高等学校研究生英语系列教材综合教程下主编熊海虹教学课件第一单元.ppt

高等院校研究生英语系列教材综合教程（下）综合教程（下）INTEGRATED COURSEUnit 1 Living A Full Life Unit 1Living a Full Life Content Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final ProjectTask 1Discuss with members of your group what is/are the most important element(s) for living a full life. You may choose one or more from the following list or provide your own answer. Then give reasons why you have made such a choice. • a good appearance • close friends • a happy mindset • a good neighborhood • perfect health • an absorbing hobby • a good job • lottery winnings • a happy familyStarting out—Task 1Starting out—Task 1Task 2 Your best friend has recently been in low spirits ever since she was diagnosed with COPD (慢性阻塞性肺病). She stays in bed most of the time and misses a lot of classes. She has nothing to do, and moreover wants to do nothing. How would you encourage her to cope with the disease with a positive attitude?Starting out—Task 2Starting out—Task 2Here are some suggestions from experts that will enable you to retain (or take back) much of your independence and improve your quality of life.• Don’t isolate yourself...reach out to others• Stay as physically active as you can• Manage your breathing• Stick with your treatment planStarting out—Task 2Starting out—Task 2Task 3Read the letter from John Doe and, with your partner, discuss how you could help him.Dear Abby,I feel like I almost can’t breathe now. I work a ridiculous amount of hours and I don’t have time to relax. My parents live 1,400 miles away and I am here all by myself. I have no time to make friends. Sometimes I feel I don’t even have a life. What should I do?Kind regards,JohnStarting out—Task 3Starting out—Task 3 Dear John, I used to live a life just like yours. I can see myself in you when I finished my college and started my first job. I found a job as junior reporter for Chicago Daily so I moved from Houston to Chicago. I was working 18 hours a day in a place where I knew few people. My health finally broke down from too much work and poor diet. I stayed in hospital for two weeks. My parents came to Chicago and took care of me. After I was out of hospital, I quitted my job and moved back to Houston, where I found a job in a local newspaper. I visited my parents often and I had time to hang around with my friends whom I had known for years as well as those I newly made. I felt happy finally. So my suggestion is to take some time off your work and go back to visit your parents and friends. Consider changing a job which requires fewer hours so that you may have time to make friends. You may also try to take classes on a subject you are interested in or pursue a hobby. You are sure to find life worth living. Yours, AbbyStarting out—Task 3Starting out—Task 3Starting outStarting outListen to the passage “Bored to Death” and fill out the blanks. We’ve all been bored from time to time. Sometimes, when we’re really at loose ends, we might even say we’re “bored to death” or “_____________________!” We don’t really mean it, of course.But according to one study, it may be true. That is, it _______________________ to be bored to death. Researchers in England looked at surveys done in the mid 1980s–several thousand questionnaires filled out by _______________________ about their jobs.so bored I could die seems possible literallyLondon civil servantsThe researchers found that those who’d said that in the previous month they were bored at work were _____________________________________ as other workers to die of a heart problem over the follow-up period. Workers who ____________________________ in their jobs were less likely to die prematurely.Now, this doesn’t mean that feeling bored _____________________________ will kill you. We’re talking about chronic boredom, as in being bored all the time. more than twice as likely claimed to be interested every once in a whileStarting outStarting outAnd it’s not necessarily boredom itself that’s deadly. Most probably,according to the study, it’s the fact that being bored often leads to _____________________ such smoking, overeating, drinking, and abusing drugs.Other studies have linked ________________________–a disease known often to lead to poor health.Does this mean that being engaged and interested–in other words, the opposite of bored–_____________________?Maybe. If not being bored means being physically active and adopting good dietary and exercise habits, then it certainly can’t hurt.unhealthy habitsboredom and depressionleads to better healthStarting outStarting outThe Hidden Side of HappinessReading FocusReading Focus Global Understanding 2Detailed Information3Critical Thinking4Language Points5Reading FocusReading FocusVocabulary in Action6Background Information1Watch a clip from The Pursuit of Happyness in which Christopher’s wife just left him. Discuss with your partner how people should pursue happiness. Background InformationBackground InformationClick on the pictureReading FocusReading Focus – – Global Understanding1Introduction2Body3Conclusion(Paras. 