
History-of-UK-英国历史精华课件.ppt
92页History-of-UK-History-of-UK-英国历史英国历史精华课件精华课件The Early Settlers (the prehistoric period) 1. The first known settler of Britain: the Iberians (伊比利亚人) from Mediterranean areas. They inhabited Great Britain during the Stone (--4000BC) and Bronze Ages (4000BC—500BC). 2. At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk 毕克人毕克人 arrived from the areas now known as Holland and Rhineland莱茵兰(位于德国)莱茵兰(位于德国) . StonehengeNearly 5,000 years ago (3000BC), Stonehenge was built by the Iberians. Now it is still standing. The question “why” it is built is problematic. 3. The Celts 凯尔特人(Iron Age 700BC-54AD) began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. They came from territory that is now Germany and Netherlands. The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.2. Three Celtic TribesØBy the end of the Bronze Age, around 700 BC, Celtic people had arrived from northwestern Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany. ØCelts were tall in height, blonde in hair & blue eyes, and somewhat aggressive.2. Three Celtic TribesØThe Celtic tribes were ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh; ØTheir languages, the Celtic language, are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.2. Three Celtic TribesØThey came to Britain in three main waves: 1.About 750 B.C, the first tribe came from Upper Rhineland of northwest Europe and settled on the island; üThey were the “Gaels”(盖尔人盖尔人), whose language is still spoken in Scotland.2. Three Celtic Tribes2.About 400 B.C, the second group of the Celts called Britons/Brythons (布立吞人布立吞人/不列颠不列颠人人) came. From the Britons came the English name for Britain.3.About 150 B.C, the third group, Belgae (比比利其人利其人) came from Gaul (高卢,在今法国,高卢,在今法国,比利时等地比利时等地).The Roman Invasion& Occupation•Between 55 B.C.and 54 B.C, Britain was invaded by the Roman general Julius Caesar twice but he failed.In 43A.D, the roman troops of 40,000 men led by the Emperor Claudius conquered Britain. They occupied England and Wales for nearly 400 years. Britain became a province of Rome called Britannia.•The roman troops met strong resistance in Scotland. A stone fortification(防御工事) was built by the Romans along the England –Scotland boundary to prevent military raids( 攻击) from Scotland. It is the Hadrian’s Wall (哈德良长城) (122AD). Hadrian’s wallInfluence of Roman Conquest •marked the beginning of the written history •built towns, temples, theaters and buildings; built roads and cultivated land;•Built the first highways in Britain during the first to fourth centuries •introduced a system of education and organized government. •brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain . Latin was official language . made good use of Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery. They withdrew completely in 410ADAftereffect: limited, no intermarriage happened, no impact on language and culture of ordinary Britons, only left their roads, a few place names and some Christian converts.Roman BathRoman Road III. The Anglo-Saxon Britain (446-871)Three Teutonic日耳曼的日耳曼的 tribes: 1. Jutes: fished and farmed in Jutland (Southern Denmark) ,established the kingdom of Kent and gradually developed into some of today’s English people.2. The Saxons: Time: from the end of the 5th century to the 6th centuryOrigin: from Northern GermanyEstablished kingdoms in Essex, Sussex, Wessex3. The Angles:Time: half of the 6th centuryOrigin: from Northern GermanySettled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria4. The Anglo-Saxons Invasion (446-871)ØEngland was divided into seven small Kingdoms called “Heptarch” (七国时期七国时期);ØThey were Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. 5..Viking and Danish invasions (8th-9th Century)ØViking raiders were the Norwegians from Scandinavia and Danes from Denmark. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century;ØThe Vikings and Danes became a serious problem to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex in the middle of 9th century, especially between 835 & 878, and they threatened to take possession of all England. 