形容词的比较级 (2)_外语学习-语法.pdf

学习必备 欢迎下载 adj 的比较级和最高级的用法 *形容词比较级和最高级的构成 1.规则形式 构成方法 原极 比较级 最高级 单音节词和少数双音节词 +er/ +est quiet-quieter-quietest bright-brighter-brightest clever-cleverer-cleverest cold-colder-coldest, clean 不发音 e 结尾， 加+ r/ +st fine--finer —finest nice--nicer--nicest close--closer--closest white--whiter--whitest large--larger--largest cute late wide brave 重 读 闭 音 节 单词，双写结尾辅音 字 母 ， 再 加-er ，-est hot--hotter--hottest wet--wetter--wettest fat-fatter-fattest thin--thinner--thinnest big--bigger--biggest slim-slimmer-slimmest sad--sadder--saddest red--redder —reddest mad-madder 辅音字母+y 结尾的词，改 y 为i，再加 er/est。

easy--easier--easiest heavy tidy empty busy sunny dry cloudy snowy rainy windy tasty funny happy lucky healthy friendly early, pretty, happy lazy early 多音节词和部分双音节词 词前加 more 和most. beautiful-more beautiful-the most beautiful interesting, delicious, careful, exciting, important necessary difficult 2. 不规则形式 good /well －better－best(两)好 bad /badly/ill－worse－worst 坏/病 many /much －more－most(两)多 little－less－least few－fewer－fewest 少 far farther－farthest (距离远） old older－oldest （年长的） 远 further－furthest （程度深） 老 elder－eldest （资格老的 *形容词比较级和最高级的用法 1. 表示同级比较，用“as+ 形容词原级＋as”; “n ot as(so)+ 形容词原级＋as” 2. 表示两者的比较，用“ 形容词的比较级＋than....” There are fewer hours of sunlight in winter than in summer. He is slimmer than I . She plays ping-pong better than I (do). （与主句相同的部分通常省略） 3. 表示两者中较/更…的一个，用 the+ 比较级，而且还用 of the two, of the pair 短语： John is the cleverer of the two boys. Of the two boys, John is the cleverer. The larger one of the two is my hometown. I have two sons, the fatter one is Max. 4.比较级前用 much, far, a lot, a bit, a little ,even, still, any 来修饰。

表“.. 得多”,“甚至...”,“...一些” This room is much brighter than that one. I’m spending a lot more time on English than before. 学习必备 欢迎下载 5.倍数的表示，倍数＋as+ 原极+as… Beijing is ten times as big as my hometown. This room is twice as big as mine. 6. 用“ 比较级+and+ 比较级” 的结构，译为“ 越来越…” The weather is getting colder and colder. The city is becoming more and more beautiful. 7. 用“the+ 比较级，the +比较级” 的结构，译为“ 越…(就)越… =if 从句 The higher the ground, the cooler the air. The more , the better The harder you work, the more successful you will be 8. 前后比较对象要一致. My news is more exciting than yours The climate of Kunming is better than that of Beijing.（√ ） The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Tianjin. 比较对象是可数复数...than those/the ones... 可数单数.... than that / the one..... 不可数名词 ....than that 9.两者之间选择比较，用 Which is + 比较级,A or B ? eg:Which is heavier, an elephant or a pig? 10. 表示两者以上的比较，用“the+ 形容词最高级....＋of (in, among…)...” 或(that) I have ever done/seen This is the happiest day in my life. Mary is the best singer in our class. This is the most difficult homework (that) I have ever done. in+团体/范围/项目。

如 in China, in the world., in my class,in the competition among/of+ 参加比较的对象, 即个体名词复数形式of/among them(three) Of all the movies, I think this is the worst. Among them, Changsha is the nearest city to Guangzhou. 11. the +adj 最高级，有 my/Tom’s等时，省略 the. his ninth/ happiest birthday Tom’s best friend 12. “one of the+最高级” 表示“ 最…之一” ，形容词后的名词用复数形式 Mr. Green is one of the most popular teacher s in our school. 13. The+ 序数词+最高级：“ 第几最.....” Huanghe River is the second longest river in China. He is the third tallest boy in Class One. 14. a/an+ 最高级, 表示“ 非常” 的意思 It is a most important question. 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 16.用比较级表示最高级。