1-3)(Paras. 4-17)(Para. 18)IntroductionReading FocusReading Focus – – Global UnderstandingMain idea: Many people find that enduring a harrowing ordeal ________________________________________.There seems to be a built-in human capacity to _________________________________________________.What doesn’t kill you can actually make you stronger.ultimately changes them for the betterflourish under the most difficult circumstancesBody Main idea: People who have suffered the most, who have beenforced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and torethink the meaning of their lives, __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. may have the most totell us about that profound and intensely fulfillingjourney that philosophers used to call the searchReading FocusReading Focus – – Global Understandingfor “the good life”Argument 1: Happiness is only one among many values in human life. Sometimes only _________________________ can foster such qualities as _________________________________________________________________ because _______________________________________________________________________________________.Example: 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr. “I felt I hadbeen shown the secret of life and why we’re here: to be happyand to nurture other life. It’s that simple.”the trials of adversitycreativitycompassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, Reading FocusReading Focus – – Global Understandingsometimes onlydrastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of changeBody Argument 2: For many people who have endured extreme eventslike combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness—perhapseven the majority—life _________________________________________________. ultimately becomes richer and Reading FocusReading Focus – – Global Understandingmore gratifyingBody Argument 3: Actually implementing these changes, as well asfully coming to terms with a new reality, ________________ ______________________. And eventually, people may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.Example: _________________________________________. Although parenting can bring sleep deprivation and thenecessity of putting aside personal pleasure, ultimately, theemotional rewards can compensate for the pain and difficultiesof adversity.usually takesOne of life’s biggest challenges: parentingconscious, effortReading FocusReading Focus – – Global UnderstandingBody ConclusionMain idea: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________.It’s possible to live an extraordinary rewarding lifeeven within the constraints and struggles we faceReading FocusReading Focus – – Global UnderstandingTask 2Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text (P11) Key:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10BCAADACDBDReading FocusReading Focus – – Detailed InformationCritical ThinkingReading FocusWork together with your partner to answer the following questions based on the text you’ve just read.Reading Focus—Critical Thinking1. The writer claims in the first paragraph that, “many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.” In which sense does she mean by saying “to change for the better”, physically or mentally?2. In the second paragraph, the writer believes in “a built-in capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.” Do you agree with her? Provide examples to elaborate your opinion.3. Do you agree with the statement “What doesn’t kill you actually makes you stronger”? Why or why not? Discuss in groups the following questions.1. Have you had the experience of going through a very difficult situation and coming out as a better person? Or do you know someone who has experienced this?2. Unlike those who are so unfortunate to have been struck by diseases or who have been forced to go through extreme difficulties in life, some people choose to voluntarily take adventures or challenges, like extreme sports, to push themselves to limits. Why do these people do so and what can they obtain from these experiences?Reading Focus—Critical Thinking1. Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting1 accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. (para.1) Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Øhurricane: a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water 飓风 e.g. A drenching rain poured down and the rising hurricane drove it in sheets along the ground.Øsimilar terms: typhoon/ monsoon/ trade windØvicious: 1) violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically e.g. a vicious murder　 a vicious killer2) very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someone's feelings or make their character seem bad, e.g. She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice.Øsimilar words: malicious, evil, violent, savage, cruel, ferocious, fierceReading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 2. There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. (para.2)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Øflourish: develop well and be successful e.g. The economy is booming and small businesses are flourishing. Øthrive: e.g. Children thrive when given plenty of love and attention.3. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide:…… (Para. 3) Øfledgling: a fledgling state or organization has only recently been formed and is still developing e.g. Nursed the fledgling business through an economic downturn. Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 4. Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness.(para.4)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Øparadoxes: a person, thing or situation that has two opposite features and therefore seems strange e.g. He was a paradox-a loner who loved to chat to strangers. The paradox is that fishermen would catch more fish if they fished less.5. But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical,…… (papa.11)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Øtransform: to completely change the appearance, form, or character of something or someone, especially in a way that improves ite.g. The movie transformed her almost overnight from an unknown schoolgirl into a megastar. After three weeks we noticed a total transformation in his behavior. 6. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. (para.12) Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Ø翻译：翻译：在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。

的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了 •Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- Task 1Read the words and their explanations in the box. Choose a word to complete each of the sentences below and explain its meaning. Change the form if necessary.(P14)provinces b.woke a.haunt b.trouble a.weathers d.wake b.coined c.trouble b.Reading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action •Key 9- 10- 11- 12- 13- 14- 15- 16- 17-18-19-20- weather c.province c.coin a.value a.haunts a.has promised a.trouble c.coin b.Reading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action promise d.values c.refrain b.valued e.Task 21.The ___________ atmosphere of the inn allows guests to feel totally at home.2. Technological advances might ___________ lead to even more job losses.Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate phrase from the box. Change the form if necessary. (P15)tranquilultimatelyadversity ordeal anticipate drastic suicidalpreoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquildeprivation aspire aftermath cancel out ultimatelyReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action 3. In the _____________ of the shootings, there were calls for tighter controls on gun ownership.4. Her kindness and generosity _____________ her occasional flashes of temper.5. He was beginning to wonder if he would survive the _____________ .6. Foreign food aid has led to a _____________ reduction in the numbers of people dying of starvation.aftermathcancel outordealdrasticReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action adversity ordeal anticipate drastic suicidalpreoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquildeprivation aspire aftermath cancel out ultimately7. Perhaps her most important ____________ was her program of educational reform.8. There were food shortages and other ____________ during the Civil War.9. The new economic policies could prove ____________ for the party.10. The building will be completed around six months earlier than ____________ .legacydeprivationssuicidalanticipatedReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action adversity ordeal anticipate drastic suicidalpreoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquildeprivation aspire aftermath cancel out ultimately11. The experience was enough to keep him ___________ for some time.12. The road to happiness is paved with ___________ .13. She ___________ to nothing no less than the chairmanship of the company.14. He might be influenced by ___________ for the surroundings of his happy youth.15. In ___________ , I wish that I had thought about alternative courses of action.preoccupiedadversitiesaspiresnostalgiaReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action adversity ordeal anticipate drastic suicidalpreoccupy legacy nostalgia retrospect tranquildeprivation aspire aftermath cancel out ultimatelyretrospectTask 3Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets into English. Try to use the expressions you have learned from the text. (p.17)1. Watching your baby being born is ___________________________ (极其令人兴奋的经历).2. There is __________________________ (内置储藏空间) in all bedrooms.3. This handout focuses on ___________________________ (自我保护措施) under difficult climatic conditions.a mind-blowing experiencebuilt-in storage spaceself-protection measuresReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action 4. I’m sure we could offer you some __________________________ (短期的工作).5. So, how is it that we all, or at least many of us, have such a ________________________________________ (歪曲的、否定的自我观念)?6. Helen Hunt stars as a character undergoing _____________________ (改变了生活的事件) in Then She Found Me.7. She has written a book that is beautiful because of the honesty and the raw emotion that is portrayed in _____________________________ (无所不包的细节).8. Having a decent job contributes to _____________________ (一个好的自我形象).short-term employmentdistorted and negative self-perceptionlife-changing eventsReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action all-encompassing detailsa good self-imageThe Good Mind Is FlexibleReading MoreReading MoreReading MoreReading More Global Understanding Text Exploration Critical Thinking Language Points Vocabulary in Action Distinguish between training and educationParas. 2-6IntroductionWhat characterize flexible peoplePara. 1Paras. 7-12 ConclusionPara. 13Reading More—Global UnderstandingAnswer the following questions.1. What kind of people does the world of tomorrow need?Flexible individuals, intelligently mobile individuals, individuals who can land on their feet when their jobs become technologically obsolete, individuals who can cope with theunexpected. These are the people that are needed in the world of tomorrow.Reading More— detailed information 2. What is the difference between training and education?To train is to make learners find the fixed responses, to stress immediate goals to the neglect of long-term growth of the learners. To educate, however, is to foster limitless growth,lifelong learning in learners, to let them develop the good mind.Reading More— detailed information 3. How can we develop into a flexible person with a good mind?To develop the flexible person with the good mind we must learn how to teach skills, attitudes, and concepts, we must favor those learning experiences that have high transfer value to varied life situations. We must enable them to see the world in a fresh, inventive way. We will let them chart their own course.Reading More— detailed information 4. What is the teacher’s task if art is “the intensification of the ordinary”?5. What is the inescapable element in education for flexibility?His task is to help learners turn the commonplace into the creative.Reading More— detailed information An attitude favorable to change. It is the inescapable element in education for flexibility. If someone has a negative view toward change, there will be no flexibility.6. How do people who dread change think of themselves?Those people think they don’t amount to much, they do not accept themselves and consequently do not accept others. They often have a negative view toward the future.Reading More— detailed information 7. What can schools and colleges do to build an attitude favorable to the unprejudiced examination of ideas?Schools and colleges can and must develop the self-confidence of students, build them up with repeated success instead of constant failure. They can develop a group atmosphere friendly to and supportive of change. They can help students admire what is admirable, and become acquainted with heroic men and women who changed the world. They can provide continuing guidance in how to become a real person, one who has faith in the future, who has a good mind of his own.Reading More— detailed information 8. Why is continuing education a necessity?Because “the things taught in colleges and schools are not an education, but a means of education.” Students only learn the means of education at school so they have to use this means to continue their education in the real world.Reading More— detailed information Critical￿ThinkingReading MoreReading MoreDiscuss with your partner the following questions, based on the text you’ve just read.Reading More—Critical Thinking1. Do you agree with the writer that to develop a good mind a student must learn how to cultivate and develop a taste for learning? In your mind, what is a taste for learning?2. What are those learning experiences that have high transfer value to varied life situations? Can you give some examples?3. How important is one’s attitude to changes in his life?Discuss with your partner the following questions.Reading More—Critical Thinking1. What should be the role of schooling in one’s education?2. Do you agree with Edgar Dale’s view? Which do you think is more important, higher education or job training?3. Some people say a good heart is most important for a person to live a meaningful life. Others say a good mind is more important. What is your opinion?1. For many years we have talked about education in a changing society but have done little to educate for uncertainty. (Para. 1) Reading More Reading More – – Language Point Øuncertainty : when you feel doubt about what will happen e.g. Times of great change are also times of uncertainty.