
FIDIC合同清华讲义.ppt
267页FIDIC合同条款解读与应用实务合同条款解读与应用实务(包括对提升国内项目合约管理水平的启示)(包括对提升国内项目合约管理水平的启示)香港中信裕联投资有限公司 田威tianwei@一、继续教育的重要性一、继续教育的重要性先提一个问题:什么是教育? 你的答案是什么? 孔子:有教无类 vs Caste system 我最欣赏的答案是 ……每个企业高管都是一本书 —— 我的原则是给大家讲故事,也就是真实案例(都是我亲自处理过的项目),再与大家分享并探讨相关思考所有条款原本是英文,但我给大家用中文讲,同时给出英文的原件,并提供一些常用的英文例函,供大家做第一线业务时可以直接就作为参考资料(也可安排另外就此再开一个专门的实用课程),方便拿来即用互动互动 + + 启发启发身边的案例 ,梁定邦的故事,etc.二、什么是二、什么是FIDIC?? 在合同文本的选择上,业主(咨询工程师)占据主导地位是一个必须面对的客观现实,投标项目尤其如此 —— 在实践中一定要学会主动向有经验的过来人请教,商务上是否靠谱,技术上是否可行,从而有效规避风险。
FIDIC是法文Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils的缩写,中文常译为“菲迪克”1913年成立 源于英国的ICE合同,英文是工作语言英文是工作语言英文是工作语言英文是工作语言,99版第1.4款/77版和87版第 5.1款例如,在99版第14款/77版和87版第60款中, Interim Statement, Interim Certificate, Interim Payment 与中文“验工计价”的不同 ICE —— 1945 年颁布,此后修订分別在1951 年(第二版)、1955 年(第四版)、1973(第五版)、1991 年(第六版);JCT(房屋建筑); FIDIC —— 1957(第一版,红皮书),此后修订分別在1969 年(第二版)、1977 年(第三版)、1987 年(第四版)、1988 年(第四版修订版)、1992 年(第四版再次修订版)及1999 年(第一版,First Edition 1999First Edition 1999) 操作层面上的“三步曲”:走出去,走进去(海外市场立足),走上去(不断提升),重要的是最终还要回得来!出世英雄 vs 全身而退 走出去,要接轨 —— “一带一路”的机会 vs 亚洲基础设施投资银行 FIDIC约每十年会做一次大的修订,其合同内容集合工业发达国家建筑业上百年的经验以及各合约范本之大成,是把工程技术、法律、经济和项目管理等有机结合起来的一个合同条件,故又称为国际工程合同之“圣经”。
FIDIC红皮书编制过程严谨,有相当的权威性,基本上是国际工程惯例之具体反应,其特点是风险分担比较公平,故可作为比对某项工程合同是否公平合理之重要参考 ICE —— pro-Employer,1818年成立,完全买方市场; FIDIC —— pro-Contractor,香港的真实案例 99版的特点:把87版和77版的72个条款合并同类项后变成20个条款(新红皮书、新黄皮书和银皮书都是20个条款,绿皮书是15个条款) FIDIC是合同的标准范本,是法律文件,不是IT,不是高科技FIDIC受普通法的影响很深FIDIC vs The Vickrey Auction (Uniform Second-price)The uniform second-price auction is commonly called the Vickrey Auction, named after William Vickrey, winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, who classified it in the 1960s. It is a sealed-bid English sealed-bid English auctionauction(拍(拍(拍(拍卖卖卖卖)))) (ascending-price; vs Dutch auctionDutch auction(投(投标标)), descending price) with an important concept that the highest bidder wins but only pays at the second-highest bid price. Why is the Vickrey Auction significant? Because it is designed to induce truthful-revelation .This variation over the normal bidding procedure is supposed to encourage bidders to bid the largest amount they are willing to pay. Most auctions are first-price auctions with either open-outcry or sealed bid format. The winner is the highest bidder, and correspondingly pays their bid. Like the first-price auction, each bidder is ignorant of other bids while the bids are sealed (instead of open-outcried, NOTE: it is imperative to seal the bid). But the item is awarded only to highest bidder at a price equal to the second-highest bid (or highest unsuccessful bid). In a sealed-bid auction, bidders generally try to shade their bids slightly under their true valuation of the product, thereby creating an opportunity to win the auction and pay less than their valuation (profit-oriented). Bidders do this to avoid the problem of “winner’s curse”: an idea that the winner of an auction generally overvalues the product and he will be the final loser. Nonetheless, auction sellers do not wish for players to shade their bids and have developed alternative-style auctions (William Vickrey’s observation and Theory).In other words, a winner pays less than the highest bid. If, for example, bidder A bids $10, bidder B bids $15, and bidder C offers $20, bidder C ($20) would win, however he would only pay the price at the second-highest bid ($15), namely bidder B. Q and ABUT What about changing the format just a little and having a second-price, open-outcry auction? In such a case, participants could bid in the ascending (say English way) format and the winner would ultimately pay the price of the second-highest bid. One might imagine that such an auction would have much the same results as a typical English (ascending, open-outcry) auction, but, in fact, an auction like that would be easy to manipulate. Imagine bidder A bidding $25 for an item worth $100. Some other bidder could quite easily and safely bid $750, knowing that no one will bid more and that he will safely get it by only paying $25. It is clearly imperative to seal the bid in a Vickrey Auction instead of open-outcry.Again expounding Example of William Vickrey Theory: Assume a Vickrey Auction for 2 Super Bowl Tickets(National Football League, USA).Your own personal valuation of these tickets is $3,000.What would happen if you place a bid greater than $3,000 (for example, $3,100) hoping to increase your chances of winning, and knowing that you only need to pay the second highest bid if you win ?1st scenario: the second highest bid is $2,800; you win the tickets with your bid of $3,100, and pay $2,800. This is the same outcome if you had bid $3,000.2nd scenario: the second highest bid is $3,050; you win the tickets with your bid of $3,100, but you pay $3,050. This price is greater than your valuation and therefore is a bad outcome.3rd scenario: the second highest bid is $3,200; you lose the tickets with your bid of $3,100. But you would have lost with a bid of $3,000 as well.Now assume that your bid is less than $3,000 (for example, $2,900) hoping to win the tickets at a lower price.1st scenario: the second highest bid is $2,800; you win the tickets with your bid of $2,900, and pay $2,800. This is the same outcome if you had bid $3,000.2nd scenario: the second highest bid is $2,950; you lose the tickets with your bid of $2,900. You would have won with a bid of $3,000.3rd scenario: the second highest bid is $3,200; you lose the tickets with your bid of $2,900. But you would have lost with a bid of $3,000 as well.CONCLUSION: Under a Vickrey Auction, all players have the optimal strategy to truthfully reveal their personal valuation of the auctioned product.三、为什么要学好三、为什么要学好 FIDIC?? —— 国际惯例国际惯例国际惯例国际惯例对项目合同管理的实用价值对项目合同管理的实用价值项目启动从保函开始,如何“倒立看世界”(马云)?保函的种类 。
无知带来风险,遇事要多问个为什么? 投标保函(?%),为什么?实际应用 (not less than 的含义,分析竞争对手的标价); 案例:差价860万澳门元 vs 2.6亿澳门元合同额及营业额,860万/2.6亿 = 3.3%;意见分歧与决策/貔貅 预付款保函(?%); 履约保函(?%); 保留金保函(?%)/(2.5%+2.5%)具体操作,铁路大厦案例老子 —— 前识者,道之华,而愚之始是以大丈夫处其厚,不居其薄;处其实,不居其华Authentication vs Endorsement / Counter-guarantee,转递行(通知行)通常只收10~200美元总承包商应争取采用与投标总价表述相同的当地软货币开出保函(避免用美元或欧元等硬通货),可减少承包商未来面对的风险(时间导致贬值)若保函中没有写明适用法律,则发生争端后适用的是担保银行所在地法律保险的实用性案例 —— 保险业务的实质?Mercedez 被偷N次保险公司一定要在保单经过律师的确认之后才会做保险英文例函 Project Manager Date ……The EmployerDear Sir,Re: Performance SecurityWe have pleasure in enclosing our original Performance Bank Guarantee as required in accordance with Clause 4.2 (Performance Security) (87版是Clause 10.1) of the Conditions of Contract.This Guarantee has been issued by Chinese ABC Bank and authenticated by local XYZ Bank in the Form as approved in your response letter Ref. No ……. Dated …….We trust that this will be entirely satisfactory to you and would appreciate your acknowledgement for our record.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Engineer in Chief The Engineer (with photocopy of authenticated Performance Bank Guarantee)Engineer in Chief Date…… The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Evidence and Terms of InsuranceWe are writing to confirm that pursuant to Clause 18 (Insurance) (87版是Clause 25.1 ) of the Conditions of Contract that we are providing the policies of Insurance to the Employer c/o you the Engineer.The Insurance effected are consistent with all the terms agreed prior to the issue of the Letter of Acceptance.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Project Manager The Employer英文例函学以致用,知其然,知其所以然,必须在实践中可以操作,摒弃教条和束之高阁的理论!做项目要理性引领,从实际出发,进行动态管理,终归蛇形正途。
