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文登考研语法攻略讲义材料.doc

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    • 1考研英语语法攻略之一句子成分英语句子的 9 大基本成分:主干成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语、 (连)系动词枝杈成分:定语、状语、同位语1. 什么是主语?什么可以用作主语?1)主语是某个动作的发出者,或者是句子要描述的对象2)可以用作主语的有如下内容(1) 名词或名词短语(高频) (7) 数词(中频)(2) 代词(高频) (8) 介词短语(低频) (罕见)(3) 术语和直接引语(中频) (9) 动名词(中频)(4) the + 形容词或分词(中频) (10) that 引起的从句(中频)(5) 不定式(中频) (11) 疑问词+不定式(中频)(6) There 引导的句子(中频) (12) 疑问词引起的从句(中频)(1) 名词或名词短语(高频)Apple is my favorite fruit. Space travel is not easy.(2) 代词(高频)I,she, he, they, it, something, somebody, noting , nobody, someone , no one She is a my good friend. (3) 术语和引用语(中频)AIDS refers to Acquired Immune deficiency Syndromes. “Honesty is the best policy.” is a well-known saying in the West.(4) the + 形容词或分词(中频) (次难点)【the + 形容词或分词】 ,表示一类人或者一类事,相当于一个名词短语。

      The rich lives luxurious life. (5) 不定式(不定式短语) (中频)To help you is my honor. 可改写为用作形式主语的句子:It is my honor to help you.(6) There 引导的句子(中频)There is a rainbow in the sky. (there 仅仅是形式主语,逻辑主语是 rainbow)(7) 数词(中频)Eight is a lucky number in Chinese culture. (8) 介词短语(低频)From here to there is a short distance.(9) 动名词(动名词短语) (中频)Crying over spilt milk is no use.2(10) that 引起的从句(中频)That he was killed is a serious matter.(11) 疑问词+不定式(中频)How to succeed in exam is a complex question. (12) 疑问词引起的从句(中频)What he wants to tell me today is a mystery.2. 什么是谓语?什么可以用作谓语?1) 谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明, 通俗地说,谓语说明“用作什么” 、 “是什么”或“怎么样” 。

      2) 什么可以用作谓语?① 单个动词(例如 take, make, get, have 等等)I have a car. ② 动词短语 (look for, take care of, comply with, abide by, long for 等等)I take care of my son. ③ 助动词+行为动词(do/does+动词) I do tell you answer. ④ 情态动词+行为动词(can/may/could/might/will/shall + 动词) I can answer your question. ⑤ 连系动词+表语 I am a man. 3. 什么是宾语?什么可以用作宾语?1)宾语是动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者2)什么可以用作宾语?(1)名词 (5)动名词(2)代词 (6)不定式(3)数词 (7)从句(4)The + 形容词(表示一类人或者物)(1)名词I drink water. (2)代词I love you. (3)数词Chinese people like eight. (4)The + 形容词I want to help the poor. (5)动名词She likes watching TV. 3(6)不定式He wants to check answer.(7)从句I want to tell you that I love you.I believe that you can succeed at last.4. 什么是表语?表语在什么位置?什么可以用作表语?1)表述主语的特点、特征、特性2)表语,用在连系动词的后面 (识别表语的关键,是连系动词)分类 功能 词语 例句状态系动词 表示主语处于什么状态be, am, is, are, was, were, been I am alive.持续系动词 表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand 等I keep silent.表像系动词 表示“看起来好像” seem, appear, look 等 She looks nervous.感官系动词 表示“觉得……” feel , smell , sound , taste 等I feel cold.变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等I become good.终止系动词 表示动作终止时主语的状态prove, turn out 等 His opinion proves wrong.3)什么可以用作表语?(1)名词(名词短语) (7)动词不定式(动词不定式短语)(2)代词 (8)副词 (3)数词 (9)介词短语(4)形容词 (10)词组(5)分词(现在分词和过去分词) (11)从句(6)动名词(动名词短语)(1)名词I am a man.(2)代词You are nobody. (3)数词He is twenty one. (4)形容词She is beautiful.(5)分词(现在分词和过去分词)4She is excited. That news is exciting.(6)动名词 (动名词短语)His job is selling computer.(7)动词不定式(动词不定式短语)My wish is to become a musician.(8)副词I am outside. (9)介词短语My hometown is among mountains.(10)词组They are a group of students.(11)从句That is what I want to do. 5. 什么是补语?什么可以用作补语?1) 起补充说明作用的成份。

      补语的作用对象是主语和宾语2) 什么可以作补语?(1)形容词 (5)不定式(2)名词 (6)不带 to 的不定式(3)介词短语 (7)现在分词(4)副词 (8)过去分词(1)形容词I find him alive. (2)名词They named their son Jack. (3)介词短语I put my books in order.(4)副词They declared the war over.(5)不定式Fire forced us to run. (6)不带 to 的不定式I can let you go. (7)现在分词I keep him waiting. (8)过去分词He witnessed his car stolen. 6. 什么是定语?定语在什么位置?什么可以用作定语?51)用来说明名词或名词性短语(成分主要是主语和宾语)的品质与特征的句子成分2)一般放在被修饰的名词前面,少部分情况后置,见下表3)什么可以用作定语?(1)形容词 (前置) (6) 动名词 (表示目的或用途) (前置)(2)名词或名词的所有格(前置) (7) 副词 (后置)(3) 代词 (所有格形式) (前置) (8) 动词不定式 (后置)(4) 数词 (前置) (9)介词短语(后置)(5)分词 (表示正在进行)(现在分词和过去分词要前置) ,(分词短语要后置)(10) 从句 (后置)(1)形容词I have a red apple .(2)名词或名词的所有格Mother gave me a birthday gift.Mary's husband is a professor.(3)代词 (所有格形式)His father works here..(4)数词I have watched this movie three times.(5)分词 (现在分词和过去分词)China is a developing country. The United States is a developed country. (6)动名词 Sleeping pill is helpful to me.(7)副词I live in the room above.(8)动词不定式My wish to visit France has come true at last.(9)介词短语This is a map of China.(10)从句He repeated every issue that I have talked about yesterday.7. 什么是状语?状语的作用是什么?什么可以用作状语?状语的种类?1)英语中, 修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语。

      2)状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等3)什么可以用作状语?副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当其位6置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中 (1) 副词词组 (5) 现在分词短语(2) 名词词组 (6) 过去分词短语(3) 介词短语 (7) 从句(4) 不定式短语(1)副词词组We like this picture very much.(2)名词词组They worked day and night.(3)介词短语She will arrive in Beijing on Monday.(4)不定式短语My father was surprised to hear the news.(5) 现在分词短语They entered the room, talking and laughing.(6) 过去分词短语Einstein walked along the street, lost in thought.(7)从句Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away. 4)状语的种类?(1)时间状语(4)目的状语(7)方式状语 (10)让步状语(2)地点状语(5)结果状语(8)程度状语 (11)伴随状语(3)原因状语(6)条件状语(9)频度状语 (12)范围状语(1)时间状语He came to Shanghai last month.(2)地点状语He lives in Beijing. (3)原因状语They came late because of the rain.(4)目的状语He stopped to have a look.(5)结果状语I arrived too late to catch the train.(6)条件状语I’ll come to see you if I have time.(7)方式状语He often goes to work by bike.(8)程度状语I feel very well.7(9)。

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