同一范围用： than any other +n的单数； than the other +n 复数 He is taller than any other student in his class He is taller than the other students in his class. =He is the tallest student in his class. He is tall than any of the other students in...... 不是同一范围时找无other 的选项 Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China. Shanghai is bigger than any city in Japan 17．less/least+adj A is less careful than B------B is more careful than A A is less expensive than B-----A is cheaper than B-----B is more expensive than A. 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 定语从句 1.定语从句:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面. e.g: Chen Guang Biao is the man who/that raises money to build schools. We should remember those days that/which we spent during the Olympic Games. 有时,先行词与从句不是紧挨着。

E.g:He sent a message to me which said he was busy 2.关系词: 引导定语从句的关联词称为...，关系词有关系代词和关系副词 3.关系代词作用： ①引导从句 ②代替主句中的先行词 ③在定语从句中充当一个句子成分,做宾语时可以省去 4.关系代词: that （人/物）, which（物）, who（人）, whom( 人,宾格), whose（所有格）, as 等,没有 what ；关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语(可以省去)，表语，定语等. It is about a man who/that falls in love with a woman when he travels on a ship. The place that/which you were born in is San Francisco. The person who/that took him abroad when you’re young was his uncle. Is the piano you are playing bought at the high price? 5.关系副词: where, when, why 等。

在从句中作地点状语 where=in/ at/ on/ ... which ， 时间状语 when=during/ on/ in/ ... which， 原因状语 why=for which等 I still remember the room where I was born. I have to make marks in places where I have questions. Do you remember the afternoon when we met for the first time? 6.注意点： 1).先行词不能重复 the book . This is the right book which Mr LI is looking for it. 2).关系词在从句中做主语时，从句中谓语动词的单复数要视先行词的单复而定 I hate people who talk too much but do little. I hate the man who talks too much but does little. He is one of the teenagers who / that are interested in flying. 7. 关系代词用 that 的情况。

1).先行词是 all, much, little, few, anything, everything, nothing , none, the one等不定代词时 Is there anything (that )you want to buy in the shop ？ 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 There’s not much that should be done right now. I did nothing that hurt you in the past. 2).先行词被 the only（唯一）, the very（正是）, the last 等 adv 修饰时。

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing (that) he owned. Cheating was the only thing that interested her most. This is the very dictionary (that) I want to buy Game of Death was the last film (that) he acted in. 3).先行词被序数词和最高级修饰时 He was the first person that passed the exam. This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 4). 以 who 或 which 开始的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用 that.例如： Who is the girl that is crying ？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？ 5). 先行词里同时含有人或物时. I can remember well the persons and some pictures (that) I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 一．这些动词的现在分词要双写加 ing， 1. sit/put/get/forget/hit/let/cut/chat/fit （使）适合；安装；合身/forget , shut， spit 吐痰，set 设置,放置，安置.regret,babysit 2. stop, shop, drop, mop, trip 绊倒，摔倒, step 踩, trap 陷入（困境）clap， slip 滑，滑脱 3. swim/ begin/run /win / plan /spin 4. travel/quarrel/control /cancel 取消，注销；抵消 5. beg/ dig/nod / rob 6. refer vi. 提到；参考，查阅 ;prefer 更喜欢 ;star 主演 二．这些动词的过去式和过去分词是规则的，要双写+ed. 1. chat/fit（使）适合；安装；合身,regret 2. stop, shop, drop, mop, trip 绊倒，摔倒, step 踩, trap 陷入（困境）clap， slip 滑，滑脱 3. plan 4. travel/quarrel/control /cancel 5. beg/nod / rob 6. refer vi. 提到；参考，查阅 ;prefer 更喜欢 ;star 主演 三．adj 的比较级 1. 双写+er wet--wetter--wettest fat-fatter-fattest thin--thinner —thinnest big--bigger--biggest slim-slimmer-slimmest sad--sadder--saddest red--redder —reddest mad-madder 2.辅音字母+y 结尾的词，改 y 为 i，再加 er/est easy--easier--easiest heavy tidy empty busy sunny dry cloudy snowy rainy windy tasty funny happy lucky healthy wealthy friendly early lovely 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 一般现在时 1.一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在状态，特征，能力, 性格。