下面的案例,如果时间紧就不再讲了下面的案例,如果时间紧就不再讲了案例一 Practice lawyer vs CV of Professor/Senior Engineer)案例二 履约保函的“On Demand”与违约通知证据/Webster Project,见附函Conditions Precedent等案例三 Mauritius注册公司(SPV)—— 会前的方案,而会上突然提出建议方案,当机立断的决策银行账户签字 —— 原则:制约 + 便捷 Group A(51%) Group B(49%) 索 刘 田 杨 宋 Any one signatory from Group A JOINTLY with any one signatory from Group B. (五位均为公司董事)For any amount less than US$ 50,000.00 SINGLY by MD Song(宋,董事总经理)对方突然提出的问题 当地法律规定法律规定法律规定法律规定:A + B组的每组签字人里都要再加入一个当地人,但当地人可以完全只是形式(挂名,秘书职务),实际上不一定要签字。
把报给银行的A + B两组改成如下,可以吗? Group A(51%) Group B(49%) 索 刘 田 杨 宋 Gupta(秘书公司) Adalahe(秘书公司)有否制约?争论: 可在附注里写明当地人没有签字权!OK? 答案是不可以 —— 如果真的发生了与当地法律当地法律当地法律当地法律相悖的情形,则这个附注就是废纸一张!抱怨: 怎么突然袭击呢?要想一想,别是陷阱!解决办法 Any two signatories from Group A JOINTLY with any two signatories from Group B. It was further resolved that any director or the secretary be authorized to undertake the necessary formalities to give effect to the above bank signatories.19991999年版年版年版年版 四、四、FIDICFIDIC合同条件的彩虹系列(族)合同条件的彩虹系列(族)•红皮书(土木建筑工程)•黄皮书(机电设备供货) (比银皮书要亲承包商)•白皮书(设计咨询合同)•橙皮书(D + B)•银皮书(EPC)(转嫁风险,干涉权) (承包商喜欢修改黄皮书 去做EPC交钥匙合同)•绿皮书(简短格式)•金皮书(DBO)(黄皮书的“化妆版”) 20072007年版年版年版年版19871987年版年版年版年版 FIDIC First Edition 1999 New Rainbow Series ModelFIDIC Gold Book, September 2007, also referred to as the cosmetic edition of Yellow Book五、黄皮书的特点五、黄皮书的特点 因2007年版的金皮书(Conditions of Contract for Design, Build and Operate Projects,简称DBO)源于黄皮书,故再讲些黄皮书的内容。
黄皮书英文全称: Conditions of Contract for Electrical and Mechanical Works including Erection on Site(3rd Edition 1987); Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build(First Edition 1999)—— 新黄皮书 什么时候用黄皮书? JV很普遍(土建 + 机电:优势互补,风险共担) 黄皮书做EPC项目要比银皮书亲承包商(pro-Contractor)(部分敞口合同,有变更及调价条款,亦可以索赔,至少土建有机会) 承包商负责设计,还要负责所有现场操作及工程施工的方案 技术标准和法规:(第15.2款合同一般条件/99版第5.4款)符合项目所在国的(!) vs 中国规范(力争) 评标分两步走:技术标 + 商务标 设备供货 vs 使用/维修手册 vs 爆破图(要小心!) 试车 vs 最终验收(PAC vs FAC,红皮书中的另一种叫法)黄皮书与红皮书的主要差别黄皮书与红皮书的主要差别 重视专利和知识产权(99版第17.5款/87版77版第16款)。
实例:不侵权之宣/Prior Art/已属先有技术了承包商的设备(Equipment) vs 设备Plant(黄)vs 永久设施(红) 现场/发货前的监制 vs 利弊 付款方式付款方式 计价单 Schedule of Prices(黄/第1.1.27款/99版第14.4款Schedule of Payments) vs 工程量价单 Bill of Quantities (红); L/C 更类似贸易合同; en routeen route (第33.2(b)款的语言和描述 in respect of Plant shipped and en route to the Site , 对 Site 的定义要十分谨慎,99版第14.5款 Plant and Materials ...... have been shipped to the Country, on route to the Site ...... in a clean shipped bill of lading or other evidence of shipment ...... freight and insurance ...... 付款时限付款时限 (定量制约) 14天+28天(黄皮书第33.3~33.5款)vs 28天+28天(87版红皮书第60款)vs 从承包商把验工计价单呈交给咨询工程师后从承包商把验工计价单呈交给咨询工程师后5656天内天内(99版红皮书第14.6和14.7款)vs 28天+30天(77版红皮书第60款);而99版银皮书第14.7(b)款直接就是56天(因无咨询工程师)。
99版第14.8款/黄皮/第33.6款:如果延误了付款?承包商有权追索利息损 失:承包商本国的中央银行贴现率(discount rate)(or Libor)+ 3% + 其它权利; 上述“其它权利”包括了在未收到付款后的14天通知(停工)+ 28天,即行终止合同(第33.7款/99版第16款)黄皮书与银皮书的主要差别(一)黄皮书与银皮书的主要差别(一) 价格结构价格结构 —— 黄皮书是价格敞口的合同,而银皮书是价格封口,银皮书的原则就是要把风险转嫁给承包商,这也是银皮书与黄皮书的最关键差别实际上由于私人融资的有限追索性质,使用银皮书的业主宁愿支付承包商较高的价格,但一定要让其来承担全部风险 咨询工程师咨询工程师 —— 黄皮书里有咨询工程师,但银皮书里没有咨询工程师这个角色,黄皮书就使得承包商在某种程度上有一定的缓冲保护,尤其是当咨询工程师能够比较坚持其专业操守的话 现场数据现场数据 —— 黄皮书里业主需向承包商提供地下和水文等数据,承包商只是负责对这些数据进行解释,但银皮书则要求承包商还必须对业主所提供的数据负责核实,加重了承包商的责任。
不可预见的地质情况不可预见的地质情况 —— 黄皮书中规定承包商在遇到不可预见的地质情况后有权为此获得工期顺延,但银皮书第4.12款把所有诸如可预见、不可预见甚至无法想像的风险全都转嫁给了承包商而土建是拖延工期的主要因素之一 延长工期延长工期 —— 黄皮书明确说明了可获延期的理由包括:1)由不可预见的实际或天气原因导致的延误,2)由于瘟疫或政府行为导致的不可预见的人力或物资短缺但这些理由在银皮书中被删掉了银皮书第20.1款似乎在形式上给予了承包商索赔的权利,但是,请特别注意看清如下的英文原文:前提条件为 ——“If the Contractor considers himself to be entitled to any extension of the Times for Completion and/or any additional payment, under any Clause of these Conditions or otherwise in connection with the Contract ”,而同时银皮书第4.12款(Unforeseeable Difficulties)里又写明了这样的字句:a)The Contractor shall be deemed to have obtained all necessary information as to risks, contingencies and other circumstances which may influence or affect the Works; b)by signing the Contract, the Contractor accepts total responsibility for having foreseen all difficulties and costs of successfully completing the Works; c)the Contract Price shall not be adjusted to take account of any unforeseen difficulties or costs.(这就是定性EPC合同为Lump Sum Contract的合约依据)。
其实,回到了一个很简单的问题 —— 承包商提出索赔要求是否有合同依据?在哪里?是什么?结论:银皮书第4.12款已经从根本上废掉了承包商进行变更和索赔的合约基础和机会,而现实中没有业主会在特殊条件里主动说要删掉这一条款的!此外,“银皮书”通常很难签下来调价公式,因为第13.8款只是说在特殊条款里予以考虑,但由于国际工程承包市场是一个明显的买方市场,EPC项目的业主通常会以总价合同为由全部删掉调价公式 ,因而增大了承包商必须面对的通涨风险,而这又是导致承包商盈亏出现戏剧性变化的两大因素之一 —— 尽管银皮书第13.8款所对应的特殊条件编写指南里都写明“Provision for adjustment may be required if it would be unreasonable for the Contractor to bear the risk of escalating costs due to inflation. Wording for provisions based on cost indices have been published in FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build(FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build就是黄皮书!这就是为什么很多有经验的承包商都会以“黄皮书”去与业主商谈签订EPC合同,当然这可另外再做专题讲解), which may be considered appropriate.…… Expert advice may be appropriate.” /“专家”与“牛牛”黄皮书与银皮书的主要差别(二)黄皮书与银皮书的主要差别(二) 设计责任设计责任 —— 黄皮书和银皮书都把设计责任全部压给了承包商,但银皮书比黄皮书走得更远,第5.1款进一步把业主要求中的错误和疏漏(negligence)风险也转嫁给承包商。
1)另一方面,银皮书承包商通常会根据“Fitness for Purpose”抗争 —— State of Art,只要满足签约时双方设定及当时公认的设计标准即可,超出正常使用情况的任何特殊要求或高标准均将被视为变更,业主要为此再向承包商额外追加费用,因为对歧义的解释原则是:当承包商的诉求与业主的要求互相矛盾时,以对承包商有利为准;2)如果业主在银皮书合同里加入雇佣一个咨询工程师来作为业主代表,或通过类似的角色来管理承包商,那法律上他就一定负有“Reasonable Skilled Man and Care”的责任,不可以借口疏漏而逃脱其责任 变更令变更令 —— 黄皮书的第5.1款中,承包商有权核查业主的要求中有无错误和疏漏,并且一旦发现 —— 只要他在投标之前无法合理预见到这些错误和疏漏,那么业主必须为此发出变更令,并且承包商完全有权根据该变更令,按黄皮书第1.9款规定,获得工期延期和费用补偿 索赔、不可抗力及调价公式索赔、不可抗力及调价公式 —— 尽管黄皮书和银皮书都有索赔条款以及不可抗力Force Majeure条款(黄皮书Clause 34 Calims vs 银皮书 Clause 20 Claims,Disputes and Arbitration;黄皮书Clause 44 Force Majeure vs 银皮书 Clause 19 Force Majuere),而两者在操作时受制于诸多因素,实际上有相当难度。
黄皮书有调价公式(第47款),涉及对工、料、运费、司法变更以及其它费用,但银皮书中被全删掉了,因而增大了承包商的风险 结论结论::黄皮书比银皮书要相对地更亲承包商一些 2007版的FIDIC(DBO)金皮书是黄皮书的“化妆版”红皮书、银皮书和黄皮书三者的主要差别红皮书、银皮书和黄皮书三者的主要差别 99版红皮书第4.12款里明确 bad ground(hydrological)属于“physical conditions which he (the Contractor) considers to have been unforeseeable”,非常具体地涉及到了bad ground而银皮书第4.12款(Unforeseeable Difficulties)明确了由承包商来承担所有风险,除非合同中另有规定,承包商对于unforeseeable及bad ground的抗辩都缺乏合同条款依据及支持如果合同里没有明说,则通常认为承包商已承接了这些风险,lump sum 的EPC总包合同划入到此类里,因此银皮书对承包商并不好甚至连银皮书第13.8款所对应的特殊条件编写指南里都在明确推荐采用黄皮书“If the Works include tunneling or other substantial sub-surface construction, it is usually preferable for the risk of unforeseen ground conditions to be allocated to the Employer. Responsible contractors will be reluctant to take the risks of unknown ground conditions which are difficult or impossible to estimate in advance. The Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build should be used in these circumstances for works designed by (or on behalf of) the Contractor”六、六、EPCEPC模式下业主的管理介入点及手段模式下业主的管理介入点及手段•先要明确:EPC合同的特点(没有咨询工程师)及与其它FIDIC彩虹系列合同条件的区别。
•EPC融资人的关注点:Certainty of Price.•内部聘请设计院再监控•现场巡视及独立监理(土建:咨询工程师 vs EPC的原则:业主的不干预;但总包商要特别注意对分包商的监控,力争谈成Pay if paid条款)•重要手段手段(经济制约):借助保函、保险(国际通用性),还有 LD vs Penalty/Fine —— Liquidated Damages(LD) are enforceable whereas a Penalty is not.•LD是签约前预先估定的真实伤害值(a reasonable genuine covenanted pre-estimate damage judged of as at the time of making the Contract),其目的是用于惩戒承包商拖延施工,而并非为了在实际出现违约状况后(not at the time of breach)来赔偿业主的全部潜在损失据此承包商可事先知道其风险程度,而且业主也预知其将受到的保护程度•Penalty/Fine在性质上具有恐吓警告作用(in terrorem),其金额在制定时可能会被无限地夸大,因此在仲裁中可能遭裁定不予支付。
•承包商有权在签约后抗辩合同中的LD金额太高,性质已经转变成为Penalty,但在仲裁中对此要负有举证责任,而并非是由业主来证明其金额合理与否七、七、国际国际工程项目上,承包商与业主相互工程项目上,承包商与业主相互间的责权利靠什么维系及制约?间的责权利靠什么维系及制约? 所有谈判达成一致的东西最终都会归结到法律层面上,也就是要签订合同(put it Black and White) 合同靠什么支撑? 法律基础的重要性 —— 商业是建立在两条铁轨上向前跑之说 项目管理者应努力成为“合同专家”! 签个MOU对双方有法律制约力吗?案例 律师的问题及建议:你想让它成了以后不能再改变,还是想着签约后仍有跑掉的机会?当然,这个机会对双方均等!案例 商业决策,法律保障Domestic features vs Uzbek pjt)八、合同的法律基础八、合同的法律基础•普通法 Common Law vs Law of England and Wales 崇尚合同的自由约定原则(I will do X if you will do Y ),通常不会为保障公平或已签合约中不利一方的利益而干预合同,因此很难以显失公允为理由去修改或删除已经签订的文字约定,因为英国法律不保护不公平交易下的合同不利一方。
