧的传言2. There’s a rumour going around that the company is bankrupt. 这家公司破产的谣言正四处流传。

3. The rumour quickly swept the town. 谣言迅速传遍了整个镇子Words & Phrasesspeculation n. [C, U] the act of guessing without knowing all the facts about sth., or the guesses that one makes 推测；猜测e.g. 1. There is some speculation that the president was aware of the situation. 有人猜测总统对情况已经有所察觉2. The jury should disregard the witness’s last statement as pure speculation. 陪审团应当认为证人的最后陈述毫无事实根据而不予考虑Word family:speculate v. Words & Phrasesfictitious a. 1) not real or true and used for tricking people 不真实的；捏造的；骗人的e.g.1. He had registered at the hotel under a fictitious name. 他用假名在旅馆登记入住。

2. She invented a fictitious boyfriend to put him off. 她虚构出一个男朋友来拒绝他Word family:fiction n. Words & Phraseshoax n. [C] a trick in which someone deliberately tells people that sth. bad is going to happen or that sth. is true when it is not 骗局；骗人的把戏e.g.1. It turned out to be an elaborate hoax. 后来发现这是一场精心设计的骗局2. She is the victim of a cruel hoax. 她是一场残忍的恶作剧的受害者 Words & Phrasesdeliberately ad. 1) with a definite intention, not by chance or by accident 故意地；蓄意地e.g. 1. You did that deliberately, just to annoy me. 你是故意的，就是要气我。

2. Police believe the fire was started deliberately. 警察认为是有人故意纵火2) in a slow careful way 深思熟虑地；小心谨慎地e.g. He spoke deliberately, considering each word carefully. 他斟字酌句，谨慎地说话Words & Phrasesmisleading a. intended or likely to make someone believe sth. that is incorrect or not true 欺骗的；误导性的e.g. 1. Your article contains a number of misleading statements. 你的文章里有不少误导的言论2. The brochure was extremely misleading about the cost of the holiday. 宣传手册上的度假费用完全是骗人的Word family:mislead v. Words & Phrasesmislead vt. make someone believe something that is incorrect or not true 误导；欺骗e.g.1. Advertisements can mislead consumers, especially children. 广告会误导消费者，尤其是儿童。

2. The government misled the public about the road's environmental impact. 有关公路的环境影响，政府误导了公众Word family:misleading a. Words & Phrasesbenign a. 1) good, kind and nice 和善的e.g. 1. She is a benign old lady. 她是个和善的老太太2. He always adopts a benign attitude towards the follies of others. 他对他人的愚行总是持宽容态度2) (Medicine) (of a tumour) not malignant (医)（肿瘤）良性的 e.g. Tests showed the lump to be benign / malign. 化验的结果表明肿块是良/恶性的Words & Phrasescreation n. [U] the action or process of bringing sth. into existence 创造；创建；发明e.g.1. The government is to provide more money for job creation. 政府将提供更多的资金来创建工作岗位。

2. The creation of new playgrounds will benefit the local children. 新游戏场的建立将有益于当地的儿童Words & Phrases Study the following words. Then use them correctly in the sentences below. create creation creative creatively creativity1. The world is as young today as when it was _________.2. Our species is the only _________ species.3. The gasoline motor led to the __________ of the modern automobile.4. He is an artist with seemingly unlimited __________.5. Charlotte Bronte exerted the elements of drawing in literary writing ___________, which demonstrates her unique artistic style and skills.Words & Phrasescreatedcreativecreationcreativitycreativelysacred a. considered to be holy or connected with God in a special way 神圣的；神的e.g.1. A church is a sacred building. 教堂是神圣的建筑物。

2. In Africa the snake is still sacred with many tribes. 非洲许多部落仍认为蛇是不可冒犯的3. They all have the feeling that all life should be held sacred. 他们都认为一切生命均神圣不可侵犯Words & Phrasessymbolize vt. be a symbol of sth.; be considered as a typical or perfect example of sth. 象征（某事物）；作为（某事物）的象征e.g.1. What does the Statue of Liberty symbolize? 自由女神像象征什么？2. For many people, cars symbolize personal freedom. 对很多人而言，汽车象征着个人的自由Words & PhrasesWord family:symbol n.symbolic a.symbolism n.Translate the following into Chinese:1. White is the symbol of purity. 白色象征着纯洁。