2. 通常与 every day/ year/morning/Monday/ autumn, always, usually, often, sometimes, at times, never 等连用 3. 句型构成 ① be 动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+ 其它 I am an English football player. ②行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它) We study English.harder than before. He likes ice cream. 4..主语在第三人称单数时用动词的“ 三单形式” ，其他人称用动词原形 5.动词三单的变化规则： ①一般情况下，直接加-s play — plays like — likes ②以 s. x. ch,sh ,o 结尾,加-es: misses, passes, mixes, fixes, watches, pushes, wishes, do--does, go--goes ③以“ 辅音字母+y” 结尾，变 y 为 i, 再加-es try---tries study---studies cry---cries fly---flies ( 以“ 元音字母+y” 结尾，直接加-s, buys, enjoys, plays, stays, says, pays ） 不规则变化：be---- is have----has 6.句子转换： ①一般疑问句：be 动词或情态动词(can,could 等)提到主语的前面， 当句子中没有 be 动词或情态动词，在句首用 do/ does 变成问句；原来的行为动词恢复原形 ②变否定句：在 be 动词或情态动词后面加 not；当句子中没有 be 动词或情态动词时，主语后加助动词 don’t, doesn’t 形成成否定，原来的行为动词恢复原形 7.人称: 第一人称 I, we 第二人称：you, you 第三人称单数：①人称代词 he, she, it ②单个人名 Han Mei 、地名 Beijing 或称呼 Uncle Wang ③单数可数名词 a desk 或"this / that / the+单数可数名词 ④不可数名词 the milk/bread ⑤不定代词 someone, anyone, anybody, somebody, no one, nobody, everyone, everything, something, nothing, anything 及指示代词 this, that ⑥动名词 doing morning exercises, drinking milk ⑦特殊疑问词 what, who, which 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 一般过去时 1、定义：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

2、表示过去的时间，yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night/ year / week/Tuesday /spring, in 1990 / May, in the 1970s, two days /a moment ago，after two hours =two hours later, this morning, just now, once upon a time, the other day( 几天前), in the past , used to do...( 过去常常)，at 5=at the age of 5=when sb was 5. when, before 等引导的时间状语从句等 3、句型构成 ①主语+was/ were +..... 主语+was not （wasn’t ）/were not(weren’t) Was/ Were + 主语+......? ②主语+行为动词过去式+....... 主语+did not/didn’t + 行为动词原形+...... Did+ 主 语 + 行 为动 词原形 +...... ？ 特 殊 疑问词 +did+ 主语 + 动 词原 形？ 如：What did Jim do yesterday? 特殊疑问词当主语时： 疑问词+动词过去式？ 如： Who went to home yesterday? 4、动词过去式的构成： (1)规则动词过去式的构成 ①直接加-ed 。

如 look-looked，play-played, offer-offered, weigh-weighed, destroy-destroyed, sign-signed. ②以不发音字母 e 结尾的动词， 去 e 再加-ed 如 like—liked, provide—provided, hate — hated, live-lived ③末尾是辅音字母+y 结尾的动词，变 y 为 i，加-ed 如 study-studied, fly-flied, carry-carried, cry---cried 元音字母+y” 结尾，直接加-ed, stayed, enjoyed, played ④末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed, stop, drop, trap, shop, mop plan, fit(使适当， 安装， 合身) ,travel ,prefer ， refer, regret, ban, beg ， nod (2)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆 5.注意： ①时态一致的需要用一般过去时 如：I didn’t know you were here. 没想到你在这里。

②表示一系列的动作，尽管有先后，都用一般过去时，最后两个动词之间用 and 连结 如：He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared. 他打开门，冲了出去，然节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 后就消失了 After he packed his school bag, he went out. ③在语境中理解“ 我刚才/原来还不……” 。