其商法极为发达 衡平法则 (Rules of Equity) 典型案例 Mortgage 抵押贷款(借60 → 抵押100房产 → 罚息按6% x 2年=12% → 最终退还100 – 60 – 60x12% = 32.8)•大陆法 Continental Law vs Napoleonic Code法典 倾向于干涉不公平合同,并会为保护不公平合约中欠获公允对待一方的利益而对原合同进行修改,甚至可能认定所签订的不公平合同为无效合同(也许会出现Surprise Award) 签约始于研究合同!签约始于研究合同!签约始于研究合同!签约始于研究合同! 九、九、国际国际工程合同管理的原则工程合同管理的原则 “承包商履约得到支付,业主付款获得工程”99版红皮书第14.6和14.7款是从承包商把验工计价单呈交给咨询工程师后56天内业主必须付款 —— 咨询工程师要在28天内批出certificate(87版和77版第60款);而银皮书EPC第14.7(b)款直接就是56天(因无咨询工程师)within含义的重要性预付款 —— 承包商呈交预付款保函后的42天内(通常验工计价达20%时开始扣还预付款,计价到80%时还清,返还率25%)。
咨询工程师签认的验工计价单在法律上有效否?案例业主对30%的当地币经常拖延,怎么办?案例(参见最后一页英文信函的黄色标注处)案例 —— Marshangdi电站(Siemens设备)的铁丝网 vs 砖砌高墙/N级设防,That’s not the Employer is paying for !The Contractor gets paid for the work he performs and the Employer gets the work he is paying for. —— 价责对筹Clause 14 Clause 14 ((Contract Price and PaymentContract Price and Payment)) 99版FIDIC红皮书为例14.3 The Contractor shall submit a Statement in six copies to the Engineer after the end of each month ……(也有规定最小验工计价金额的情形)14.6 No amount will be certified or paid until the Employer has received and approved the Performance Security. Thereafter, the Engineer the Engineer shall within 28 days within 28 days after receiving a Statement and supporting documents, issue to the Employer an Interim Payment Certificate which shall state the amount which the Engineer fairly determines to be due, with supporting particulars.14.7 The Employer shall pay to the Contractor… (b) the amount certified in each Interim Payment Certificate within 56 days after the Engineer receives the Statement 56 days after the Engineer receives the Statement and supporting documents.分析:HK 45 days vs 87版红皮书为28天+28天 vs 77版红皮书为28+30天; 如果SCC把业主付款改成90天,120天,180天,甚或within a reasonable time?如何取舍?英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notification of Non PaymentWe refer to the Engineer’s Certificate No …… dated …… (with our monthly Statement No ……) and regret to notice that we have not received your payment after the Engineer receives the same and our supporting documents within the stipulated period of 56 (Fifty Six) days pursuant to Clauses 14.7 (Payment) and 14.8 (Delayed Payment) (87版为Clause 60.10) of the Conditions of Contract.Under the circumstances interest entitlement at the rate stated in the Appendix to Tender will be included in our next statement for payment. Yours faithfully, Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)同样,对于咨询工程师或业主此次扣减掉但经核实后在以后的验工计价中又予以支付的工程款,承包商有权要求拿回利息损失。
英文例函Project Manager Date……The Employer Dear Sir,Re: Notice of Termination of ContractPursuant to Clause 16.2 (Termination by Contractor) (87版是Clause 69.1 ) of the Conditions of Contract we write to give you notice that with effect from 14 (Fourteen) days after the giving of this notice we shall terminate our employment under the Contract. Such notice is given on the ground that you have failed to pay the amount due against the Engineer’s Certificate No …… as well as our monthly Statement No ..…. dated …… within 56 (Fifty Six) days after the time stated in Clauses 14.7, 14.8 and 16.2(c) (87版是Clause 60.10) . Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Engineer in Chief The Engineer77版、87版及99版的区别:77版为承包商即刻可以终止合同,再按业主违约追讨损失;87版有两种选择:一可选择索要利息,二也可选择按业主违约而终止合同,并在发出通知的14天后生效;99版是先可索要利息,但想要终止合同,还必须待第56天后再等42天,如果仍没能收到应付工程款,才能通知与业主终止合同,并在发出通知的14天后生效,Ʃ112天。
您怎么选择?十、十、FIDIC合同条件的强制性和严肃性合同条件的强制性和严肃性 奥地利经济学家Friedrich A. von Hayek(诺贝尔经济学奖得主)说:“从好人的假设出发,只会设计出坏制度;从坏人的假设出发,才会设计出好制度”因此,需要假设人人都坏的好制度英国人也有类似的说法 强制性,99版第15款 vs 第16款/87版和77版第63款 vs 第69款 严肃性,十分注重evidence, substantiation, verification因此,a lot of paper work 要证明事实与条款相符(Fait Accompli),螺丝~螺母(咬合)原则 —— 书面往来中对事件的描述必须引述合同中的条款号,并准确清晰采用其中的用词做出描述 研读合同 vs 合约管理缺失 !!案例 —— 007 Bond, James Bond(棒,真棒!)/Jack Bond(假棒)vs Hans Rijiniveld /Bogarz,见下页英文例函 “天下难事,必做于易;天下大事,必做于细”(老子)。
“The devil is with detail” 案例 —— 成败源于细节 vs wax seal/投标 英文例函Project Manager Date ……The EmployerDear Sir,Re: Assistance with Customs ClearanceWe refer to our Contract with you for the construction of …………As a requirement for the Works we have placed orders for various items of construction plant and materials (including oil,国际金融机构及经济援助的项目通常全部免除海关税,包括施工用油料) and we would ask for your assistance in obtaining clearance through Customs for the enclosed items pursuant to Clauses 1.13 (Compliance with Laws) and 2.2 (Permits, Licences or Approvals) (87版是Clause 54.3 ) of the Special Conditions of Contract.May we request a meeting with you to discuss this matter at your earliest convenience.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Enc.十一、咨询工程师在合同中是何法律地位?十一、咨询工程师在合同中是何法律地位? 什么是“諮詢諮詢”? 咨询工程师(99版第3款/87和77版第2款) 。
借你的表,然后再告诉你几点钟的人” 常称为“三位一体”,英文叫 The trinity of the Employer,the Consulting Engineer and the Contractor,但这个三角关系并非是等边三角形 咨询工程师与承包商的关系:过滤层,有些类似婚姻关系 案例 —— Witness签字的位置;金刚山 咨询工程师 vs 监理工程师,中外理解上的差异 最大风险: Professional Indemnity Insurance 这种保险承包商与咨询工程师并无直接的合同关系,但普通法认定双方存在着一种“特殊关系”,因为承包商履约的前提是必须相信咨询工程师提供的信息并按其指令行事,所以得到了侵权行为法(The Law of Tort)的保护 第4.1款(87版和77版第7.2款)规定承包商设计永久部分的施工图,同时第3.1(c)款(87版和77版第7.3款)写明咨询工程师的批复并不解除承包商的任何责任 —— 适用于隐含法律原则:设计者有责任确保其设计“Fitness for Purpose”。
案例,输变电线的挠度(sag)计算设计Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Permanent Works Designed by the ContractorIn accordance with Clauses 4.1 (Contractor’s General Obligations) and 13.2 (Value Engineering)(87版为Clause 7.2 ) of the Conditions of Contract we have pleasure in enclosing our detailed drawings and design calculations for the ………… as requested by you and look forward to receiving your scrutiny and approval scrutiny and approval to these within the next 7 (Seven) days. Yours faithfully, Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函 这里的红字表述使得当争端最终提交仲裁后,很有可能被判定也要去追究咨询工程师的连带责任(joint and several liabilities), 从而转嫁部分风险 —— 法理抗辩原则是One cannot Benefit from One’s Own Errors —— 但需事先咨询资深律师!十二、项目的“影响曲线(Influence Curve)”对对成成本本和和进进度度的的影影响响度度时间时间T创意(创意(Concept))设计(设计(Engineering))采购采购((Procurement))施工施工((Construction))I十三、怎么看十三、怎么看“低价拿标,靠低价拿标,靠索赔索赔赚钱赚钱”的说法的说法 1)从理论上分析(数学推算):(10 Days MBA) “低价”的本质就是削减利润,那么 原来是25%的毛利,假设现在降到了15%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%? (25%-15%)/15% = 10%/15% = 0.667 如果降到12.5%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%? (25%-12.5%)/12.5% = 12.5%/12.5% = 1, 即再多做一个 如果降到5%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%? (25%-5%)/5 = 20%/5% = 4 如果降到1%,则要多做多少才能持平原来的25%? (25%-1%)/1% = 24%/1% = 24 !!! ??? 第一个问题:值吗?无法消灭对手的有生力量 vs 自残(倾向)! 第二个问题:深层次上,对于多做的0.667、1、4、24个,如何看待时间跨度延长、风险出现几率等多因素影响(vs Slogan Management)? 结论:价格竞争是下下策,只能是最后的选择!价格战多数没好结果。
结论:价格竞争是下下策,只能是最后的选择!价格战多数没好结果 2)从实践上探讨:后面将分析若干案例 Top 10Top 10Top 10Top 10/72/20条? 爱因斯坦 :“历史上最伟大的发明莫过于复式利息收入”公式 R = (1 + i )n式中:i —— 利息,n —— 孳息年数;这个公式对您有什么启示? vs Facilities的叫法 该公式亦透彻揭示了盈亏本质式中改为:i —— 盈亏,n —— 盈亏次数;重要的是 i 一定要是正数(盈利)正数(盈利),绝不可以是负数(亏负数(亏损)损)!有趣的比例关系: 亏损25%时,要赚回 亏损33%时,要赚回 亏损50%时,要赚回结论: 每次出现亏损后,需要更大的盈利才能添补回到原位,亏损是幂放大的亏损是幂放大的 —— 稳健积累财富的重要性如果 i 为特大的负数时 —— 33%才能平回到原位:1/4 vs 1/3;50%才能平回到原位:1/3 vs 1/2;100%才能平回到原位:1/2 vs 1灭顶之灾!灭顶之灾! 风险 vs 创利 vs 情况不明决心大,心中无数点子多。
十四、波纹理论(十四、波纹理论(The Ripple Theory)) 及其适用性及其适用性 99版第19款里正式使用了Force Majeure的说法 在87版中,当发生Force Majeure(但条款里的表述用词是force of nature, Clause 20.4, any operation of the forces of nature against which an experienced contractor could not reasonably have been expected to take precautions ) 后,与一般的贸易合同处理原则不同,不是各自分担,而是划到了业主违约的范畴里面(Clause 20, Clause 65, Clause 69)十五、承包商创收的三大支柱十五、承包商创收的三大支柱 要特别注意可操作性 1) V.O(99版第13款/87版第51款和第52款)银皮书第13款,EPC模式下的变更收钱很难,受制于Lump Sum Contract; 2) 调价公式(99版第13.8款/87版第70款)。