2. We need a symbolic method of writing to record easily. 我们需要符号书写法以方便记录3. Shorthand is a symbolic method of writing. 速记是一种符号书写法Words & Phraseshapless a. unfortunate 运气不好的；不幸的e.g.1. Several hapless passers-by were dragged into the argument. 几个倒霉的过路人被拖进了这场争论之中2. Many innocent people are hapless victims of the war. 许多无辜平民成为这场战争不幸的牺牲品Words & Phrasescautionary a. warning someone that they should be careful 劝人谨慎的；告诫的e.g. This is a cautionary note on the abuse of power. 这是对滥用职权的一个警告。

Word family:caution n.Cf: cautious a. careful to avoid danger or risk 谨慎的，小心的e.g. I’ve always been very cautious about giving my address to strangers. 我总是很小心，不轻易把我的地址给陌生人Words & Phrasesfairy n. [C] an imaginary creature with magic powers that looks like a small person with wings 小精灵；小仙子e.g. The good fairy made Cinderella's coach come by magic. 善良的仙女使用魔力赶来了灰姑娘的马车 Words & Phraseswitch n. [C] a woman in stories who has magic powers（故事中的）女巫ØA man with magic powers is usually called a wizard. Words & Phrasessecondary a. happening after sth. else, or as a result of it; less important than sth. else 第二的；次要的；间接的e.g.1. All other considerations are secondary to his safety. 现在首先要考虑的是他的安全，其他事均是次要的。

2. This is a secondary source of information. 这是资料的第二手来源 Words & Phrasesuntrue a. not correct, or not based on fact 不真实的；没有事实根据的e.g.1. His statement is completely untrue. 他的话完全是在撒谎2. His remarks were irresponsible and untrue. 他的话很不负责任，而且与事实不符 Antonym:trueWords & Phrasesby word of mouth: by spoken rather than written means 口头e.g.1. I have informed him by word of mouth. 我已口头通知他了2. The news was passed on by word of mouth. 众口相传，消息不胫而走Words & Phrasesdrop sb. off: set down or unload (a passenger or goods), especially on the way to somewhere else 让……下车；顺道运送e.g.1. I can drop you off on my way home. 我回家可以顺便送你。

2. I’ll drop the books off at your place after my class. 上完课我会顺便把书送到你那儿 3. Can you drop the kids off at school this morning? 今天早上你能顺便送孩子们上学吗？Antonym: pick sb. upWords & Phrasesleave sth. behind: forget to take sb. or sth. with 遗忘（某物）e.g.1. It wasn’t until she was halfway home that she realized that she’d left her purse behind. 直到回家的半路上她才意识到她把钱包落下了2. He left behind a pair of glasses and some books. 他的一副眼镜和一些书籍忘记带上了Words & Phraseswipe out: destroy sth. utterly; get rid of sth. completely (the meaning originated from the act of wiping a mark off a surface) 彻底摧毁；彻底消灭e.g.1. The government is trying to wipe out drug trafficking. 政府正设法做到彻底消灭毒品交易。

2. The earthquake wiped out the whole town. 地震毁掉了整个城镇3. Your bravery has wiped out your earlier disgrace. 你这次的勇敢行为彻底洗刷了你以前的耻辱4. The tribe has been wiped out by disease and violence. 这个部落已经被疾病和暴行彻底摧毁Words & PhrasesLondoner someone who was born in or who lives in London, England 伦敦人e.g. She married a Londoner when she was 20. 她20岁的时候嫁给了一个伦敦人Words & PhrasesOdysseus a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer’s epic poem 奥德修斯（希腊神话传说中的人物；荷马史诗《奥德赛》中的主人公）Words & PhrasesØ In the tenth year of the Trojan War, the Greeks tricked the enemy into bringing a huge wooden horse within the walls of Troy. The Trojans had no idea that Greek soldiers were hidden inside, under the command of Odysseus. That night they emerged and opened the city gates to the Greek army. Troy was destroyed.Scylla （意大利西西里岛东北海岸外墨西拿海峡上的）锡拉岩礁 In Greek mythology, Scylla was a monster that lived on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite its counterpart Charybdis. The two sides of the strait were within an arrow's range of each other—so close that sailors attempting to avoid Charybdis would pass too close to Scylla and vice versa. Scylla was a horrible sea monster with four eyes, six long necks equipped with grisly heads, each of which contained three rows of sharp teeth. Her body consisted of twelve tentacle-like legs and a cat's tail and with four to six dog-heads ringing her waist.Words & PhrasesWords & PhrasesScyllaCharybdis 卡律布狄斯漩涡（位于锡拉岩礁的对面） In Greek mythology, Charybdis was a sea monster, once a beautiful naiad. She takes form as a huge bladder of a creature whose face was all mouth and whose arms and legs were flippers and who swallows huge amounts of water three times a day before belching them back out again, creating whirlpools. The myth has Charybdis lying on one side of a blue, narrow channel of water. On the other side of the strait was Scylla, another sea-monster. The two sides of the strait are within an arrow's range of each other, so close that sailors attempting to avoid Charybdis will pass too close to Scylla and vice versa. Words & PhrasesWords & Phrases Traditionally the strait has been associated with the Strait of Messina between Italy and Sicily.Sicily the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, comprising an autonomous region of Italy 西西里岛Words & PhrasesNew Yorker: someone who was born in or who lives in New York, USA 纽约人e.g. 1. He thanked heaven that he was a New Yorker, and about to ally himself with one of his own kind. 他暗自庆幸自己是纽约人，并将与一个自己同类人结成眷属。