如：—Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it. —It’s 2566666. —You can’t smoke here, look at the sign on the wall. —Sorry, I didn’t notice it. 现在进行时 1、定义：表示此时或先阶段正在进行着某种事情 2、时间状语：now, at the present, at the moment, today, this week, these days 3、句型构成：肯定句式：主语+be( am, is, are)+ 现在分词+其它. 否定句式：主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它 We are waiting for you. They are playing basketball now. Listen！She is singing an English song Look, they are announcing the result of the game show. He is writing another novel these days. It’s 3 p.m. The students ar e having a break. How are you feeling today 4、动词现在分词的构成： 1.).直接加-ing 2.)以不发音 e 结尾一般应去掉 e 再加 ing （see-seeing） write hope care have save produce breathe writing hoping caring having saving producing breathing 3.)重读闭音节加一辅音结尾的，最后一个字母需重复 run, plan, stop, shop, mop, trap, drop, trip 绊倒， 绊； skip-skipping 跳绳, travel, control, begin, swim get , put ,sit ,cut , forget, permit, dig 4 )特殊 die—dying，tie—tying，lie—lying 5、现在进行时与 always ,usually ,continually ,forever等副词连用时带有感情色彩 You’re always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。

The boy is forever asking questions.那个男孩老是问问题 6、表示位置移动的动词用现在进行时表将来，有“ 意图”“安排”“打算” 等义表最近或较近的将来， Annie is coming to supper this evening. I’m going to Shanghai tomorrow. 我明天要去上海 The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走 The boys are starting school on Monday. 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 过去进行时 1、定义：表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作. 2、构成： 主语+was/were + 现在分词+...... We were having supper when the phone rang. 否定：.....was/were not +pp+...... This time yesterday Jack wasn’t watching TV. He was repairing his bike. 疑问：Was/Were +主语+pp+.....? Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon? 3：时间状语 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, last night, from nine to ten, at that time, at this time yesterday afternoon, at four last Wednesday， when,while, as 引导的过去时间状语从句。

We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. What was he researching all day last Sunday? What was she doing at nine o‘clock yesterday? We were doing our homework at this time yesterday. My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself; It was raining when they left the station. As she was reading the newspaper,Granny fell asleep. －I called you just now, but there was no answer. －Oh,sorry. I was watching a two-hour documentary on TV. 区别：I was typing a letter last night. 昨晚我在打一封信.（可能没打完） I typed some letters last night. 我昨晚打了一些信.（已经打完） 现在完成时(The present perfect tense) 句型结构：...have/has +Vpp+... Have/has +...+Vpp+....? / ...haven’t/hasn’t +Vpp+... 1. 用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

①.不能有过去时间，不能用 when 提问，常与这些词连用：just，already，never，ever， before， yet， lately, recently, so far（迄今为止） ， over/during/in the past（last）three years ②. just ,ever, never,放在助动词 have / has 后 E.g: He has just come . He has never visited the Great Wall before. Have you ever been to the Hawaii ？ Yes,I have. I went there last August. 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 ③. yet 用于疑问句末或否定句末或否定回答 not 之后. Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet. ④. already 用于肯定句中助动词 have / has 后或句末, 否定或疑问中变成 yet We have already finished it.----- We haven’t finished it yet.. So far, we have visited the moon.twice already. 2. 用法二：表过去已开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态,可能还要延续下去. ①..常与 for;since 连用,可用 hong long 对时间提问. for＋表示一段时间的词语 I have taught English for 19 years 。

since＋表示过去时间的词语/ ＋表过去时态的时间状语从句 I have lived here since I was born. He has been at this school since 1986 / since yesterday/since last summer /since two days ago 3.过去分词: 规则构成与动词过去式相同,不规则动词需要特殊记. 4.have been to /have gone to 的区别; have been to /have been in 区别 ①. have been to “ 去过某地”, 现在已经回来,后面可接表示“ 次数” 的状语 He has been to America three times. 他到过美国三次. ②. have gone to “ 去了” ，现在人不在说话的现场，人在途中或目的地 --Where's your mother? --She has gone to the hospital. -- 她去医院了 ③. have been in “ 已在某地停留一段时间， 现仍在那里” ， 常带表示一段时间的状语。

We have been in Xi'an for two weeks. 我们在西安已呆了两个多星期 How long have they been in China? For six months. 5. 现在完成时与一段时间连用时，短暂性动词变成延续性 die →been dead leave →been away (from) finish →been over begin(start)→been on buy →have borrow →keep join →be in 或 be a member of get marry → be married open →be open close →be closed arrive/come/go→been in/at fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) make friends with sb→be friends with sb get in touch (with sb)-keep in touch (with sb) get used to-be used to 6.一般过去时和现在完成时, 一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系, 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。