Øuncertainty, doubt There is a great deal of ____________ about the company's future.She knew without a shadow of a _______ that he was lying to her. uncertaintydoubt2. Mark Twain’s story about the cat is in order here. (Para. 2) Reading More Reading More – – Language Point Øin order: to be a suitable thing to do or say on a particular occasion e.g. I hear congratulations are in order. 3. If we accept Dewey’s definition of art as “the intensification of the ordinary”, then the teacher’s task is to help learners turn the commonplace into the creative.(Para.6)Reading More Reading More – – Language Point Øcommonplace: something that is ordinary or boringe.g. The speech was full of commonplaces. Moore took as his main theme the mystery of the commonplace. 4. Often such people think they don’t amount to much. (Para 9)Reading More Reading More – – Language Point Øamount to: to not be important, valuable, or successful e.g. Her academic achievements don't amount to much. They gave me some help in the beginning but it did not amount to much.5. He agrees with Alfred North Whitehead that, “Knowledge does not keep any better than fish,” ……(Para. 12) Ø翻译：翻译： “知识和鱼一样无法保持新鲜。

知识和鱼一样无法保持新鲜Reading More Reading More – – Language Point Task 1 1. favorFill in each of the blanks with an appropriate form of the word given and explain its meaning. (P23)favorfavorablefavoredReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action favoriteA. A mother shouldn’t show too much _________ to one of her children.B. We have had a(n) ___________ response to the plan so far.C. Brittany is a(n) _________ holiday destination for families.D. I will take you to my _________ restaurant tomorrow.2. constant3. intenseconstancyconstantconstantlyintensifiedintensiveReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action intensificationintenseA. Never doubt the ___________ of my love for you.B. There was a ___________ stream of visitors to the house.C. We are _____________ on the lookout for new ideas.A. His mother’s death ___________ his loneliness.B. Zoe took part in a one-week __________ course in English during the winter holiday.C. The country was on the verge of collapse because of the ______________ of violent rebel attacks.D. This type of work requires _________ concentration.4. prejudice A. A criminal record __________ your chances of getting a job. B. The newspaper reported his remarks, to the __________ of his chances of being elected. C. It is impossible to be completely fair and _______________.5. perception A. He is interested in how our ___________ of death affects the way we live. B. According to Reynolds, there has been a slight but _____________ change in public attitudes lately. C. He had enough ________________ to realize that I wanted to be alone. D. The most _____________ of the three, she was the first to realize the potential danger of their situation. E. Some children have more finely trained _____________ skills than others.prejudicesprejudiceunprejudicedReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action perceptionperceptibleperceptivenessperceptiveperceptual6. secureA. Strict ____________ measures are in force in the capital.B. Check that all windows and doors have been made as ___________ as possible.C. Many of them work in low-paid, ____________ jobs.D. After the attack, the family often suffer from a great sense of ____________.7. flexibleA. You need to be more ___________ and imaginative in your approach.B. The ____________ of distance learning would be particularly suited to busy managers.C. The proposed law is poorly written and ____________.D. The ____________ of the country’s labor market seriously impedes its economic recovery.securitysecureinsecureReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action insecurityflexibleflexibilityinflexibleinflexibility8. accumulate A. The consensus is that risk factors have an ____________ effect. B. Dust and dirt soon ____________ if a house is not cleaned regularly. C. ______________ of sand can be formed by the action of waves on coastal beaches. accumulativeaccumulateAccumulations9. mature A. Technology in this field has ____________ considerably over the last decade. B. We’re __________ enough to disagree on this issue but still respect each other. C. Humans experience a delayed ___________; we arrive at all stages of life later than other mammals.D. While the animals are still ___________, they do not breed.maturedmaturematurityReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action immature10. custom A. She arranged everything with her ___________ efficiency. B. General Motors will ___________ Cadillacs for special clients. C. His son operates a ___________ furniture business. D. On Wednesday evening, as was his ___________, he went down to the village.customarycustomizecustomReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action customTask 2What then is a good mind? It is the whole mental faculty in action. It discerns, doubts, 1) ___________, probes. It answers questions and questions answers. A good mind is critical. It conceptualizes, sees relationships, makes 2) _____________, relates discrete facts, sees differences in similarities and similarities in differences. A good mind is 3) _____________. It produces something new, fresh, 4) _____________. A good mind knows that only the creative society survives. A good mind embraces creative interaction. It 5) _____________what schools and colleges will need in the near and distant future.Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word from the box. Change the form if necessary.searchesconnectionsinventiveReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action discerninganticipatesA good mind looks closely at its 6) __________, its priorities. It considers the national and 7) ___________ values and ideals. A good mind is a critical mind, not carping or captious, but creative, evaluative, constructive. It is flexible. It makes good choices. It 8) __________ issues, questions assumptions, and draws logical conclusions. It distinguishes fact from 9) _________. The development of the critical mind should be a prime objective of the schools. A good mind thoughtfully uses the past in planning for the future. A good mind wishes but it also wills. It practices 10) _______________ until it becomes habitual. futureindividualidentifiesfallacyReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action self-disciplinePractical TranslationPractical Translation 语篇语篇（discourse）是在交际功能上相对完整和独立的一个语言片断。

为了进行有效的交际活动，语篇应衔接衔接（cohesion）得当，连贯性连贯性（coherence）好衔接手段（cohesive device）是一种谋篇手段，是生成语篇的重要条件之一，也是译者在翻译过程中首先要考虑的问题，因为它直接关系到译文的质量衔接自然的译文读起来通顺、流畅、连贯；缺乏衔接或衔接不当的译文晦涩难懂，影响阅读，也影响交际功能的实现语篇层次的翻译语篇层次的翻译——衔接衔接从语篇层面上说，英汉两种语言在形合（hypotaxis）和意合（parataxis）方面的差异由于英汉两种语言逻辑思维的不同，英语重“形合”，句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用显性的语言手段来实现，主要是通过各种语法手段和词汇手段，以表示其结构和逻辑关系因此，英语中长句多汉语重“意合”，句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合少用甚至不用形式衔接手段，主要靠句子内部的隐性逻辑联系，注重逻辑事理的顺序以及意义和主旨上的衔接和连贯因此，汉语中短句多，短句间的逻辑关系靠意义来表达，语法处于次要地位在翻译过程中，要牢记英汉两种语言在形合和意合上的差别，注意形合和意合之间的转换和调整1)I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity— an atmosphere which had no affinity with the air of heaven, but which had reeked up from the decayed trees, and the grey wall, and the silent tarn—a pestilent and mystic vapor, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. (Edgar Allan Poe: “The Fall of the House of Usher”)译文：译文： 我如此沉湎于自己的想象，以至于我实实在在地认为那宅院及其周围悬浮着一种它们所特有的空气。

那种空气并非生发于天地自然，而是生发于那些枯树残枝、灰墙暗壁，生发于那一汪死气沉沉的湖水那是一种神秘而致命的雾霭，阴晦，凝滞，朦胧，沉浊如铅曹明伦译） 解析解析： 这个例句选自美国作家爱伦· 坡的小说名篇《厄舍府之倒塌》整段话其实只有一个完整的句子，共70 个字，它不仅通过多个消极、晦涩、阴暗的形容词，如：decayed, grey, silent, pestilent, mystic, dull, sluggish, leaden-hued 来营造一种凄凉、萧瑟的自然氛围和压抑、沉闷的心理气氛，而且通过一个典型“形合”的长句来烘托这种乏味、阴晦的自然氛围和心理气氛这个“形合”长句主要采用各种语法手段（如并列句、状语从句、同位语从句、定语从句）以及词汇手段（如词汇atmosphere 的重复）等来表示其结构关系，并进行有机的衔接在翻译过程中，原语中“显性的语法和词汇手段”不能完全照搬到目标语中，也就是说，不能用带有各种成分的长句来处理这个句子，否则整个汉语句子就会显得拖沓、冗长因此在正确理解原文内容、弄清原文内在结构的基础上，用三个分句来处理这个长句分句之间虽然也运用了一定的词汇和语法手段，如重复“空气”一词和运用并列结构“生发于……，生发于……”，分句之间的衔接主要还是靠意义和逻辑关系的连接，先是讲我想象的内容，然后讲想象内容“空气”和周围环境的关系，最后讲这种空气的实质。

三个分句环环相扣，层层展开，如果缺少了分句中意义和逻辑关系的衔接，整个句子就无法成为一个有机而连贯的汉语句子2) She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a night when you waken to see the time and see the clock telling you the hour and the minute and the second, with a white silence and a glowing, all certainty and knowing what it has to tell of the night passing swiftly on toward further darkness but moving also toward a new sun. (Ray Douglas Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451)译文：译文：（ 她的）容貌那么清秀，就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐约可见的小小的钟面，报告时刻的钟面。

它皎洁而安静，深知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然越来越深沉，却也越来越接近新生的太阳苗怀新译）解析解析： 这个例句选自美国作家布拉德伯利的著名的反乌托邦小说《华氏451 度》整段话共80 个字，是一个完整而典型的“形合”句，主要是采用各种语法手段（如被动句、定语从句、宾语从句、并列句）以及运用修辞手法来进行有机的衔接，使原文一气呵成在翻译过程中，在正确理解原文内容、理清原文内在结构，原语中“显性的语法和词汇手段”，除了两组重复的词（“钟面”、“深知”和“深信”）以及前后指代（“钟面”和“它”）外，大部分都被隐去，取而代之的是汉语中意义和逻辑上的衔接和连贯译文充分利用汉语的短句形式，按照原文的逻辑顺序，把整个句子切分成两个单句、七个部分每个部分间层层相连，环环相扣，读起来有读原文那种一气呵成的感觉如果脱离了汉语句子间意义和逻辑的衔接，整个句子将支离破碎、读起来拗口、别扭1. I’ve been spared a lot, one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically prospering, the sort whose secrets are asked, like the hundred-year-old man.2. And so Franklin Roosevelt found that he had, in effect, to recruit an entirely new and temporary government to be piled on top of the old one, the new government to get the tanks and airplanes built, the uniforms made, the men and women assembled and trained and shipped abroad, and the battles fought and won.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.1. 我一直活得无忧无虑，深得上帝垂爱，至少算个幸运儿，少数人才享有的尊荣富贵，我垂手得之。