2. The man is a native New Yorker. 那个男人是土生土长的纽约人 Words & PhrasesCelt a member of a group of peoples inhabiting much of Europe and Asia Minor in pre-Roman times 凯尔特人e.g. You have the paradox of a Celt Being the smooth Oxonian 作为一个圆滑的牛津人，你具有凯尔特人自相矛盾的特点 Words & PhrasesMesopotamian someone who was born in or who lives in Mesopotamia 美索不达米亚人ØMesopotamia is an ancient region of SW Asia in present-day Iraq, lying between the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Its alluvial plains were the site of the civilizations of Akkad, Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria. Words & PhrasesA ziggurat "to build on a raised area" is a temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley and Iran, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories.  Very few Londoners have seen them, but the friend of a friend has seen them several times. ØPeople who believe in the Subterraneans do not claim to have seen them but to have been told the story. Such information is referred to as “second-hand”. Here the story is third-hand, from a friend’s friend. In other words, it is highly unreliable.翻译：翻译： 没有几个伦敦人真正见过他们，但是某人的朋友的朋友曾经见过他们好几次。

Language Points  It usually describes something which might have happened, an apocryphal, second-hand story told as if it were true, just about plausible enough to be credible, about some event which has supposedly happened to a real person.ØThe word apocryphal means doubtfully true, probably untrue. The books of the Bible were chosen from a large number of texts. The rejected ones are to be found in a collection called the Apocrypha, the books which do not contain reliable information and are not sacred. As a metaphor, the adjective might be used in a biography: “There are many apocryphal stories about George Washington’s childhood.”翻译：翻译：Language Points 都市神话是你通过口口相传听来的故事，讲述的是一些可能发生过的事情，一个杜撰的，从别处听来的故事，却被当作真事来讲，听起来像真的似的。

 Factual or not, it’s likely to rely on expert storytelling and on a trustworthy source, such as “It happened to my brother’s friend’s mother”. ØWhether or not the story is true, it has to be told in a convincing way and the source has to sound reliable.翻译：翻译： 不论是真是假，都市神话依赖的是讲故事的技巧以及来源的可靠性，比如“这件事发生在我弟弟的朋友的母亲的身上Language Points  According to them, a myth … which contributed to the expression of shared beliefs and values.ØThe sentence means a myth played a part in the creation of a common world view, ie a culture.翻译：翻译： 在他们看来，神话故事对于讲故事和过去听故事的人来说都有某种宗教或精神层面的意义，而且神话帮助人们表达共同的信仰和价值观。

Language Points  It has been told and retold many times over the years, gathering embellishments which are specific to the culture in which it’s set. ØGathering embellishments means having extra bits or decoration added on, which makes the story grow more complicated and detailed as time passes.翻译：翻译： 多年以来，这个故事被人们讲了又讲，在不同的地方还被添加了专属于各地文化的一些元素Language Points  In Greek mythology, Odysseus sails between Scylla and Charybdis, the narrow and dangerous channel between mainland Italy and the island of Sicily. ØOdysseus in his wanderings had to sail between Scylla, a huge sea monster, and Charybdis, a female monster. The slightest mistake erring on either side of the route would lead to disaster. The phrase is used idiomatically for such situations: “The government has to sail the economy between the Scylla of depression and the Charybdis of inflation.”翻译：翻译：Language Points 在希腊神话中，奥德修斯在意大利大陆和西西里岛之间狭窄而危险的海峡里航行，前有女海妖斯库拉，后有海妖卡律布狄斯。