①.一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday,yesterday morning/ afternoon/ evening， the day before yesterday （前天）,last week/month/ year, two months ago, a moment ago, in 1990/May, after two hours =two hours later, in the 1960s, on March 5th, in those days节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 （在那些日子里）, in the past(在过去)，once（曾经）, then（那时） ，just now（刚才） ，before（以 前), at that time，this morning ( afternoon,evening…), when I was born/two years old. ②.现在完成时时间状语见上面。

过去完成时 1、定义：在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作 2、 句型： 肯： 主语+had+vPP.... 否:主语+had+not+vPP+..... 疑问: Had+主语+vPP+......? 3、用法 1）before , after, when, till/until, because 等引导的状语从句中，主、从句的动作先后发生，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时 After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. I had learned 100 English words till then.到那时为止... Before he went to bed, he had completed the task. They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. When he arrived at /got to/ reached the theatre, the play had begun/started When he arrived at the theatre, the play had been on for five minutes. When the police arrived,the thieves had run away. When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. She didn’t go shopping until she had finished her housework. 注意：如果两个动作紧密相连着发生，常不用过去完成时，可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

After he packed his school bag, he went out. 2).在 told sb, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句中， 主句为一般过去时，从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时 She said she had seen the film before. He told me he had worked in that factory since 1949 3). By+ 过去时间，by the end of + 过去时间. by the time +sb.+ 动词过去式 By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words. The bus had already left by the time I got there. 4)表示意向的动词，hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 5).看上下文来判定. I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing. I didn’t know anything about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson well. 6).在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

I returned the book that I had borrowed. She found the key that she 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 had lost. 一般将来时 1、定义：表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态 2、句型：①助动词 will / shall + 动原(shall 只用于第一人称) 否定句加在 will/shall 后加 not,表示将来发生的事情，用于征求对方的意见或表示客气的邀请 ②be going to+ 动原 “ 打算；就要” 3、 时间状语： tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening, next year/week/month/century, in+一段时间, in the future, this afternoon/Sunday/evening, from now on, one day, some day（未来的）某天, soon Tomorrow will be Sunday The rain will stop soon. Shall we go there at five? Will you please open the door? We're going to meet outside the school gate. .Look! It's going to rain. 4、用现在进行时表示将来 表位置转移的动词（如：go, come, leave, start, arrive ，move，sail，stay，live,fly, 等） ，可用现在进行时表示将来时。

Uncle Wang is coming. 王叔叔就要来了 They're leaving for Beijing. 他们即将前往北京 5、主将从现 主将从现是指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时主要标志有：if 、unless 、until、 when 、as soon as ①主将从现 she will not watch TV until she finishes practising ballet training. I will tell him about it when he comes. If it is fine/doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go outing. ②主祈从现 Don’t laugh at me when I make a mistake. Cross the road if the traffic lights are green. ③主情从现 You should be quiet when you are in the reading room 注意: 如果主句的时态是过去时，那么从句要用一般过去的某种时态。

He said he would have another try if he had the chance. I knew he could help me if he was free the next day. 6、用“be+ 动词不定式” 或用“be about to + 动词原形” 的结构表示 He is to visit Japan next year. 明年他将访问日本 They're about to leave. (=They're leaving.) 他们就要走了 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 过去将来时 1、定义：表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态 2、句型： "would+动词原形" He said he would come to see me. He told me he would go to Beijing. "was /were+going to+ 动原 She said she was going to start at once. I was told that he was going to return home. 3、用法：宾语从句中，主句的谓语用过去时，从句用过去将来时，常用动词有： said, asked, thought, knew, told 等。