银皮书第13.8款,说是在特殊条款里予以考虑,但EPC项目业主通常以是总价合同为理由而删掉); 3) 索赔(99版第20.1款/87版第53款/77版第52.5款)银皮书第20.1款,EPC模式下进行索赔比起红皮书来难很多 vs 反索赔 案例案例(煤矿透水):合同金额1亿美元,索赔额 → 600万美元 → 900万美元 → 1,200万美元,您自己怎么决策? 结局:2,200万美元(13,00万美元 + 900万美元) 探讨几个问题,结论: Major Claim Major Claim >> 10%10%~~20%20%(分水岭)分水岭) 十六、工程变更(十六、工程变更(V.O.V.O.))Clause 13.1((Right to Vary)) Variations may be initiated by the Engineer (vs at the Engineer’s Discretion) at any time prior to issuing the Taking-Over Certificate for the Works, either by an instruction or by a request for the Contractor tosubmit a proposal.The Contractor shall execute and be bound by each Variation, unless the Contractor promptly gives notice to the Engineer stating (with supporting particulars) that the Contractor cannot readily obtain the Goods required for the Variation. Upon receiving this notice, the Engineer shall cancel, confirm or vary the instruction.Each Variation may include:(a) changes to the quantities of any item of work included in the Contract (however, such changes do not necessarily constitute a Variation),(b) changes to the quality and other characteristics of any item of work,(c) changes to the levels, positions and/or dimensions of any part of the Works,(d) omission of any work unless it is to be carried out by others,(e) any additional work, Plant, Materials or services necessary for the Permanent Works, including any associated Tests on Completion, boreholes and other testing and exploratory work, or(f) changes to the sequence or timing of the execution of the Works.The Contractor shall not make any alteration and/or modification of the Permanent Works, unless and until the Engineer instructs or approves a Variation.索赔在77版FIDIC中是作为V.O.的子项在描述。
案例,SNV修小桥 变更令 工作量增减>± 10% vs ± 15% ,87版是对合同有效金额而言(扣除PS项及点工),调整单价英文例函Engineer's Representative Date …… The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notification of Valuations Exceeding 10 (Ten) PercentIt has become apparent that on the issue of Taking-Over Certificate for the whole of the Works it will be found that there has been an increase/or decrease greater than 10 (Ten) Percent of the Effective Contract Price, i.e. the Contract Price excluding Provisional Sums and dayworks allowances.In the event of this occurring we will wish the amount of the Contract Price to be adjusted having regard to our Site and general overheads.We deem this to be the notice, if required, pursuant to Clauses 12.3 (Evaluation) and 13.1 (a)(i)(Right to Vary) (87版是Clause 52.3, 为15%) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Request for Reimbursement of Costs in Correcting Inaccurate Setting-out Data – V.O & EOTWe refer to you drawing Ref. No…… which give details of setting-out points, lines and levels of reference for all parts of the Works.It has now become apparent the drawings is inaccurate in so much that ………… and we have as a direct result of working to the information given incurred unforeseeable expenses incurred unforeseeable expenses in correcting the setting-outand correcting faulty construction work.May we therefore request that the additional costs that we have incurred additional costs that we have incurred be reimbursed to us be reimbursed to us pursuant to Clause 4.12 (Unforeseeable Physical Conditions) (87版是Clause 17.1/Setting-out) of the Conditions of Contract.To enable you to determine an addition to the Contract Price an addition to the Contract Price in accordance with Clause 13.1 (Right to Vary) and 13.2 (Value Engineering) (87版是Clause 52) of the Conditions of Contract we are maintaining contemporary records and they are available to you to assist your determination. By serving this letter we also request for an EOT pursuant to Clauses 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) and 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully, Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函 Engineer's Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notification of a Varied RateIn accordance with the requirements of Clause 13 (Variations and Adjustments) (87版是Clause 52 ) we write to give notice pursuant to Clause 12.3 (Evaluations) (87版是Clause 52.2(a) ) of the Conditions of Contract of our intention to adjust a varied rate for ………… since the nature of the work arising from your Variation Order No …… is such as to render the Contract rate inapplicable for the following reasons …………Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer's Representative Date …… The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Boreholes and Exploratory Excavation – V.OFurther to your recent request we write to confirm that we have completed our preparation for the exploratory excavation work.This work is not covered by either a Bill of Quantities item or included therein as a Provisional Sum.May we therefore request an instruction in writing under the provision of Clause 13 (Variations and Adjustments) (87版是Clause 51.1 ), pursuant to Clauses 13.1(e) and 13.3 (87版是Clause 18.1 ) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer's Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Removal of Improper Work – V.OWe refer to your Instruction No …… requiring us to remove ………… on the basis that of our wrongful workmanship and we have improperly constructed this by using materials which do not comply with the Special Specifications of Contract.We have now looked at this matter carefully and it is our opinion that the workmanship and materials used comply fully with the Special Specifications, as such their removal should not be required pursuant to Clause 11.5 (Removal of Defective Work) (87版是Clause 39.1) but should be the subject of a Variation Order issued under Clause 13 (Variations and Adjustments) (87版是Clause 51.1) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Clarification of Works of Repair – V.OWe refer to the Schedule of Defects issued pursuant to Clause 11.1 (Completion of Outstanding Work and Remedying Defects) (87版是Clause 49.2) and write to advise you that in our opinion the following items ………… (a) …… (b) …… (c) ……are defects which are not attributable to any neglect or failure onour part to comply with any obligation expressed or implied under the Contract.As we regard these items of defects to have arisen from other causes we request that the value in making good be therefore assessed and paid for as additional workadditional work in accordance with Clauses 13 (Variation) and 12.3 (Evaluation) (87版是Clauses 51.1 and 52.1) pursuant to Clause 11.2 (Cost of Remedying Defects) (87版是Clause 49.3) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Damage to Works by Special Risks – V.O & EOTWe write to give notice that as a result of damage to the Works by a special risk in the form of …………, reimbursement is soughtreimbursement is sought pursuant to Clause 17.4 (Consequences of Employer’s Risks) (87版是Clause 65.3 ) of the Conditions of Contract.May we ask that you determine the amount to be added to the Contract Price to be added to the Contract Price in accordance with Clauses 13 (Valuations and Adjustments) (87版是Clause 52 .1) and 12.3 (Evaluation) (87版是Clause 52.2) of the Conditions of Contract together with a sum at fair market value for the cost of replacement of our items of Contractor’s Equipment damaged at the same time.We also write to request for an EOT pursuant to Clauses 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully, Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)十七、调价公式(两大戏剧性变化因素之一)十七、调价公式(两大戏剧性变化因素之一) •调价公式的通式(99版第13.8款/87和77版第70.1款):•其中 X = 0.15左右(世界银行的标准FIDIC合同取此值),该值通常与预付款的比例相等,现实含义就是业主已给出的预付款部分不适用调价公式,i.e. 若预付款是15%,则只有85%可以进行调价。