就像百岁人瑞总有人讨教，我的秘诀也总有人探询 2. 富兰克林· 罗斯福因此意识到他必须招募新班人马，组建临时机构来补强不能胜任的旧政府新成立的政府机构专门负责建造坦克飞机，定制军服，招募培训战士这些战士将被派往前线，去赢得一场场的战争Translation for Reference:Personal LettersFocused WritingFocused WritingA personal letter is a letter which provides communication between a small number of people, usually two. There are many types of personal letters and they are written for a wide variety of reasons, for example:Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill* obtaining information from an individual or a business;* telling somebody about themselves, for example, pen pals;* sending an individual or a business a social note, such as a thank-you or congratulations;* contacting an acquaintance, a friend or family member, for example, to exchange information.The Format of a LetterIn general, a letter, be it personal or formal, is comprised of the same parts. Let’s take a look at the following specimen format of a personal letter. Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting SkillFocused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting SkillSender’s addressDateSalutationBody of the letterComplimentarycloseName orSignatureThe address of the senderThe sender’s address is written on the top right-hand corner of the page. Remember that the address of the receiver, which is often referred to as the receiver’s or addressee’s address, is not appropriate in a personal letter.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting SkillThe dateThe date is written below the sender’s address with a blank line in between. In the month-day-year system, popular in the United States, a comma is used between the day and the year, as in September 10, 2009 whereas British people tend to adopt the day-month-year mode, as in 10th September 2009 or 10-9-2009.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting SkillThe salutationThe salutation always appears at the left-hand side of the page. The customary “Dear” is used along with the recipient’s first name, if appropriate.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting SkillThe body of the letterIt is the most important part, conveying information to the recipient of the letter. Personal letters are usually “newsy” (信息丰富的) and are written in a chatty or conversational style in most cases. Thus, such contractions like “I’ll” or “doesn’t”, incomplete sentences like “Wonderful news!” and colloquial expressions are acceptable.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting SkillThe complimentary closeIt can be placed either on the right-hand or left-hand side below the body of the letter. The most common forms of closing a personal letter are “Yours sincerely” or “Kind regards”. Some other closing phrases, such as “Yours affectionately” and “Love” can also be used where appropriate as a mark of intimacy.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting SkillThe name or signature It is placed directly below the complimentary close. The first name only is usual in personal letters e.g. “Kind regards, Jane”. However, the full name or signature may be used in formal letters or when writing to businesses, e.g. “Yours sincerely, Jane White or J. M. White”.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting SkillFocused Writing — Focused Writing — WritingWriting Skill SkillSuite 975495 West Village WayNew York10023October 15th, 2009Dear Mavis,Please accept my heartiest congratulations on your recent selection for inclusion on the shortlist for the NY City Writers Prize.I just heard the news today from Francis Goodspeed when she dropped into my office with the marked-up proofs for her latest collection of stories. As you can imagine, Fran was very excited too! I am so proud of you. As you know, I have been a long-time promoter of your work, and in my mind it’s about time they finally recognized your talent. In fact, I believe that your selection for the NYCWP short-list is long overdue.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — WritingWriting Skill SkillI have already read two of the other books that are short-listedand in my opinion they don’t hold a candle to your No Turning Back. I will read the other three books nominated andlet you know what I think although I could hardly be considered an objective reviewer on this one.Once again Mavis, my sincere congratulations on your nomination. Just being nominated for the NYCWP is an honor in itself. I will be keeping my fingers crossed for you until they announce the winner on March 1st.Best wishes,BradFinal ProjectFinal ProjectInterview and PresentationTask 1Step OneInterview five successful people (professor, school competition winner, scholarship recipient, leader of innovation teams, etc.) about what they have gone through to get where they are. You should include in your questionnaire: age, gender, educational background, life experience, outstanding achievements, opinions on their own life, etc.Step TwoPresent to the class their experiences and opinions on life.Final ProjectTask 1Step One Interview five students from different schools about their opinions on the following questions.1. What is the motto of your school (if it has one)?2. What kind of students does your school aim to educate?3. How do the professors help to achieve the aims of the school?4. What do you think the school can do to improve the educating of its students?Step Two Summarize their opinions and present them in the class.Thank You!。