I knew you would agree. I said I would arrange everything. I didn't know if he would come. She was sixty-six. In three years ，she would be sixty-nine. 4、某些动词 come,go,leave,arrive,start 等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时 He said the train was leaving at six the next morning. 他说火车第二天早晨出发 She told me she was coming to see me. 她告诉我她要来看我 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 词类 1:∽+able (adj) value—valuable move—movable comfort —comfortable change—changeable suit—suitable fashion—fashionable enjoy—enjoyable ★disabled (残疾的) love-lovable 2:∽+ous (adj) danger-dangerous poison-poisonous humo(u)r-humo(u)rous 3: ∽+or (n) actor inventor visitor editor director ∽+er (n) printer/designer/supporter/producer/ programmer/winner/swimmer /planner/traveller/cooker/speaker /robber/organizer/performer/owner/interviewer /explorer/trainer/hunter/ thinker/attacker/murderer/kidnapper/shoplifter/killer 4: (n) performance (dis)appearance (enter)entrance (true)truth growth warmth (wide)width (long)length (height) height (know)knowledge (host)hostess (act)actress (choose)choice (weigh)weight (young)youth (safe)safety (busy)business (proud)pride (silent) silence (lose)loss (arrive)arrival (please)pleasure (able)ablity (advise)advice (use)usage (serve)service (decide)decision (describe)description (solve)solution (conclude)conclusion (succeed)success (rob)robbery/robber (think)thought/thinker (act)action/actor/actress/activity greet-greeting feel-feeling end-ending turn—turning cross-crossing warn-warning begin-beginning walk-walking jog-jogging smile-smiling riding/ cycling/camping/sakting/s 5:∽+y (adj): 直接+y salty, healthy, lucky, rainy, windy, snowy foggy, sunny,frosty, sleepy, sporty 去 e+y (noise)noisy (shine)shiny (taste)tasty 6: ∽ +al (adj): (medicine)medical, (tradition)traditional ,(music)musical, (culture)cultural (education)educational (person)personal international magical (nature)natural 7: a+ ∽(adj) awake/ asleep/alive 8: ∽+ly (adj) lonely friendly weekly lovely likely lively silly elderly daily weekly deadly 致命的, ;阴险毒辣的;冷酷无情的, 极其无聊的 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 否定前缀和后缀 8AP80 1.in+∽ incorrect, informal, indirect, inactively, infamous, inexpensive 2.im+∽ impolite, impossible, impatient 3.dis+∽ dishonest, disagree, dislike, disappear 4.ir+∽ irregular 5.un+∽ uncomfortable, unnecessary, unimportant, unhappy, unpopular, unfriendly, unwelcome, unable, unhealthy, unlucky, unhelpful, unkind, unusual, unfair, untidy, uncommon, unpleasant, unsafe, unlovely 6.∽+less lifeless careless, endless, useless, meaningless, helpless , harmless, valueless, homeless, hopeless 形容词------副词 8AP84 1.adj+ly sadly, badly, brightly, carefully, carelessly, clearly, correctly, excitedly, successfully,loudly, neatly, pleasantly, slowly, softly, neatly, sadly, quietly, wonderfully, hopefully, wildly, shyly, recently, hardly ,tightly ,greatly, equally,normally , properly, mostly, mainly ,silently ,(im)patiently,certainly,seriously,directly, fluently,,beautifully highly(高度地；非常) speak highly of.. 赞扬/ think highly of.. 看重; 尊重 simply 简直 (I am simply dying with heat.( 我简直热死了.) 2.∽y ---- ∽ily angrily, happily, heavily, noisily, (un)luckily, easily, healthily 3.∽e---- 直接+ly , closely, freely, nicely, politely, widely( 广泛地), safely, (in)actively, wisely,completely( 完全地,彻底地), rudely, surely, sincerely, strangely, ∽e---- /去 e+ly true- truly ∽le--- 去 e+y possibly, gently, possibly, simply, comfortably, terribly 名词后缀 ∽+ment, ∽+ness, ∽+ion 8BP82 1: ∽ +ment (n) (dis)agreement excitement improvement development advitisement encourageent government achievement arrangement treatment movement management, punishment ★argument 2: ∽+ness (n) sadness， kindness， blindness ， darkness ,happiness ， sickness， illness greatness, unhappiness, carelessness, gentleness, richness, fitness ugliness 3: ∽ +ion去e+ation( 4个 ) invitation, organization, exploration, examine-examination 直接+ion(6 个) invention, collection, suggestion, discussion, protection, prevention 去 e+ion(4 个) educate-education, celebrate- celebration, donate-donation, decorate- decoration, 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 动词不定式 to do sth 8A p74 1. v + to do sth (like/love/dislike/hate/start /begin to do或 doing ) like /dislike /love /hate / start /begin /want/ would like/ hope/ wish/ agree/ choose/ decide/ learn/ plan/ prepare/ manage/ need/ prefer/ fail/ seem/ continue/ can’t wait / used + to do sth( 过去常常干 ….) 2. v + sb (not) to do sht want/ would like/wish/ need/ tell/ ask/order/allow/encourage/advise sb (not) to do sth help sb (to) do sth 3. forget to do 忘记要干 …… forget doing 忘记干了….. remember to do 记得要干 …… remember doing 记得干过…… try to do 尽力干…… try doing 试着干…… stop to do 停下来干别的事 stop dong 停止正在干的事 4. 七个感官动词 see/ hear/ watch/feel/find/ notice/ observe sb do sth/ doing sth sb is/was seen to do / doing sth (被动) 5. 三个使役性动词 have/ let / make sb( 别人）do sth sb is/was made to do make + 自己+ PP (使自己被......) have sth + PP (请/让别人做某事) 6.在几个建议中用 无 to 的不定式 had better(not) do sth why not do sth? Why don’t you do sth? Let sb do sth. Would /Could /Will you ( please)(not) do sth? 7.不定式在句子中的成分 主语（一般用 it 做形式主语)It’s good to hand in homework on time. 表语 My dream is to be a football player. 宾语 I hope to hear from you soon. 宾补 He asked me to plant trees. 定语 Mr Wu is the last (one) to leave. 状语 He came back to find the doctor dead The baby has grown up to be a beautiful girl. 8.特殊疑问词和不定式的连用 wh-- + to do sth Paul knows who to talk to for help. 宾语从句 一.定义: 在复合句中（即主句+从句),一个小句子做主句中某个动词，介词或形容节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载学习必备 欢迎下载 词的宾语。