•对于承包商:X 越小越好(即参与调价的百分比越大)•a,b,c,……n 为加权系数,即各项调价的成本因子(比重),常数•约束条件为 X + a + b + c + …… + n = 1•公式中的价格调整因子,L, E, M, …… W,变量 vs 初始值的选择•在验工计价单中,预付款是先扣除后再进行调价,还是先调价后再扣除? —— 影响到调价金额的30%左右!•案例(第60.1款规定优先次序:H核算调价,J扣除保留金,K扣还预付款计25%;第60.11款预付款扣还比例为每次验工计价总款每次验工计价总款之25% ......)•参见《FIDIC合同条件应用实务(第二版)》pp.134~143(价格调整)十八、分析一个索赔成功成功的真实案例 (Claims vs counter-claims)•为保护业主隐私,项目名称叫AAAA, 并采用一些凑整了的数字,以便更好说明相关百分比之间的关系•项目背景 世界银行贷款的公路项目,1亿美元,强制使用国际通用的FIDIC合同•Quiz(成本、工期、索赔)? 鄂式破碎机(碎石粒度均匀)vs 锤式破碎机 vs 针(片)状指数。
•结局 咨询工程师准仲裁 —— 国际仲裁 —— 友好解决友好解决 索赔清单(Terms of Reference/List of Reference) 补偿金额:4,500万美元(构成:1,730万美元 + 2亿人民币 + 110万美元/尼卢比) 占到合同额1亿的45%45% 1,730万美元 Ex Gratia Payment vs 严格履行合同义务 vs 7,310万(谢主隆恩),您选择哪个?十九、涉及到的主要条款十九、涉及到的主要条款 ((87版)版)Clause 12(Adverse Physical Obstructions or Conditions)—— 波纹理论的法律描述 (索赔案例及具体条款分析,可另外再开一个专题讲座)(索赔案例及具体条款分析,可另外再开一个专题讲座)(索赔案例及具体条款分析,可另外再开一个专题讲座)(索赔案例及具体条款分析,可另外再开一个专题讲座)If, however, during the execution of the Works the Contractor encounters physical obstructions or physical conditions, other than climatic conditions on the Site, which obstructions or conditions were, in his opinion, not foreseeable by an experienced contractor, the Contractor shall forthwith give notice thereof to the Engineer, with a copy to the Employer. …Con’d(续)On receipt of such notice, the Engineer shall, if in his opinion such obstructions or conditions could not have been reasonably foreseen by an experienced contractor, after due consultation with the Employer and the Contractor, determine: (a)any extension of time … under Clause 44, and(b)the amount of any cost which may have been incurred by the Contractor…, which shall be added to the Contract Pricethe Contract Price . 这句话导致投标时的一次性降价对承包商永远适用;问题:包括索赔金额吗?案例,4,430万← 5,440万x(1-18.5%)and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.英文例函Engineer's Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notice of Unforeseeable Adverse Physical ConditionsPursuant to Clause 4.12 (Unforeseeable Physical Conditions) (87版是Clause 12.2) of the Conditions of Contract we write to give notice that we have have encountered adverse physical conditions encountered adverse physical conditions on Site which in our opinion were unforeseeable by an experienced contractorunforeseeable by an experienced contractor.The adverse physical condition is ………… and located …………Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd) 英文例函 Engineer’s Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notice of Discovery of an Item of Geological and/or Archaeological InterestIn accordance with the requirement of Clause 4.24 (Fossils) (87版是Clause 27.1) of the Conditions of Contract we write to give you notice of the discovery on Site of …………We are complying with the general obligations under Clause 4.24 (Fossils) (87版是Clause 27.1) to take reasonable precautions to protect the find and would ask for your immediate instruction for dealing with this discovery.As a result of this obligation we have to advise you that the works are nowbeing delayed and we shall be seeking a reimbursement of our additional cost a reimbursement of our additional cost and an extension of time based on Clauses 4.12 (Unforeseeable Physical Conditions) (87版是Clauses 12.2), 4.24 (Fossils) (87版是Clause 27.1) and 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是 Clauses 44.1) and 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims)(87版是Clause 53) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Engineer in Chief The Engineer Project Manager The Employer英文例函Engineer’s Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Reimbursement of Additional CostsReimbursement of Additional Costs and EOT arising from Notice of Discovery of an Item of Geological and/or Archaeological InterestWe refer to the discovery on Site of ………… and your subsequent instructions which we are able to confirm have now been complied with.As a result of complying with your instructions anan additional costs have additional costs have been incurredbeen incurred and the works have been delayed.We have maintained such contemporary records as we feel necessary or as may be required by you and these are attached to to substantiate substantiate our additional our additional costscosts as well as an extension of time pursuant to Clauses 4.12 (Unforeseeable Physical Conditions) (87版是Clause 12.2), 4.24 (Fossils) (87版是Clause 27.1) and 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) and 20.1(Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53) of the Conditions of Contract.We look forward to your early determination of this application accordingly.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc:Engineer in Chief The Engineer Project Manager The EmployerClause 13(Work to be in Accordance with Contract)Unless (77版表述为 Insofar as,99版是第4.12款与第19.7款合起来解读)it is legally or physically impossiblelegally or physically impossible, the Contractor shall execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein in strict accordance with the Contract, to the satisfaction of the Engineer .……(略) 要反向思维来理解该条款的两大前置限定(Conditions Precedent): (1)Legal impossibility (2)Physical impossibility 然后,才能去谈承包商按照合同履约。
英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Physical/Legal Impossible Work In accordance with Clauses 4.12 (Unforeseeable Physical Conditions) and 19.7 (Release from Performance under the Law) (87版是Clause 13.1) of the Conditions of Contract we write to give notice that having examined your drawings …… it is apparent that the work as designed cannot be constructed since it is physically impossible to construct because …… (物理上行不通) /or fails to meet …… (有悖法律法规)Since this is a matter for which we are not liable under Clauses 4.1 (Contractor’s General Obligations) and 4.10 (Site Data) (87版是Clause 13.1) may we request an instruction to vary the works pursuant to Clause 13 (Variations and Adjustments) (87版是Clause 51.1) of the Conditions of Contract. Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd) 英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Adjustments for Changes in Legislation Further to our notice that the recent Byelaw No…… referring to ………… has resulted in additional cost to our Contract, we are writing to request that pursuant to Clauses 13.7 (Adjustments for Changes in Legislation) (87版是Clause 70.2) and 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) and 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53) of the Conditions of Contract you determine the amount of the cost to be added to the cost to be added to the Contract Price Contract Price and the extension of time to which we are entitled.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Project Manager The EmployerClause 20(Care of Works)20.3 (Loss or Damage Due to Employer’s Risks)In the event of any such loss or damage happening from any of the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, or in combination with other risks, the Contractor shall, if and to the extent require by the Engineer, rectify the loss or damage and the Engineer shall determine an addition to the Contract price in accordance with Clause 52 and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer. ……(略)20.4 (Employer’s Risks)The Employer’s risks are:…… war, hostilities (whether war declared or not) hostilities (whether war declared or not) … … commotion or disorderdisorder, unless solely restricted to employees of the Contractor or of his Subcontractors …… any operation of the forces of nature against which an experienced contractor could not reasonably have been expected to take precautions(77版表述为foreseen).Clause 40.3(Suspension lasting more than 84 Days)If the progress of the works or any part thereof is suspended on the written instructions of the Engineer and if permission to resume work is not given by the Engineer within a 84 days from the date of