
现代英语语法形容词短语和比较(2022年1月17日).docx
4页本文格式为Word版,下载可任意编辑现代英语语法形容词短语和比较(2022年1月17日) 第九章 形容词短语和对比 Adjective Phrase and Comparison 9.0 Introduction 1. 形容词的四个特征:1)修饰作用,2)补语,3)可接加强词very做前置修饰,4)有对比级和最高级 9.1.1 Structure of the Adjective Phrase (Pre-modification) + Head Word + (Post-modification) * Head word is an adjective, Pre-modification is invariably Adv. He is an extremely intelligent person. He was afraid to fall again. 9.1.2 Attributive adj. and Predicative adj. 修饰语 the present elect 2) broad, deep, high, long, tall, old, thick, wide..表示测量意义的名词: six feet tall, three meters wide.. 3) concerned, involved, present, proper, responsible等在前置修饰和后置修饰时意义不同的词。
4) affected, available, required, suggested,等用在名词前后意义没有任何变化的词. Available info / info available. 2. 除了修饰作用,形容词还可以当主语补语或者宾语补语. 大片面名词具有这两种功能 A lovely girl / The girl is lovely An old car / The car is old 2. Attributive adj. 1. 以下是根本上只做修饰语的adj.列表 1) –er结尾表示关系的名词: elder, former, inner, latter, outer, upper… my elder brother * who’s elder?× 2) 巩固形容词,包括强调(certain,definite, pure, sheer, plain)扩大(absolute, entire, extreme, perfect, total), 减弱(feeble, sight) 意义 A perfect idiot * the idiot is perfect× 3) 限制所指范围的形容词:chief,joint,lone,main,very , only , principle… The chief produce. * the product is chief× 4) 科技,技术形容词: chemical,coastal,earthen,nuclear,solar,wooden,woolen… The chemical weapons. * the weapons are chemical.× 5) 表示方位的形容词:downstairs,downtown,indoor,inside,outdoor,outside,upstairs… Three upstairs bedroom. 3. Predicative adj. 1. 以下是根本上只做修饰语的adj.列表 1) 带后置修饰的形容词: the ship is bound for Australia *the bound ship for Australia. 2) 带前置A-(afraid,afloat,aghast,akin,alert,alight,alike,alive,alone,aloof,amiss,asleep,ashamed The child is afraid. * An afraid child× 3) 表示健康的形容词。
faint,ill,poorly,well,unwell… The girl looks poorly. * the poorly girl× 9.2 形容词的语义分级 1. Stative & Dynamic adjective 静态形容词&动态形容词 Stative adjective 1. 大多数形容词都是静态形容词,描述潜在的永恒的特征,尤其是修饰作用的形容词 A big house, a red blouse, a tall man 2. 即使是做补语,大多数形容词也是静态的,所以一般与静态动词合作使用,一般不与举行体搭配 The house is big. *the house is being big. × 3. 然而大量形容词可做动态意义使用,更加是他们做补语1.形容主语;2,表示临时状态时 He is being foolish. She is deliberately being rude. 举行体示意形容词所描述的品质是可以人为操纵的,是主观印象 以下是可以做动态使用的形容词 Ambitious, awkward, brave, calm, careful, careless, cheerful, clever, conceited, cruel, disagreeable, dull, enthusiastic, extravagant, faithful, foolish, friendly, funny, generous, gentle, good, greedy, hasty, helpful, impatient, irritating, jealous, kind, lenient, loyal, mischievous, naughty, nice, noisy, obstinate, patient, playful, reasonable, rude, sensible, serious, shy, slow, stubborn, stupid, suspicious, tactful, talkative, thoughtful, tidy, timid, troublesome, unfaithful, untidy, vain, vicious, vulgar, wicked, witty… Gradable & Non-gradable 可分级&不成分级 1. 大片面的形容词是可分级的,inflectional 或者是 periphrastic, 或者被加强助词very, so修饰 Big bigger biggest / quite, rather, very, so, extremely big 2. 不成分级的形容词:1) 只做及物动词 meter, latter, indoor 2) 表示起源,出处的形容词 British, French… 3) 十足意义的形容词 average,excellent,perfect,equal… Inherent & Non- inherent 表示内在意义和不表示内在意义 1. 一般来讲,表示内在意义的形容词描述了名词的本身特征. A big house 表示房子很大,A firm hand shake 表示握手很用力. 2. Non inherent, 非形容词本身意思的。
A big eater不是指eater本身很大,而是指饭量大的人. Restrictive & Non restrictive 限制性&非限制性 1. 限制性形容词用描述名词与众不同特性的方式来指定名词 A fat women. Fat 指出了这个女人和其他女人不同之处-胖 2. 非限制性形容词只是紧紧供给某些非关键信息,缺乏以来指定名词 形容词修饰特著名词时不起限制作用 My fat wife. Foggy London, sunny California Marked & Unmarked 有标志&无标志 Unmarked Big, Heavy Old Long Tall Maked Small light young short short 习惯问句用unmarked形容词提问,要用marked adj 提问的前提是句中已经提过所提问对象有此品质 You say your mother is very young, tell me how young she is. — 4 —。