5..Viking and Danish invasions (8th-9th Century)King Alfred (849-899)The brave Alfred, the king of Wessex ( A.D. 871—899) began to fight against them;King Alfred’s ContributionsHe defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.5.. King Alfred’s Contributions ØHe founded a strong fleet and is known as “the Father of the British Navy” and reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. King Alfred’s Contributions further include:He protected the coasts and encouraged trade; He encouraged education and established many schools;King Alfred’s ContributionsØHe introduced and formulated a legal system;ØHe repaired the churches and monasteries;ØHe took the lead to learn Latin, and did translations & writings, which have been called the beginning of prose literature in England.ØAll this earns him the title “Alfred the Great” and He is often regarded as the first king of a united England.1.The Norman Conquest (1066)ØThe French-speaking Normans under William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) invaded England from France;ØOn October 14, 1066, during the important Battle of Hastings, William defeated King Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey, thus began the Norman Conquest of England,,about four centuries of French rule.Norman ConquestDuke of Normandy --William the Conquerorthe Battle of HastingsKing Harold He was formally crowned on Dec. 25, 1066 in Westminster Abbey, and became William I.After the death of Edward the ConfessorWestminster Abbey•Founded by Edward the Confessor during 1050-1065;All the coronations and ceremonies are held here since the Norman Conqueror William was crowned in the abbey•Well known for its Poets’ Corner•The traditional burial ground for the most famous poets, with Chaucer as its first occupant, also Spencer, Newton, Darwin, Churchill, etcInfluence of Norman Conquest•Two Most Important Effects:–French became the official language and exerted enormous influence on Old English–The establishment of feudalism in England–England began to be unified under a French political system, much of which is still remained in today’s UK.Norman Influence•Norman aristocracy.•A firmly established feudal system•A closer connection with Roman Catholic Church•Coexistence of 3 languages: French, Latin and Old English•Numerous contacts between England and Franceduke,marquis 侯爵 , earl,伯爵 viscount,子爵 baron男爵 Norman bishops, Pope as overlord最高君主 Clergy, Nobility 贵族 , Third Estate平民阶级The House of NormanWilliam I((1066-1087))Henry I((1100-1135))AdelaRobert William II((1087-1100))MatildaJefferyStephen((1135-1154))Henry II((1154-1189))House of Plantagenet(1154-1485). After William’s death, many wars were fought for the crown. Until 1154,Henry II (1154-1189) ascended the throne and began the rule of the House of Anjou, also known as the House of Plantagenet.. The House of PlantagenetHenry II1154-1189Richard I1189-1199John1199-1216 Henry Henry III1216-1272JefferyEdward I1272-1307Edward II1307-1327Edward III1327-1377House of Plantagenet(1154-1485)•After Henry II died, his son Richard I inherited the crown. (Lionheart. Richard (1189-99) is known as "Coeur de Lion", or Lionheart, because of his bravery in battle. ) Unfortunately, he was killed in France in 1199. Then his brother John became the third king.•In total, there are 15 kings in this dynasty.•ThethirdandeldestsurvivingsonofHenryII.HewasinEnglandforonlytenmonths,spendingtheothertimefightingintheCrusades.HespokeverylittleEnglish.•HeisusuallydepictedasaHeisusuallydepictedasabrave,warriorbrave,warrior 勇士勇士 king,andking,andwasgiventhenickname'Lion-wasgiventhenickname'Lion-Heart'.Heart'.King Richard I the Lion-Heart 1189 - 1199The Crusades 十字军东征十字军东征•Were a series of wars in which armies from all over the Europe tried to snatch the Holy Land (Jerusalem in Palestine) during the 11-14 century; The real purpose was to get overseas land and trade, and to expand to the east.•The most famous of the English crusaders was the king, Richard Lion-Heart.Significant events during John’s ruling:3.Magna Carta (The Great Charter of 1215)SignificanceThis feudal contract guaranteed the lords’ feudal rights;The Great Charter is traditionally regarded as the basis of English liberties;It was a statement of the relationship between the Crown and the lords;;The spirit of Magna Charta was the limitation to the powers of the king.Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453)Ø. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic;Ø. This War was not one war, but a series of intermittent wars between France and England,, which was started by England & fought entirely in France;Ø. At last English was completely defeated and driven from France except the port of Calais.The Hundred Years” War (1337-1453) P52.6between France and England; the mysterious Joan of ArcvThe English were brilliantly successful till 1422.There was no formal treaty that ended it.•ItresultedfromdisputesdisputesbetweentherulingfamiliesofthetwocountriesoverterritoriesinFrance.•In1453,thebattleofCastillonendedEnglishbattleofCastillonendedEnglishruleinFranceruleinFranceandmarkedtheendoftheHundredYears’War.•EnglishlanguageEnglishlanguagefinallytooktheplaceofFrenchinallclassesofsociety.Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453Joan of Arc 圣女贞德圣女贞德 •Joan of Arc, led the French armies to many victories against the English, before she was captured and charged for being a witch巫婆巫婆and burnt alive. Joan of Arc•Born in 1431•A Peasant Girl who tended sheep•17 years old at the time and uneducated•ill-treated by her family•Strong religious convictions•Saints spoke to her•Led many French victories•Trialed and burned in 1431•Canonized v. 正式宣布(死者)为圣徒 in 1920Significance of the war§promoted the concept of English nationalism. §promoted the development of the textile industry§raised the social position of the bourgeois class.All these factors contribute to the decline of feudalism in England.1.2.3 Hundred Years’ War (1337—1453)1.The War of the Roses (1455-1485)ØThe War of the Roses was waged intermittently between the two branches of the Plantagenet Family (金雀花王朝金雀花王朝), the House of Lancaster symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white rose, from 1455 to 1485. ØHenry Tudor, Henry VII, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors (都铎王都铎王朝朝).1.The War of the Roses (1455-1485)SignificanceFrom these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened;The king’s power became supreme, preparing for centralized government;But the interests of the majority of the common people were not deeply involved.Henry VIII•He was handsome and wore fine clothes•He loved games, horse-riding and hunting•He spoke four languages, wrote poetry and played music•He wanted a firm hold on the throne, so he wanted a son to succeed himII. Transition to the Modern Agea.Religious ReformationCauses:uThe privilege and wealth of the church were also resented;uHenry VIII determined to divorce his wife but failed because of the opposition of the church.uPurpose:u1.to get rid of the English Church’s connection with Roman Catholic Church and the Pope;u2.to make an independent Church of England.Catherine of Aragon•Married 1509•She was daughter to the king of Spain and ex-wife of Arthur, Henry's brother •She had a daughter, Mary, but no sons•She was too old for more children•In 1533, Henry divorced her•God does threaten childlessness if a man marries his brother’s widowAnne Boleyn•Married 1533•She was young, pretty and witty•She had one daughter, Elizabeth•She was beheaded in 1536Jane Seymour•Married in 1536 (11 days after execution of Anne)•She had a son, Edward, but died soon after (1537)•Henry probably loved her best of all his wivesAnne of Cleves•Married 1540•The marriage made a link between England and Germany•Henry thought she was ugly•Divorced 1540 – the same year!Catherine Howard•Married 1540•She was 20, Henry was 49•She was unfaithful•Executed in 1542•Married 1543•She liked family life and looked after Henry’s children•She outlived HenryCatherine ParrThe House of TudorEnglish ReformationContent: 1. Act of Supremacy (1534), established the king the status of “the only supreme head of the church of England”.Influence:ØStrengthened Henry VIII’s position;ØEngland was moving away from Catholicism towards Protestantism.The English ReformationMary I•repealed Act of Supremacy(1554)•re-established unity with Rome•executed 284 protestants and the Archbishop of CanterburyElizabeth I(1558-1603)•The Virgin Queen•“I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England.”Elizabeth IØreinstated Act of Supremacy (1558)Ødeclared herself Supreme Governor of the Church of EnglandModerate ProtestantismlThirty-Nine Articles and Acts of Uniformity, which described its church as both Catholic and ReformedlA moderate Protestant appointed as Archbishop of CanterburyChanges of the ChurchChanges of the ChurchThe Virgin Queen •She remained single throughout her life, and thus called “The Virgin Queen ”•Her 45-year reign is considered one of the most glorious in English history. During this time, the arts flourished. vGolden Age of English History§England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, literature, and the arts.