V:say, know, wonder, see, guess, hear, mean, agree, feel, think, hope, show, imagine ask sb, tell sb, explain to sb, Adj: be sure, be happy, be glad, be afraid, be sorry, be excited. Prep: talk about, think of, find out, worry about, 二：引导词 1.that 引导，无意义，可省 2.wh- 词/词组引导，充当从句的一个成分，不省 3.if/ whether 引导,‘是否’ 从句表示疑问，从句中 some --any; someone-- anyone; something--anything. 三．语序 引导词+陈述句 1).that +陈述句 2).wh- +主语+其它 I wonder how often he watches TV . 特殊疑问词做从句的主语 I don’t know what happened to you last year She is not sure what is the matter. We wondered what was wrong with them. Please tell me who borrowed the book. She asked me which was the way to the bank. 3).if/whether + 主语+其它 e.g: Let’t talk about if/whether we’ll eat chicken. 这几种情况只能用 whether: ①宾语从句放句首表强调 。

Whether she will come or not, I really don ’t know. ②后面跟 or not 时 She didn’t say whether she would come or not. ③宾语从句作介词宾语时I’m w orrying about whether she was ill. 三：时态 1.主句如果是一般现在时，从句根据需要选用任何时态 2. 主句如果是一般过去时 从句从一般现在时变为一般过去式；一般将来时变为过去将来时；现在完成时变为过去完成时，现在进行时变为过去进行时 如果从句是真理，仍然用一般想在时 节词不发音结尾加重读闭音节单词双写结尾辅音字母再加辅音字母结尾的词改为再加多音节词和部分双音节词词前加和原极比较级最高级不规则形式两好坏病两多少距离远年长的远程度深老资格老的形容词比较级和最高级的用法表更的一个用比较级而且还用短语比较级前用来修饰表得多甚至一些学习必备欢迎下载倍数的表示倍数原极用比较级比较级的结构译为越来越用比较级比较级的结构译为越就越从句前后比较对象要一致比较对象是可数复数可数单数不体名词复数形式最高级有等时省略最高级表示最之一形容词后的名词用复数形式序数词最高级第几最最高级表示非常的意思学习必备欢迎下载用比较级表示最高级同一范围用的单数复数不是同一范围时找无的选项学习必备欢迎下载。