Unit1WritingCause因果关系写作策略.docx

Unit 1 Writing Cause ■ effect pattern> Useful Sentence Patterns and Expressions(A=cause, B=effect)• B results from A.• A results in B.• A causes B.• B is a result of A.• The cause of/reason for B was an increase in demand・• The reasons are as follows・开篇：• There are three main causes for/several reasons for…• There are many factors that may account for/responsible for..., but the following are the typical ones・• Perhaps the prime reason/cause is that..・• There are a number of serious effects on...Perhaps the most potential consequence is...论证：• For one(thing),・・・For another...• The first and most important cause may be..・• Besides/ln addition/Whafs more,・・・• Finally and most important cause may be…• Last but not least,・・・• However, of these three cause,・・・may be the most important ・• A number of factors, both physical and psychological, influence・・・• The leading reason for. ・.is・・・• One of the most popular reasons why...is that...• If..., it is simply because…• To prove this point, let us ask why…• But that is only part of the explanation. Perhaps the most significant about.・・is.・・结尾：• From the foregoing,...• All in all/ln conclusion/ln a word,• In brief, it is...• There is no doubt that special attention must be paid to the problem of...• According to what has been discussed above, we can come to the conclusion…• From the above analysis, we can conclude that...• Therefore, it can be inferred that...• It is expected that...1. 一因多果(A Cause to Multiple Effects)例：People with the flu sometimes experienee complications. The most complication is a bacterial infection. Then problems can occur with inflamed sinuses, bronchi, muscles, or ears・ Finally, nonbacterial diseases, which are less common but still very serious, can also occur. (Leonhard, 1999, p. 203)上文说明的是患流行性感冒(因)可以引发多种并发症(果)。

为了使因果分析能够取得比较好的效果，有时既要考虑直接的原因或 结果，又要间接的原因或结果2. 多因一果(Multiple Causes to an E什ect)例：I want to learn English for lots of reasons・ I dont use English in my work now, but I think I may need it in the future if I want to get a better job・ Also I love traveling and today you can make yourself understood almost anywhere in the world with English. Through English you can get to know people from all over the world・ I also love reading and have read quite a few English or American authors in my own Ianguage・ Id like to read them in the original too, if possible. (ODell, 1986, p 77)这个段落用几方面的原因来说明和回答为什么想学习英语这一问题。

组织构成因果关系的段落或文章基本上有两种方法:1.分块式编排法 (Block Orqanization)在分块式结构中，把所有的原因作为一个整体来论述，然后再把 所有的结果一起作为一个整体来论述彳列：Selfishness or egoism is by no means rare today・ In work units, in public places, and at our university, we are sad to see some people who try to advance their own interests even at the cost of their honor and dignity.What are the effects of selfishness on a person? First, selfishness makes him friendless ・ Sec on dly, a selfish person can never be really happy・ Thirdly, selfish may very well lead a person to destruction.木段落按分块式结构编排，先提出原因，后分析结果。

2.连锁式编排法(Chain Orqanization)连锁式编排法是先论述第一个原因及结果，再依次论述第二个、第 三个原因及其结果原因和结果在链式结构中，总是直接相关的，前 一个结果可能成为下一个结果的原因由因推果，由过导因，衔接自 然，文章浑然一体Practice 6-1Directions: Try to analyze the cause and effect in the following sentences ・1 ・ According to the recent studies, smoking can lead to lung cancer, coronary heart disease, strokes, emphysema, ulcers, gum disease, hypertension, cough, sore throat, and decreased athletic ability.2. Excessive consumption of sugar can contribute to blood sugar imbalances, tooth decay, hyperactivity in children and weight gain.3. Students study abroad for a variety of reason, ranging from academic pursuit to a search for ones heritage, or simply because of a personal interest in a country or culture・4. Conflicts over money, interfering relatives, and career problems all contributed to the demise of their relati on ship.Practice 6-2Directions: Try to analyze the relationship between cause and effect in the following paragraph.For the majority of foreign students, it is usually hard to get the required score on the TOEFL exam. From my experience, I also found it hard, and I can give reasons for that. First of all, you may have very good English, yet you may still not get the required scores because the most important fact about taking the TOEFL is to know how to deal with the test itself and how to make the most of the assigned time・ For example, the first time I took that exam I didn5t watch the time, and I was, therefore, too late to finish the grammar section. In addition, the TOEFL is full of tricks, and usually it concentrates on certain subjects or points that foreign students usually dont know. So in order to get the required score, one should be aware of these facts and should practice as much as one can with the test samples.。