英美概况—英国历代君王及大事简介1.doc

Chronology of British GovernmentMonarch Date of RuleDeeds Events CommentsGermanic/Scandinavian RuleAlfred the Great871-899 1. Defeated“Danlaw” expansion & regained land2. established navy and garrison3. introduction of Christanity to Dames, first public schools for noble descendances and magistrates4. Anglo-Saxon ChronicleAnglo-Saxon WessexlineEdward the elderAnglo-Saxon Wessexline;Son to AlfredAthelstan Anglo-Saxon Wessexline;Son to EdwardEdgar the Peaceful959-975 Anglo-Saxon WessexlineEthelred the Unready978`1016 Invaded England Anglo-Saxon Wessexline;Sweyn Forkbeard, King of DenmarkCanute 1016-1035 1.chosen as king by Witan;2.United England, Denmark and Norway.Scandinavian ConquerorEdward the Confessor 1042-1066 1.facilitated the Norman Conquer;2.Norman feudal system adoptedSon of Ethelred the UnreadyHarold Godwinson1066 defeated NorwegiansEarl of Wessex Norman French RuleWilliam I1066-1087 5-steps to strengthen reign in England:1.crushed all resistance,built castles for protection2.broke up Saxon earldoms established centralized royal government.3.vicomtes4.slovent royal treasury, royal coinage5.allied with Roman Catholic Church1. defeated Harold and crowned William I at Westminster Abbey on Dec.25,1066William the Conqueror, French duke connected to the Wessex Line who favored by Edward the ConfessorWilliam II 1087-1100 Murdured William Rufus, 2nd son to William IHenry I 1100-1135 Altered the relationship between King and his followers:1.chose bishops 2.accepted money from Barons instead of military service-exchequer3rd son of William IStephen &Maud1135-1154 1.20-years of civil war and anarchy;2.agreement to Stephen’s rule and Henry II’s succession.Stephen:Grandson to William I;Matilda: Daughter to Henry IAngevin French – PlantagenentsHenry II 1154-1189 1.reform of legislative system2.claimed vast territories in France and Ireland through various family connections;3.altered the relationships between secular and religious Son to Maudauthorities-murdered of Thomas Becket/failure in reforming canon law;4.invaded and established English kingdom in Ireland.Richard I 1189-1199 1.Three Crusades for control of holy sites in the Near East;2.imprisoned by Christan allies for ransom3.fought in FranceOldest surving son of Henry II; Richard the LionheartedJohn 1199-1216 1.raised property taxes;2.struggles with Pope Innocent III and invasion of Philip AugustusIn 1215. Tenant Rights movement & Magna Carta 2nd surving son of Henry IIHenry III 1216-1272 1. civil war in 1263 and baronial triumph;2. establishment of parliamentSon to John DisarstrousEdward I 1272-1307 1.began the Hundred Year’s War against war;1.1348-1349:Davastation of black death resulting in the death of 3/8 population-labor shortage;2.1351:the futile Statute of Laborors Military control over laboring class underwent changes: shift from old knight&castle system to expert archers&engineers;3. Tensions Son to Henry IIIbetween classes hightened by religious dissension;4. nationalism aroused, English gained popularityRichard II 1377-1399 Confiscated the estates of his uncle John, violating the law of inheritance1.1378-1380,”Head Tax” imposed by John of Gaunt;1381, Peasants’ RevoltSon to the Black Prince, Grandson to Edward IIILancatriansHenry IV 1399-1413 1.Rebelled by cousin Henry, defeated Richard 2and forced him to abdicate and murdered him;2.illegally seizing power-lost the protection of laws of inheritance-spent much of his reign suppressing rebellion.Grandson to Edward III,consin to RichardHenry V 1413-1422 Asserting authority both in France&at homeHenry VI 1422-1461 Deposed by Edward Yorkist and murdered (1461)War of Roses(1455-1485)Weak King with divided governmentYorkistsEdward IV 1461-14701471-1483Briefly ousted from power by his brother Clarence & his previous supporters in 1470.Grandson of Edward IIIEdward V 1483 MurderedRichard III 1483-1485 Defeated and killed in the Battle of Bosworthy by Henry TudorThe Battle of BosworthyBrother of Edward IVTudorsHenryVII 1485-1509 1. united the Grandson of House of Yorkists and Lancastrian by means of marriage with Yorkist’s Elizabeth and established the Tudor House.2. the Star Chamber-consolidation of his position;3. Morton’s Fork-turned treasury deficit into a surplus;4. the threat of revocation to gain trading prileges for English merchants abroad;5. Education fundsEdwardIII;Earl of Richmond.HenryVIII 1509-1547 1. Cardinal Wosley-last established the concept “Balance-of-Power” as basis of English foreign policy,1521 crisis2. creation of the Royal Navy,strengthening central administrative &maintaining adequate supervision of local governmentSon of Henry III;selected by Privy Council;Welshman3. 1535-incorporrated Wales & England on equal terms in the first Act of Union;4. Middle-class dominated Parliament in favor of the King5. Anti-clerical Revolution,1554 the Act of Supremacy-Dissolution of monasteries6. 1537-1542: Irish anarchy, “Pilgrimage o。