句子成分&基本句型.doc

词类概述Ⅰ. 根据语法功能，词可分为十大类： 名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词和动词Ⅱ. 根据意义，词可分为实词（Notional Words）和虚词（Form Words） 实词：具有实际意义并能单独构成句子成分的词 虚词：没有实际意义或实际意义不明显，不能单独构成句子成分的词词类简写 作 用名词n.人或事物的名称代词pron.代替名词、数词等数词num.表示数目或顺序形容词adj.表示人或事物的特征动词v.表示动作或状态副词adv.表示动作特征或性状特征冠词art.用在名词前，帮助说明其意义介词prep.用在名词或代词前，说明与别的词的关系连词conj.连接词与词或句与句感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气句子成分• 句子：是构成篇章的基本单位只有完整的句子才能表达完整的思想• 句子成分：句子是由词或短语按照一定的语法规则构成的，这些词或短语便是句子成分主要句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语、插入语1. 主语（subject）：是一句话的中心，是全句所述说的对象。

名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等可作主语 My sister is a nurse. She has already left China. Three is enough for each of us. To become a nurse is my wish. Remembering so many new words is really hard work. That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble. 2. 谓语：（predicate）说明主语的动作或状态，常由动词充当，位于主语后面及物动词vt./不及物动词vi.） 简单谓语：由一个动词或短语动词构成，不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语 She works in a hospital. I have tried this way three times. The space shuttle will be launched at 5 p.m. 复合谓语：一般由两部分构成：一是带情态动词或不定式的复合谓语，一是系动词加表语构成的复合谓语。

You needn’t have mentioned it. He is said to have translated many books into English. Our school becomes more beautiful3. 宾语（object）：及物动词所示动作的对象或介词的对象，放在谓语动词或介词后名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式、动名词、从句等可作宾语 She is writing a letter now. Everybody likes her. How many pencils do you have? —I have five. I’ll do my best to learn. Are you planning to travel this summer? I enjoy reading foreign stories. Do you understand what I mean? 直接宾语：动作的承受者或结果间接宾语：动作是对谁的或为谁做的Show me your tickets, please.4. 宾语补足语（Object Complement）补充宾语的意义，着重说明宾语的身份和特征。

名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词和不定式可作宾补 We find him funny. They declared the war over. I wish you to be happy. I saw her chatting with Nancy. We elected Smith our chairman. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. He wished himself out of the affair. You must make yourself respected.5. 表语（predicative）表述主语的身份或特征，位于系动词后名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动词-ing、过去分词、介词短语和从句可作表语 变化：become/come/go/get/grow/fall/turn/run 感官：feel/smell/taste/look/sound 显现：seem/appear/look 状态：be/keep/stay/run/remain/stand/lie/prove/continue He became a doctor after school. He proved a trustworthy friend. She was the first to arrive. Seventy-four! You don’t look it. He has gone mad. Wasting time is killing yourself. Where is Shakespeare buried? His show is on the air at six o’clock. I’m off to Europe on Monday. That’s not what I meant.6. 定语（attribute）用于修饰名词或代词，可分为前置定语和后置定语。

形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、动词-ing、过去分词、不定式、介词短语和从句等可作定语 He’s a selfish man. Put some clean water into this bottle. She cut the cake into three pieces. a college graduate a sleeping bag What’s your government’s attitude towards the problem? These are the roads leading to the beach. That summer we launched a rocket designed by ourselves. They were the first to bear hardships, the last to enjoy comforts. No rose without a thorn.（谚）没有不带刺的玫瑰 He is not worthy to talk to a man like you. On my way home, I continued angry with Betty. That’s the only thing we can do now.7. 状语（adverbial）修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。

可以指时间、地点、方式、伴随、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词和从句等可作状语 He secretly decided to leave the town. Don’t step on the grass, for it is growing. She had suffered so much to bring up the children. To be honest, I don’t quite agree with you. Helpless, I decided to give up the job. She went out of the room, taking the flowers with her. Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. If I had been less cautious, I might have been more wise. Come and talk to me whenever you feel lonely. Although she was tired, she stayed up to watch the late night film on television. She looked a bit strange, as if she knew something. 8. 同位语（appositive）对句子某一成分进一步解释、说明，与前面名词在语法上处于同等地位，常位于被说明的词之后。

名词、代词、数词和从句可充当同位语 This is my sister Mary. We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American. Are you three ready to start out? They are staying at Beidaihe, a summer resort in Northern China. The report that he was going to resign was false. I had no idea that your husband was opposed to my visit. The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. There is some doubt whether John will come on time. 9. 插入语（Parenthesis）:插入语是英语口语中很常见的语法现象通常用一个逗号把它与句子隔开，其位置可在句首、句中或句末。

其作用是对一句话、某一个词或词组做些附加的解释和说明，或在两句之间起连接作用不定式、分词、副词、介词短语和句子等等可以用作插入语 Generally speaking，the weather in Britain is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer. By the way，Bob sends his best wishes. 。