§The age of exploration began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. •The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth.•East India CompanyThe Civil War (1642-1651) also called the Puritan Revolution, as the King’s opponents were mainly PuritansCause: conflict between Parliament and the King, and also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle class and the traditional economic interests of the Crown.Two parties: Royalists / Cavaliers vs Parliamentarians / RoundheadsConsequences The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England;The English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of feudal rule in Europe;It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.•The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.•The beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament.Restoration and Glorious RevolutionRestoration: Charles II was invited to return from his exile in France as the King in 1661. In 1665, his brother James II succeeded the throne, but he was not accepted by the bourgeoisie.Glorious Revolution: ØWilliam of Orange, James II’s Dutch nephew and husband of Mary, James II’s daughter, was invited to take the English throne for joint rule in 1688. 3.Bourgeois Revolution in the 17th CenturyThe Bill of Rights of 1689In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly.üThe bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession; üConfirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy;üGuaranteed free speech within both the two Houses;ØThus the age of constitutional monarchy began.Industrial Revolution(1760-1830)What is the background of the Industrial Revolution? Which industry began the Industrial Revolution first?What are the representative inventions in the Industrial Revolution? What are the achievements of the Industrial Revolution in transportation?•The Industrial Revolution can be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing.•What are the influences of the Industrial Revolution? •Dramatically increased the productivity•Promoted the process of urbanization•The change of social class: the capitalist and the working classThe British EmpireWhen was the first British Empire formed? Where were the colonies of the first British Empire distributed?When was the second British Empire formed?When did the second British Empire disintegrate and when was the Commonwealth of Nations formed? 1931, the Commonwealth of Nations was founded. The second British Empire (1837-1931)The Victoria Age: an age of national development and great prosperity.. More colorful and convenient life:Electricity, telegraph, telephone, electric light, electric trams. Transportation: bicycle/ London had the first electric underground railway in 1891. Victoria: the grandmother of Europe (9 children and 40 grandchildren) The Formation of the Second British EmpireQueen Victoria Memorial Queen Victoria (1819—1901) The Formation of the Empire1.She encouraged further industrialization.2.The British government adopted New Imperialism.3. The British government sent the British fleet anywhere in the world. At end of the 19 century,British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of world’s landmass. Colonies1,Canda ,Australia ,New Zealand (dominion英联邦自治领域)2, India (“brightest jewel” on the English Crown) 3,Hong Kong (Opium War, Treaty of Nanking)4,Burma,SriLanka,Singapore,Malaya,Brunei, small states in the West Indies and Asia.5,took control of Suez Canal and conquered Egypt.6,the Gold Coast, Niger, Sudan, Kenya,Uganda,Zambia,Upper Nigeria曾经被大英帝国统治过的地区曾经被大英帝国统治过的地区.British Commonwealth is a loosely organized community of former British Colonies, showing that they share common values and goals, and a common history with Britain.1/3 of the world’s population belongs to the Commonwealth. .It was founded in 1931, until 1990, there were 53 members..In 1949 the word “British” was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth.. Almost all members (except Madagascar and Algeria) of the Commonwealth were once ruled by Britain as part of the Britain Empire.