suspension then, ... the Contractor may give notice to the Engineer requiring permission, within 28 days … to proceed with the Works or that part thereof in regard to which progress is suspended. …Con’d 注:77版FIDIC为90天 + 28天(续)If within the said time, such permission is not granted, the Contractor may, but is not bound to, elect to treat the suspension, where it affects part only of the Works, as an omissionomission of such part under Clause 51 (Alternations, Additions and Omissions) by giving a further notice to the Engineer to that effect, or where it affects the whole of the Works, treat the suspension as an event of defaultdefault(77版表述为abandonmentabandonment of the Contract) by the Employer and terminate his employment under the Contract in accordance with Clause 69 (Default of Employer) …… 英文例函Project Manager Date ……The EmployerDear Sir,Re: Entitlement to Suspend Work Pursuant to Clause 16.1 (Contractor’s Entitlement to Suspend Work) (87版是Clause 69.4) of the Conditions of Contract we write to give you notice that as a result of your failure to pay us the amount due under Engineer’s Certificate No …… dated …… within 56 (Fifty Six) days after the expiry of the time stated in Sub-Clause 14.7 (Payment) (87版是Clause 60.10) within which payment is to be made and subject to any deduction that you are entitled to under the Contract we shall suspend work or reduce the rate of work after 28 (Twenty Eight) days of the giving of this notice.We shall keep such records as may be required for the Engineer to determine any extension of time to which we may be entitled under Clause 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) and 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53) for the amount of such costs which shall costs which shall be added to the Contract Pricebe added to the Contract Price.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Request for Permission to Proceed with the Suspended Works We refer to your instruction dated …… to suspend the progress of the contract works/that part of the works and note that 84 (Eighty Four) days have now elapsed from the date of your instruction.We write therefore to give notice pursuant to Clause 8.11 (Prolonged Suspension) (87版是Clause 40.3) of the Conditions of Contract requiring permission within 28 (Twenty Eight) days to proceed with the suspended work.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)二十、Omissions属于Clause 51 (Alternations, Additions and Omissions)的范畴,余下 的工作量都是V.O.(道路维修) Omissions 后余下的工作量都用《合约工程中临时发生的点工计费标准/英国土木工程承包商协会》计价付款,简称“英国点工计费标准”。
有经验的承包商项目经理高频率使用的重要文件(之一) vs 英国咨询工程师的思维方式 应用到VO中的技巧 —— 案例 77版和87版第52.4款(Daywork)和第58款(PS,备用金)/99版第13.5款(PS )和第13.6款(Daywork)/的实用性 EOT vs overhead compensation 用于报价分析,作为参考数据之一英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notice to Treat the Suspended Work as Omitted from Contract We refer to our letter Ref. No …… dated …… seeking your agreement to proceed with the contract works/part of the works and note that the period of 28 (Twenty Eight) days have now elapsed since our request to proceed..We write therefore to give notice pursuant to Clause 8.11 (Prolonged Suspension) (87版是Clause 40.3) that we elect to treat the suspension as an event of default by the Employer and terminate our employment under the Contract in accordance with the provisions of Clause 16.2 (Termination by Contractor) (87版是Clause 69.1) of the Conditions of Contract/an omission of the suspended part of the Contract under Clause 13 (Variations and Adjustments) (87版是Clause 51.1).Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer’s Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Daily Notification of Resources Expended on DayworkAs required pursuant to Clause 13.6 (Daywork) (87版是Clause 52.4 ) of the Conditions of Contract we attach our daywork records noting:- (a) Items of daywork being undertaken; (b) Details of labour expended; (c) Details of plant, material being used for works carried out on …………May we ask that the duplicate copy be signed and returned to our site office.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Enc.英文例函Engineer’s Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Monthly Daywork Statement No ……As required pursuant to Clause 13.6 (Daywork) (87版是Clause 52.4 ) of the Conditions of Contract we have pleasure in enclosing the priced Statement No …… of the labour, material and Contractor’s equipment which is covered by our Daily Notification of Resources Expended on Daywork for the period from …… to ……Please acknowledge your receipt of this Statement.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Engineer in Chief The EngineerEnc.英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Provisional SumsIn accordance with Clause 13.5 (Provisional Sums) (87版是Clause 58.1) of the Conditions of Contract we request your determination for the amount to which we the amount to which we are entitled to are entitled to in respect of the work, supply or contingency to which such Provisional Sums relate are as follows:- Provisional Sums:- ………………………. Work involved:- ………………………. Amount incurred:- .………………………Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Project Manager The EmployerClause 65(Special Risks)The Contractor shall be under no liability whatsoever in consequence of any of the special risks referred to in Sub-Clause 65.2, whether by way of indemnity or otherwise ……65.2 Special Risks are (a) the risks defined under paragraphs (a),(c),(d) and (e) of Sub-Clause 20.4 and (b) the risks defined under paragraph (b) of Sub-Clause 20.4 insofar as these relate to the country in which the Works are to be executed.结论: 特殊风险(第20款) ∈ 业主风险(第65款)Clause 65.5(Increased Costs arising from Special Risks)Save to the extent that the Contractor is entitled to payment under any other provision of the Contract, the Employer shall repay to the Contractor any costs of the execution of the Works (other than such as may be attributable to the cost of reconstructing work condemned under the provision of Clause 39 (Default of Contractor in Compliance) prior to the occurrence of any special risks) which are howsoever attributable to or in consequent on or the result of or in any way whatsoever connected with the special risks, …. … …Con’d (续)…… the Contractor shall, as soon as any such cost comes to his knowledge, forthwith notify the Engineer thereof. The Engineer shall, after due after due consultation with the Employerconsultation with the Employer and the Contractor, determine the amount of the Contractor’s costs in respect thereof which shall be added to the Contract Price and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer.英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Consequence of Employer’s Risks and Force MajeureWe write to give notice pursuant to Clauses 17.4 (Consequence of Employer’s Risks) and 19.4 (Consequence of Force Majeure) (87版是Clause 65.5) of the Conditions of Contract that we have and are continuing to incur increased costs incur increased costs as a consequence of as a consequence of the occurrence of a special risk namely…………We are maintaining contemporary records to substantiate the costs involved and are ready to assist you to determine the financial compensation financial compensation for which we have been suffering have been suffering to date.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Clause 66 (Release from Performance) 77版FIDIC小标题为FrustrationIf any circumstance outside the control of both parties arises after the issue of the Letter of Acceptance which renders it impossible(指physical) or unlawful(指legal)for either party to fulfill his contractual obligations, or under the law governing the Contract the parties are released(frustrated,77版FIDIC) from further performance, then the sum payable by the Employer to the Contractor in respect of the work executed shall be the same as that which would have been payable under Clause 65(and Clause 69,77版FIDIC) if the Contract had been terminated under the provisions of Clause 65. Clause 67(Settlement of Disputes) 90 + 28天内(within) → 仲裁(77版) 84 + 70(表达不满,最短?天)+ 56天当天或之后(on or after)(友好解决)→ 仲裁(87版) DRB(92版) vs DAB(99版); Mediation/Reconciliation(ADR); Abrahamson 信的主要内容:双方都蒙受损失,出面协调,互为妥协,愿当律师! 和解 —— 胡萝卜加大棒!证据缺失? 问题:友好解决争端与仲裁的前后置? 案例(Pakistan 供货商与分包商的争端解决)二十一、争端的解决二十一、争端的解决 歧义(ambiguity, discrepancy)—— Discrepancies are apt to appear in a contract. 合同中典型的歧义例子 —— 出现bad ground的情形: 投标首封函里承包商确认了 Having inspected and examined the Site,Conditions of Contract,Specifications,Drawings,all information etc.made available by the Employer ......(99版第4.10/4.11款也有类似描述)。
