SCI英文论文写作常见语法错误PPT课件.ppt

Compared to or compared with?Always compare with never compare to!Wrong = Compared to the controlRight = Compared with the controlAnd / orIn a list of treatments, use or rather than andWrong = After incubation over night, cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5. 7.5 and 10 uM of DN6-3 for 12 h.Right = After incubation overnight, cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5. 7.5 or 10 uM of DN6-3 for 12 h.Sentence FragmentsMake sure that each word group that you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that will stand alone as a sentence.Wrong = Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.Right = Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. Misplaced and Dangling ModifiersPlace modifiers near the words they describe and be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentenceWrong = Many tourists visit Arlington Cementary, where military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 am until 5:00 pm.Right = Every day from 9:00 am until 5:00 pm, many tourists visit Arlington Cementary, where military personnel are buried.Faulty ParallelismBe sure to use grammatically equal sentence elements to express thoughts or when matching ideas or items in a seriesWrong = The candidates goals include winning the election, a national health program and the educational systemRight = The candidates goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program and improving the educational systemUnclear Pronoun ReferenceAll pronouns must refer clearly to definite nouns. Be careful with It, They, That, These, Those and WhichWrong = Because Tom is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it.Right = Because of his interest in economic development, Tom sometimes neglects the environment,Accept or Except ?Accept means to receive. Except is usually a preposition meaning but or leaving out. Except can also be a verb meaning to leave out. As verbs, accept and except are nearly antonyms, so the difference is important! Examples: He accepted the gift. (He received it.) He excepted the twins. (He did not include them.) Everyone except Bill. (All but Bill.) i.e. vs e.g.i.e. is a way of saying in other wordse.g. is a way of saying for exampleThere, Their and ThereThere = a position. There it is. Can also be a pronoun = There is a likelihood of success.Their = belonging to. Their hands are coldThere = They are. There over here.Dangling ParticipleOccurs when a phrase is not intended to modify what follows next in the sentenceWrong = After rotting in the cellar for weeks, my brother broght up some orangesRight = My brother broght up some oranges which had been rotting in the cellar for weeks,Its or Its?Its is the possessive pronoun; it modifies a noun. Its is a contraction of it is or it has. Incorrect: The mother cat carried its kitten in its mouth. (Possessive pronoun, no apostrophe) Correct: The mother cat carried its kitten in its mouth. Correct: I think its going to rain today. (Contraction of it is) To test which to use, say the sentence with the words it is in it. If that sounds strange, then its is likely the better choiceMisconnecting verb sWrong = We should try and change the lawRight = We should try to change the lawA or An ? The article a is used before consonant sounds; an is used before vowel sounds. Words beginning with h, o and u sometimes begin with a vowel sound, sometimes a consonant sound. Consonant Sound: a heroic couplet (h sound) a once-happy lover (w sound) a universal problem (y sound) Vowel Sound: an honest man (no h sound) an only child (o sound) an unusual insect (u sound) Between or Among Between is with two people or things. Among is used when discussing three or more people or things. Examples: She had to choose between licorice and cherry. She had to choose among licorice, cherry, and lime. Between is used with and and From is used with to. Never use to with between. Incorrect: We shuttled between New York to Chicago. Correct: We shuttled between New York and Chicago. Correct: We shuttled from New York to Chicago. Number or Amount? Use the word amount with quantities that cannot be counted Use the word number with quantities that could be counted one-by-one. Examples: He had a small amount of solution left. He had a small number of tubes left. Use of because after the reason Do not use because after the words the reason. Use the reason plus that, or else rewrite the sentence. The word because starts adverb clauses, but the noun reason needs an adjective modifier. The word that introduces adjective clauses which modify nouns. Incorrect: The reason he left is because he was frustrated.Correct. The reason he left is that he was frustrated Can or May? Can as an auxiliary verb means to be able to. May as an auxiliary verb means to be permi。