OfStudies课堂PPT.ppt

Essay Reading 1What is an essay? (Prose?)vAn article which discusses a topic. v vIt undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. Inviting us to enter a world of thought and experience, it persuades us to view things in a particular way.v---direct and explicit (exposition of ideas)v---Based on facts, data and information, it is more factual rather than fictional. (In contrast to the imaginative feature of other genres) It has uncertain status in literature.2Types of EssaysvNarrative essays: to tells stories, chronicle eventsvExpository essays: to explain ideas and attitudesvSpeculative essays: to explore ideas and feelings, less authoritative, less insistentvArgumentative essays: to make claims and present evidences to support3Elements of the EssayVoice (tone, attitude)---formal, dignified, elegant, solemn, allusive, authoritative, reversed, controlled---casual, intimate, and conversational, humorous, concise and sharp, urgent, insistent, witty and charmingStyle: how does the author use language in a unique way---diction (individual choice of words) formal or informal words, colloquial ---syntax: long and complex sentences, or short, simple sentences; parallelism and balance; rhythm, punctuations---- figure of speech: the use of simile, metaphor, images of comparisons, etc, in order to clarify abstract ideas, thoughts and feelings, and to illustrate a point with vividness structure: how thought connect with thoughtThought: ideas, views, arguments (Can be with feelings)4v梁实秋散文v周作人散文v余光中散文v余秋雨散文v宗璞散文v杨朔散文v周国平散文5Of Studies by Francis Bacon (1561—1626) 6vNam et ipsa scientia potestas est. 知识就是力量。

知识就是力量vReading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确vSome books are to be tasted，， others to be swallowed，， and some few to be chewed and digested. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化 vHistories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩 Wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men’s nurses.7Francis Bacon (1561—1626)vEducated at Trinity College, Cambridge. vrepresentative of the English Renaissance Statesman, philosopher , essayist vLord Keeper of the Seal and then Lord Chancellor of England. vA pioneer of modern scientific thought. philosophy of materialismvScientific experiment, fresh observation, inductive reasoning (deductive thinking )v“A real progenitor of English Materialism”.vThe Advancement of Learning (1605) v Novum Organum (1620). 《新工具》《新工具》vThe New Atlantis(1626) (Utopia )8Bacon’s literary success: Essays 9v58 essays (1597 and 1625): covering a wide variety of subjects in relation to the social life of his age. vUsually each essay discusses a single subject, for instance, Of Studies, Of Beauty, Of Riches. Short as they are, these essays show Bacon’s profundity in understanding man and society.vBacon’s essays were under the impact of Montaigne (蒙田蒙田), a French essayist in the age of Renaissance. vBacon’s essays are characterized by their conciseness and brevity, simplicity and forcefulness, practicality and versatility. vMany sentences in his essays are succinct (简洁简洁), impersonal (客观客观), aphoristic (似格言似格言), and have become very popular.vBacon’s essays are recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. 10Of StudiesvIt is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. vIt analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. vForceful and persuasive, compact (简洁的) and precise, “Of Studies” reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude toward learning. This essay impresses the reader not only by its argumentative strength but also by its elegance of style. 11What is the main idea? 1. what purposes does studies chiefly serve for?2. How should people study? ---different attitudes to studies ---different ways adopted by different people 3. What influence do studies have on our human character?12Language and Style 1. succinct and concise---ellipsis (omission)---short sentences Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; () for ornament, is in discourse; and () for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. Histories make men wise; poets () witty; the mathematics () subtitle; natural philosophy () deep; moral () grave; logic and rhetoric () able to contend132. easy to understand---simile---metaphor---analogyNatural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by studyDistilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. There is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. 143. forceful and striking---parallelism: balanced sentence structures 排比句排比句 To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. ---Antithesis: the setting of contrasting phrases (of opposite ideas) for emphasis (through parallel structure). 对偶句对偶句 A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues, an enemy his crimes. Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the other person. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them ---Using synonyms, superordinates (上位词上位词), hyponyms (下位词下位词) for stress superordinates (vegetable), hyponyms (cabbage, carrot, potato, tomato… ) weigh and consider; talk and discourse; taste, swallow, chew, digest 154. solemn, classical v---balanced sentence structuresv---Latin quotations 5. aphoristic: witty, precise and pointed, incisive and profoundv---full of truth and wisdom (practical)v---rich experience, sharp observation and wide knowledge6. tone: impersonal16vForceful and persuasive, compact (简洁的) and precise, “Of Studies” reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude toward learning. This essay impresses the reader not only by its argumentative strength but also by its elegance of style.v培根对文学的主要贡献是他的《论说文集》或称《随笔》（Essays），共收入文章58篇。

英 语论说文又称“随笔”，或“小品文”，都是散文（prose）体的一种培根学识渊博，阅历丰富，对社会人生观察细致，思考周密，其文涉及社会风尚、为人处世、治学方法等各个方面 ，无所不包；兼之文笔简洁，擅用类比，论述透彻，文中充满哲理之精辟处几乎俯拾皆是，许多已成为家喻户晓的格言名句v培根的修身处世箴言充分体现了他一贯的崇尚实用、讲究实崇尚实用、讲究实际际的思想17Questions for Discussion:1.1. Summarize the main idea of the essay.2. Why does the author mean by saying that “They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience”? 3. Do you agree that books should be read in different ways? According to your own experience, what books are “to be tasted”, what books are “to be swallowed”, and what books are “to be chewed and digested”?4. What does the Latin sentence “Abeunt studia in mores” mean? Do you agree?5. What are the typical features of this essay? What skills are used by the author to achieve them?18。