但承包商认为业主应对其所提供的一切之准确度负责,因此根据第12/13款,仲裁倾向当任何unforeseen physical或 legal conditions发生,承包商都有权得到额外补偿 —— 条款的抗辩范围很宽泛,但涉及到bad ground这一点并不具体 99版红皮书第4.12款明确bad ground(hydrological)属于“physical conditions which he(Contractor) considers to have been unforeseeable”,非常具体地涉及到了bad ground 而99版银皮书明确承包商来承担所有风险,除非合同中另有规定,承包商对unforeseen及bad ground的抗辩都缺乏合同依据及支持如果合同没有明说,则通常认为承包商已承接了这些风险,lump sum 的EPC总包合同划入到此类里,因此对承包商并不好案例 —— 发电厂项目海边打桩/无底洞 对歧义的解释? 逆编者释义原则(Contra Proferentum Rule) 友好解决(FIDIC 87版,84 + 70(1) + 56 = 141) 准仲裁(90 + 28, 实践上91)(FIDIC 77版红皮书) DRB(FIDIC 92版红皮书/95版橙皮书) DAB(FIDIC 99版)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Request for Clarification of Ambiguity (and for Reimbursement of Extra Cost) May we draw your attention to an apparent ambiguity between the description given on page number …… for Item No …… and the contradictory for another Item No …… on page number …… in the same Bill of Quantity (or say between figured and scaled dimensions for ………… )We therefore request clarification of this discrepancy pursuant toClause 1.5 (Priority of Documents) (87版是Clause 5.2) of the Conditions of Contract and if you deem necessary the issue of an instruction.Should any such instruction cause extra cost which could not have which could not have been reasonably foreseen by an experienced been reasonably foreseen by an experienced c contractorontractor under Clause 4.12 (Unforeseeable Physical Conditions) (87版是Clause 12.2) we assume that you will be certifying an additional sum to additional sum to cover the amount involvedcover the amount involved.Your earliest reply will be highly appreciated.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Request for an Engineer’s DeterminationWe are writing to record and advise you that a dispute has arisen between the parties to the Contract and pursuant to Clauses 3.5 (Determinations) (87版是Clause 67.1) and 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53) of the Conditions of Contract we are therefore referring this to you for a determination.The nature of the dispute is as follows:-Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Project Manager The Employer 77版版/87版版/92版版/95版版99版争端条款之比较版争端条款之比较77版 —— 争端 → 90天(咨询工程师决定/准仲裁)+ 28天(表达不满,1天) → 仲裁 走到仲裁:最短 = 90天 + 1天 = 9191天天天天87版 —— 争端 → 84天(咨询工程师决定/准仲裁) + 70天(表达不满,1天)+ 56天(友好解决) → 仲裁 走到仲裁:最短 = 84天 + 1天+ 56天 = 141141天天天天92版(红皮书) —— 争端 → 84天(咨询工程师决定/准仲裁) + 56天(DRB)+ 28天(表达不满,1天) + 56天(友好解决) → 仲裁 走到仲裁:最短 = 84天 + 56天 + 1天 + 56天 = 197197天天天天95版橙皮书(无咨询工程师)—— 争端 → 28天(共同任命DAB)+ 56天(DRB)+ 28天(表达不满,1天) + 56天(友好解决) → 仲裁 走到仲裁:最短 = 28天 + 56天 + 1天 + 56天 = 141141天天天天99版 —— 新红皮书 —— 42天(咨询工程师决定/准仲裁)+ 84天(DAB)+ 28天(表达不满,1天)+ 56天(友好解决) → 仲裁 走到仲裁:最短 = 42天 + 84天 + 1天 + 56天 = 183183天天天天 银皮书 (无咨询工程师)—— 争端 → 28天(共同任命DAB)+ 84天(DAB)+ 28天(表达不满,1天)+ 56天(友好解决) → 仲裁 走到仲裁:最短 = 28天 + 84天 + 1天 + 56天 = 169169天天天天 业主、承包商和律师各自的观点异同 vs 客观现实 vs 您的选择?掌握最终决策权!二十二、二十二、99版版FIDIC合同的特色合同的特色 —— DAB 99版FIDIC彩虹系列合同都在第20.2款中(绿皮书是第15.1款)明确了这样一个过程: Disputes shall be adjudicated by a DAB …… 1)红皮书的状况(先要获得咨询工程师的准仲裁): 红皮书是采用常设性的DAB(Standing DAB)——常设的DAB是在投标前或签约后即以予以任命,一般在投标前就已确定(在Appendix to Tender里通常会限定日期),最迟是在签约开工日后的28天内。
红皮书的DAB存续于整个合同期间 —— 费用高,因为从签约开始就要发生DAB的日常维护费用,包括支付聘请酬金和差旅食宿、定期会议和进度报告等项成本,而银皮书的DAB就没有这笔经常性开支; 2)银皮书的状况(因合同中没有咨询工程师这个角色,因此争议就直接交由DAB裁决): 银皮书是采用临时性的争端裁决委员会(Ad Hoc DAB) —— 对特定的争端任命特定的DAB DAB的主要特点: – DAB为一人或三人(与双方都签订合同),类似仲裁,但不会太激化矛盾;– 决定时间短(84天),有时双方会同意在特殊条款里把DAB从84天缩短到42天,甚至28天,而仲裁的平均耗时一年半多,这还属于比较乐观的情况;– DAB有权决定自己的管辖权及所涉及的争议范围,并能就此展开调查;– 所做出的的决定尽管不是最终的, 但通常具有约束力,直到在仲裁中被推翻;– 合同中规定要在28天的时间内发出不满通知 ,但实际操作上是1天 DAB的可执行性•因为时间一到,既不提交仲裁也不执行DAB的裁决属于合同违约,所以一般问题不大;•但DAB胜诉方对有些国家在执行DAB裁决的问题上存在担忧 —— 能否从法理上继而通过快速仲裁的方式强制执行DAB裁决?因此: •FIDIC 金皮书中新加入了第20.9款(Failure to Comply with Dispute Adjudication Board‘s Decision): In the event that a Party fails to comply with any decision of the DAB, whether binding or final and binding, then the other Party may, without prejudice to any other rights it may have, refer the failure itself to arbitration under Sub-Clause 20.8(Arbitration) for summary or other expedited relief, as may be appropriate. Sub-Clause 20.6(Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board's Decision) and Sub-Clause 20.7 (Amicable Settlement) shall not apply to this reference.•金皮书第20.9款表达了如下立场: 赢得DAB裁决的一方可以直接申请仲裁,仲裁员可能会做出快速裁决。
同时,DAB中的胜诉方无需再等待56天强制友好解决的时间,给对方施以压力–以上条款具有方向性的启示作用FIDIC已提议可先借用金皮书中新加入的第20.9款来解决目前出现的问题;–红皮书和黄皮书将对下一个版本进行类似的修订二十三、合同文件二十三、合同文件优先次序优先次序(99版第版第1.5款款/77版和版和87版第版第5.2款)款) —— 歧义的简单解决方法歧义的简单解决方法/国际仲裁前的穷极国际仲裁前的穷极•Leonardo da Vinci —— Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.•老子 —— 大道至简,悟者天成•( 1 )合同协议书•( 2 )中标通知书•(3)投标文件•(4)特殊条款•(5)一般条款(最简单的表现形式可以只是一张纸)•(6)特殊规范•(7)一般规范•(8)图纸•(9)B.Q.单•(10)补遗•案例(Kayestha vs terrazzo/水磨石)可能前后互置二十四、国际仲裁二十四、国际仲裁 — Dispute Settlement 国际仲裁 —— 也可为此再专开一个讲座,分析案例。
什么是 “仲裁” —— Max W. Abrahamson 《 Engineering Law and ICE Contracts 》 99版第20款/77版和87版第67款(仲裁与重大索赔的关系),银皮书第20款(“索赔、争端和仲裁”,与99版红皮书思路相同) 仲裁规则,ICC、UNCITRAL和AAA、CIETAC等; 仲裁地点 vs Applicable Law; 仲裁员 vs 律师 案例(Austin Road,1亿 vs 9,500万 vs 80万,JV 股份50%:50%问题的启示及探讨) 不得再诉讼的仲裁条款(附后供参考),案例Clause 20((Claims, Disputes and Arbitration(基于国际通用的 FIDIC合同) 20.6 (d) Arbitration All disputes arising out of or in connection with the Contract and it’s attachments as defined in the Clause 2 of the Special Conditions of Contract shall be finally settled under the rules of arbitration of International Chamber of Commerce by three arbitrators appointed in accordance with the said rules. The location of arbitration shall be in Bern, Switzerland. For the avoidance of doubt it is confirmed that the decision of the arbitrators shall be final and binding and neither Party shall have any right to appeal from any decision of the arbitrators to any Court in order to review any decision of the arbitrators. 常用的国际仲裁规则常用的国际仲裁规则 United Nations Commission on International Trade and Law(UNCITRAL) International Chamber of Commerce(ICC,中国1995年加入ICC) American Arbitration Association(AAA,简称triple A) London Court of International Arbitration(LCIA) Stockholm Chamber of Commerce(SCC,因解决冷战时期东西方[前苏联与美国]的商业争端而出名,现在40%~60%的前苏联加盟共和国仍认同此机构,费用比ICC便宜且快) 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(CIETAC) “1958纽约宣言” (1958 New York Convention) 中国于1987年1月正式加入了1958年在纽约通过的《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards),约150个国家。
下决心打仲裁的几大原则下决心打仲裁的几大原则 要赢、要快 vs “小问题、小困难”(缺乏信心) 仲裁的特点: 灵活性、保密性、仲裁与调解结合(CIETAC)、一裁终局、强制执行; 仲裁时的证据(Fait Accompli)(供参考:7 + 7 条款)vs “is deemed to be”,但没有by…/专家报告; 仲裁的成败往往取决于所提交的文件质量 —— 案情介绍要准备得简洁、全面,所有内容应尽量提供电子版,方便剪贴; 仲裁费用(仲裁员 vs 律师/solicitor事务律师); 善用外部资源(大 vs 小)(您倾向防风险开口跑,还是想借助法律制约对方成交?普通法 vs 大陆法); 功夫一出手,就知有没有! 律师的收费与你的选择(转变观念!市场导向,价格与价值): 小时收费 + Success Fee + Retainer Scheme ……二十五、看一个仲裁成功案例的启示二十五、看一个仲裁成功案例的启示项目背景:项目背景: 某工厂项目,合同金额7,500万美元,EPC合同(EP成分占到了80%,即6,000万美元),业主已经支付30%的预付款(7,500 x 30% = 2,250万美元),付款方式为里程碑式。
