中美两国普通中学职业生涯教育比较研究.doc

西北师范大学硕士学位论文中美两国普通中学职业生涯教育比较研究姓名：卓念申请学位级别：硕士专业：比较教育学指导教师：蔡宝来;姜峰2009-06摘 要 职业生涯教育是人全面自由发展的需要，同时是生命教育的重要组成部分，而且也是终身教育体系的有机组成部分之一普通中学阶段的学生正处于职业生涯成长和探索阶段，是实施职业生涯教育的关键时期 第一部分阐述了两国职业生涯教育的发展历程和现状，中国职业生涯教育发展曲折而缓慢，甚至出现停滞的阶段，而美国学校职业生涯教育发展历程则相对顺利发展历程的差异一定程度上造成了现状的差距第二部分对两国普通中学开展职业生涯教育的观念基础和教育理念进行了比较美国普通中学开展职业生涯教育有着较好的观念基础，而我国许多学校、教师和家长对中学职业生涯教育仍然很陌生两国职业生涯教育理念趋于一致，然而在实践领域却差异明显 第三部分对两国中学职业生涯教育的目标、内容和基本途径进行了比较美国中学职业生涯教育的目标体现出较强的人本主义倾向、强调实践性相比而言中国的教育目标强调理论教学、注重社会整体效益美国中学 职业生涯教育内容具有灵活性，已经融入课程体系，而中国的职业生涯教育内容外在和附属于课程体系。

美国学校的实施途径和方法显得多样化，而且非常重视实践教学我国的实施途径和方法则比较单一，更多停留在理论层面第四部分对两国中学职业生涯教育开展的支持性条件进行了比较美国中学职业生涯教育得以成功开展首先得益于法律法规的支持，而我国则欠缺这方面的法律法规投入大量人力、物力和智力坚持进行职业生涯教育的研究和实验保证了美国中学职业生涯教育的发展，我国针对中学职业生涯教育的研究则刚起步美国中学职业生涯教育有一支专业的师资队伍，而我国目前还不具备美国有众多的 专业机构并且发挥着巨大的作用，我国则相对较少且没有真正发挥其作用 第五部分分析了美国中学职业生涯教育的成功经验，接着对我国中学开展职业生涯教育面临的困惑进行了解读，在此基础上探讨了如何将美国的经验转化为我国中学职业生涯教育开展的可操作性措施美国的职业生涯教育因具有较为成熟的理论和成功的实践经验，因而值得我国学习和效仿在借鉴美国中学职业生涯教育成功经验的基础上，还要加快理论和实践的本土化研究和探索，建立健全我国的职业生涯教育体系 关键词：中美两国； 普通中学； 职业生涯教育 ii Abstract Career education greatly meets the need of the peoples free and all-round development．Meanwhile it is an important part of life education and also an organic component of the lifelong education system．Middle school students are at the stage of career growth and exploration, which is the key stage to the implement of career education． The first part of the paper expounds the development course and the present situation of both Chinese and American career education．The development of Chinese career education twists and turns, while the American one is relatively smooth．The development differences, to a certain extent, cause the differences between the current situations．The second part is mainly focused on comparison of career education’s conception ideas and educational approaches between Chinese and American secondary schools．It can be seen that there is a better basis of concepts for the development of career education in the American secondary schools. In China many schools and teachers are not familiar with career education. For China and USA, it tends to be similar in career education concepts, while different significantly in practice． The third part compares the goals, content and basic methods of career education in Chinese and American secondary schools．The career education goals for America is human-oriented and puts more stress on practices, while the Chinese one stresses theoretical teaching and emphasizes the whole social benefits. As for the career education content, the American’s is more flexible and has been integrated into the curriculum system, while the Chinas is outside and attached to the curriculum system; American schools’ implementation approaches and methods are also diversified and put more stress on practical teaching, while the Chinese ones are more single and more theoretical．The fourth part mainly compares the external support conditions for career education in Chinese and American secondary schools. The success of American career education mainly lies in the support of laws and regulations, while the laws and regulations are deficient in China. It is people’s continuous researches and experiments on career education at the cost of things and much money that develop the American career education for secondary schools, while the Chinese career education research for secondary schools is just beginning. There is a professional teachers’ team to do research on career education in American secondary iii schools, which has not been found in China at present．There are also many specialized organizations in U．S．, which are playing a great role．But they are still relatively less in China, and most plays no real roles． The fifth part firstly analyzes the successful experiences of American career education in secondary schools, and then reads the confusion faced by Chinese career education for secondary schools. Based on that, the operational measures for Chinese career education development are probed, which is aimed at advancing the development of both theory and practice. Due to American career education’s mature theory and practical successful experiences, it is necessary for China to learn and follow. Chinese researchers should also accelerate the localization speed of theoretical and practical studies and explorations, establishing and perfecting the Chinese career education system． Key words：China and the United States；Secondary schools；Career education iv 卓 念 中美两国普通中学职业生涯教育比较研究 引 言 （一）研究缘起 选择职业生涯教育作为研究的主题，主要有以下几方面的原因： 1．笔者的亲身经历引发了笔者对这个问题的思考和关注。

在笔者初中毕业进入高中第一天就被分进了文科班，这是第一次与职业生涯有关的选择，然而是在完全无意识的状态下由学校替代做出的选择作为一个初中毕业生，当 时不知道文科理科意味着什么，也全然不知 这种分流对自己的职业生涯会有什么影响至于为什么处于这个状态，也正是笔者选择普通中学职业生涯教育作为研究主题的原因，那就是我国普通中学缺乏必要的职业生涯教育接下来高中毕业升大学，面临学校和专业的选择， 这时了解到大学有不同的专业，但仅限于此，不知道专业会直接影响以后的职业，所以稀里糊涂学 习了行政管理本科，大学快毕业时仍然不知道自己适合于什么工作，因为根本不了解自己的能力、兴趣和特长，也不了解本专业适合的领域和岗位，更不知道社会就业状况和形势临近大学毕业时，决定报考硕士研究生， 这时应该懂得了专业意味着什么，会 对以后的职业生涯发展产生什么影响，但是在选择专业时仍然十分盲目通过对周围同学的了解，才发现盲目和无意识的并非笔者一个人， 这是一个非常普遍的现象 “据北森测评。