•Britain and World War I -----1914—1918 1. before the war: two military camps Central Powers in 1882 the Allies in 1907 2. during the war: The British navy played a very important role in the ultimate triumph of the Allies. 3. the end of the war: a. lost about 2,700,000 casualties, b. 70% of her merchant ships c. became a debtor nation d. London was replaced by New York as the world’s leading banking center. e. At the Peace Conference at Versailles, Britain got most of what he wanted. •Britain between the Two Wars George V---Edward VIII(1936)---George VI the most important maritime and industrial power in Europe the largest navy and air force in the world the third largest army the industry was aging under the Depression, strikes and labor unrest, colonial ties became weakened Reasons for WWII•Japan was unsatisfied with the Washington treaty.•Italy was angry about Britain and France.•The unfair Versailles treaty arouse the German’s strong emotion of revenge.•The Great Depression•World War II broke out because of the imbalance in political and economic development. And 1929 - 1933, the economic crisis hit Germany seriously. To overcome the crisis and distract people's attention, Germany launched the Second World War.ROOT CAUSEAxis vs Allies•Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan•Allies: America, UK, China, Soviet Union 1939 Germany Invades Poland 1943 Italy surrenders1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor1940 blitz1942 Stalingrad Battle 1944 Allied forces landed on Normandy1945 Atomic Bombing of Japan•Britain and World War II -------1939—19451.There are many countries which had a great loss in the second world war , The Britain was one of the biggest victims.2. result: fewer casualties than the first world war and great economic losses Winston Churchill•Greatest British leader of the 20th century•Courage, decisiveness, political experience, vitalityFamous speeches•I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, … You ask, What is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory – victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival … and I say, Come, then, let us go forward together with our united strength. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender!•The postwar Britain 1. Domestic—high taxation result: a great increase in the standard of living of the working classes 2. Foreign policy—close link with the US result: Britain ceased to be a great power and numerous colonies were granted independence and Commonwealth status.Foreign PolicyWith the Commonwealth: Gradually reduced its involvement in the Commonwealth Circle.With the Western Europe: an isolationist policy after the WWII; Joined EU in 1973With the United States: cooperated closely with the United States 进入夏天,少不了一个热字当头,电扇空调陆续登场,每逢此时,总会想起 进入夏天,少不了一个热字当头,电扇空调陆续登场,每逢此时,总会想起那一把蒲扇。
蒲扇,是记忆中的农村,夏季经常用的一件物品 记忆中的故那一把蒲扇蒲扇,是记忆中的农村,夏季经常用的一件物品 记忆中的故乡,每逢进入夏天,集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席,不论男女老少,个个手持乡,每逢进入夏天,集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席,不论男女老少,个个手持一把,忽闪忽闪个不停,嘴里叨叨着一把,忽闪忽闪个不停,嘴里叨叨着“怎么这么热怎么这么热”,于是三五成群,聚在大树,于是三五成群,聚在大树下,或站着,或随即坐在石头上,手持那把扇子,边唠嗑边乘凉孩子们却在周下,或站着,或随即坐在石头上,手持那把扇子,边唠嗑边乘凉孩子们却在周围跑跑跳跳,热得满头大汗,不时听到围跑跑跳跳,热得满头大汗,不时听到“强子,别跑了,快来我给你扇扇强子,别跑了,快来我给你扇扇”孩子们才不听这一套,跑个没完,直到累气喘吁吁,这才一跑一踮地围过了,这时子们才不听这一套,跑个没完,直到累气喘吁吁,这才一跑一踮地围过了,这时母亲总是,好似生气的样子,边扇边训,母亲总是,好似生气的样子,边扇边训,“你看热的,跑什么?你看热的,跑什么?”此时这把蒲扇,此时这把蒲扇,是那么凉快,那么的温馨幸福,有母亲的味道! 蒲扇是中国传统工艺品,在是那么凉快,那么的温馨幸福,有母亲的味道! 蒲扇是中国传统工艺品,在我国已有三千年多年的历史。
取材于棕榈树,制作简单,方便携带,且蒲扇的表我国已有三千年多年的历史取材于棕榈树,制作简单,方便携带,且蒲扇的表面光滑,因而,古人常会在上面作画古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名,实即面光滑,因而,古人常会在上面作画古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名,实即今日的蒲扇,江浙称之为芭蕉扇六七十年代,人们最常用的就是这种,似圆非今日的蒲扇,江浙称之为芭蕉扇六七十年代,人们最常用的就是这种,似圆非圆,轻巧又便宜的蒲扇 蒲扇流传至今,我的记忆中,它跨越了半个世纪,圆,轻巧又便宜的蒲扇 蒲扇流传至今,我的记忆中,它跨越了半个世纪,也走过了我们的半个人生的轨迹,携带着特有的念想,一年年,一天天,流向长也走过了我们的半个人生的轨迹,携带着特有的念想,一年年,一天天,流向长长的时间隧道,袅长的时间隧道,袅结束。
