语言学教材练习参考答案-.doc

句法学句法学I．Define the following terms． 答案：略II．Complete the following sentences. 1. Saussure 2. simple 3. Exocentric 4. hierarchical5. deep III．Multiple Choice． 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. A IV．Answer the following questions briefly． 1. The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order， but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can， in addition， show the syntactic category of each structural constituent，thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. 2. more beautiful flowers more beautiful flowersAdj. Adj. N Adv. Adj. NNP APNP NP3. From the syntactic theory，this sentence could be analyzed as follows：Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Adj. Adj. N V Adv.VPNPTherefore，the abstract structure could be：S→adj．+n．+v．+adv．From this structure we may generate sentences like：The old couple walked slowly．Of course，many other utterances may be generated with similar sentence patterns．That’s to say，in aspect of syntactical analysis，this sentence is well formed．However, as for its semantic sense，it’s not applicable．For example， “idea”is an abstract noun．which is inanimate and expresses no physical object; but the verb“sleep”is a verb that only human beings or animals that are animate can perform，and “furiously”is only used to refer to animate beings that have the sensations．like anger，passion or anxiety．Besides，“colorless”is a property only of physical objects．SO it could not go with an abstract concept like“idea” ．Another thing odd in this part is that the two adjectives“colorless’ ’and“green” are contradictory．If we say something“colorless” ．it indicates it doesn’t express any color．On the other hand，if something is green，that means it is colored and it is in a certain type of color，therefore，it can’t be “colorless”．Therefore，this sentence“Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”is semantically odd．V．Question for consideration.Chomsky’s TG Grammar has seen five stages of development．The classical theory aims to make linguistics a science．The standard theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistic theory．The extended standard theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar．The revised extended standard theory focuses discussion on government and binding．The latest is the minimalist program，a further revision of the previous theory．The development of TG grammar can be regard as a process of constantly minimalizing theories and controlling the generative powers．Although TG grammar has involved putting forward, revising, and canceling of many specific rules, hypotheses, mechanisms, and theoretical models, its aims and purposes have been consistent, i.e. to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language.语义学语义学I. Define the following terms． 答案：略 II. Complete the following sentences. 1. connotative 2. Snonymy 3. Semantics 4. Relational 5. naming III. Multiple Choice． 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. C IV．Answer the following questions briefly． 1． host--guest：converseborrow--lend：converseinnocent--guilty：complementarystrong--weak：gradable2. Semantic field is a term to refer to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided into semantically related sets or fields．Words in each semantic field define one another．A semantic field is an area of meaning which can be delimited from others in a language．Thus we might talk about a semantic field of FOOD or CLOTHING or EMOTIONS．Within CLOTHING we find words for all the different kinds of garments．plus those for making and wearing them．Semantic field is a somewhat elastic term．Thus we could say that ANIMALS and PLANTS are semantic fields．or we could group them together into a single larger field called LIVING THINGS．Semantic fields are composed of smaller groupings called lexical sets or sub—fields．Within EMOTIONS，we can identify lexical sets of words for Love，Fear．Anger, etc．The following words can be grouped as：Words referring to transportation means：train，taxi，bus，bicycle，aeroplane；Words related to containers：plate，dish，glass，cup，saucer；Words related to clothing：sandals，socks，slippers，shoes，stockings．3. One obvious presupposition of(a)is“He has bought a beer． ”One obvious presupposition of(b)is“You have a watch． ”V. Question for consideration. Firstly，to some extent，the difference between the gradable and the complementary can be compared to the traditional logical distinction between the contrary and the contradictory．In logic，a proposition is the contrary of another if both can not be true，though they may both be false；e．g．The coffee is hot and The coffee is cold．And a pro。