业主是一家JV,该投资项目签约后受金融危机影响而不赚钱 —— 业主因此中止合同,理由是“for Employer’s convenience”,此外对承包商的履约无争议;双方对合同的解释有差异 —— 歧义ICC伦敦仲裁,1人仲裁庭;在终止合同后,在终止合同后,如如何计算应支付给承包商的工程款何计算应支付给承包商的工程款?–承包商认为业主为自身利益而终止合同,已支付了的30%预付款预付款((2,250万美元)万美元)应视作合同项下的第一笔工程款;此外,业主还应再向其支付追加工程款,并提出了相关的计价方法;–而业主则要求承包商退还部分预付款,因为业主按已完成的里程碑进度计算出:承包商的实际成本只占到了合同金额的13%,坚持预付款金额超出了业主所应支付的成本:承包商要退还17%的预付款给业主制胜的关键 制胜的关键 —— 心态决定成败 心态决定成败承包商的态度承包商的态度 —— 我怕谁?心态心态无畏 vs 决策决策坚定 vs 最终结果结果律师的服务协议律师的服务协议:–原则 —— 服务费以按常规打完此类仲裁的总计小时收费做成一个包干费(85万美元),但对设定的最低收费给出了很大折扣(- 40%),而偏重于此后的成功费因素。
–律师不管承包商输赢,都以最低收取双方商定包干费的60%(85万 x 60% = 51万美元)作为其成本底线 —— 如果打到承包商不把30%的预付款退回给业主的结果(第一设定目标),则100%地收取此包干费(85万美元)—— 即拿回含有合理利润的正常小时收费对于成功赢得超出了30% 的追加工程款,双方再对增幅部分按60%(归属承包商):40%(给律师的成功费分成)的比例进行分配仲裁裁决: 30%的预付款属于第一笔工程款,因此无需返还给业主同时,确认了采纳承包商提出的工程款计价方法,指示双方再去据此互相核算并落实,希望最终达至庭外和解; 另外,仲裁裁决业主向承包商支付垫付的律师包干费(85万美元)和承担全部76万美元的仲裁费(on reimbursement basis)最终结果最终结果:: 仲裁用时14个月结束; 在仲裁之后的一个月内,双方就支付追加工程款形成友好解决 —— 包括基本采用承包商的方法,计算出业主再向承包商额外支付18% = 1,350 万美元; 承包商总共从业主处赢得了合同金额的 48%48%(其中:30%的预付款+18%的追加工程款)—— 7,500万美元 x 48% = 3,6003,600万美元万美元万美元万美元。
但是,承包商要将额外拿回的18%追加工程款中之40%作为成功费奖励给律师(7,500万美元 x 18% x 40% = 540万美元)—— 此乃承包商最终的实际成本;承包商的实际收入承包商的实际收入: 7,500万美元 x 30% + 7,500万美元 x 18% x 60% = 2,250万 + 810万 = 3,060万美元万美元 —— 公司有史以来最盈利的项目!律师律师的实际收入的实际收入:625万美元 —— 其中已由承包商垫付了的85万美元最终由业主支付(仲裁裁决), 540万美元是由承包商从其18%的额外收入中作为成功费支付(占承包商全部所得3,600万美元的15%)比较与启示:比较与启示: 承包商实际收入3,0603,060万美元万美元万美元万美元 vs 540540万美元万美元万美元万美元(承包商支付给律师的费用) 85%85% :15%15%(17.36%,即便85万律师包干费由承包商自理)鉴于仲裁耗时较长(统计显示平均一年半),有经验的承包商通常加入如下补充: (e) Fast Track ArbitrationThe Parties agree to cooperate to procure a speedy conclusion of the Arbitration adopting “Fast Track” principles and agree that the Six (6) month deadline in Article 24(1) for the issuance by the Tribunal of its Award (完成全部举证并获签认后) shall be reduced to Four (4) months and they wish that it should only be extended in exceptional circumstances. To this end the Parties agree that the period in Article 5(1) (Answer to the Request/Counterclaims, 原文为30天内)of the ICC Rules shall be reduced to within Fifteen (15) days , that the period in Article 18(2) (Term of Reference/ Procedural Timetable, 原文为两个月内) for establishing terms of reference shall be reduced to within One (1) month.如果签订的是主辅两个合同,分别在其中都写明使用同一仲裁条款,是双保险还是添风险?(案例)主合同(MASTER AGREEMENT)12.11 Dispute ResolutionIn the event that any dispute, controversy or claim of whatsoever nature (the “Dispute”) arises between the Parties in connection with, or arising out of this Agreement, or its performance including in relation to the interpretation of any of its provisions, at the written request of either Party, such Dispute shall be referred promptly (but no later than within Fourteen [14] days) by the Parties to the legal representatives (or any person authorised by such legal representatives) of the Parties, in an effort to resolve such Dispute through consultation.Cont’dIn the event that a settlement is not reached within Sixty (60) days after one Party issues the said written request, either Party shall have the right to submit the Dispute to the International Court of Arbitration of International Chamber of Commerce for arbitration pursuant to its arbitration rules then in effect. The place of arbitration shall be Hong Kong. The arbitration tribunal shall consist of Three (3) members. Any decision or award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final and binding on the Parties and for the avoidance of doubt the Parties confirm that there shall be no appeal therefrom to any Court.Cont’dThe Parties further agree that any dispute, controversy or claim of whatsoever nature between either or both of them and Party A's Representative (collectively the Tripartite Parties) arising out of or in connection with the Tripartite Agreement shall be resolved pursuant to the Dispute Resolution Procedure in this Clause 12.11 if any of the Tripartite Parties serves a valid notice so requiring under the dispute resolution clause of the Tripartite Agreement. Further, the Parties confirm that they consent to any such disputes being included in any arbitration between the Parties pursuant to this Clause and to Party A's Representative being joined as a Party to any arbitration commenced between the Parties. 辅合同(ANCILLARY AGREEMENT/ TRIPARTITE) 13.10 Dispute Resolution (1) In the event that any dispute, controversy or claim of whatsoever nature (the “Dispute”) arises between the Parties or any of them in connection with, or arising out of this Agreement, or its performance including in relation to the interpretation of any of its provisions, at the written request of any Party, such Dispute shall be referred promptly (but no later than within Fourteen [14] days) by the Parties to the legal representatives (or any person authorised by such legal representatives) of the Parties, in an effort to resolve such Dispute through consultation. (2) Subject to the remaining provisions of this Article, in the event that a settlement is not reached within Eighty (80) days after one Party issues the said written request, any Party shall have the right to submit the Dispute to the International Court of Arbitration of International Chamber of Commerce for arbitration pursuant to its arbitration rules then in effect. The place of arbitration shall be Hong Kong. The arbitration tribunal shall consist of Three (3) members. Any decision or award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final and binding on the Parties and for the avoidance of doubt it is confirmed that there shall be no appeal therefrom to any Court. Cont’d (3) The Parties further agree that if both Party B and Party C are parties to such Dispute and if, in the opinion of any of the Parties, that Dispute touches and concerns the Master Agreement or the subject matter thereof any Party may by notice in writing (a “Joinder Notice”) to the other Parties require the Dispute to be dealt with under and in accordance with Article 12.11 of the Master Agreement. (4) Where a Joinder Notice is served prior to an arbitral tribunal being appointed under Article 13.10(2) of this Tripartite Agreement:Cont’d (i) The Dispute shall be resolved by an Arbitral Tribunal (“the Master Agreement Tribunal” 注:其实质就是主辅两个合同均采用单一仲裁庭!) appointed or to be appointed under Article 12.11 of the Master Agreement and the Parties agree and confirm that Party C shall be joined in as a party to such Arbitration under Article 12.11 of the Master Agreement. (ii) Parties A and C shall jointly nominate and appoint a single member of the Master Agreement Tribunal unless Party A has already nominated a member of the Arbitral Tribunal under Article 12.11 of the Master Agreement in which case that member shall continue as the jointly nominated and appointed member of the Master Agreement Tribunal for Party A and C. (iii)For the avoidance of doubt, the Parties agree that Party C shall for these purposes be deemed and considered to be a party to the arbitration agreement in Article 12.11 of the Master Agreement. (iv) For the further avoidance of doubt, Parties agree that the orders, directions and awards of the Master Agreement Tribunal shall be final and binding upon the Parties and each of them in relation to the issues and matters that the orders, directions and awards address and it is confirmed that there shall be no appeal therefrom to any Court.Cont’d (5) Where a Joinder Notice is served after an arbitral tribunal has been appointed under Article 13.10(2) above of this Tripartite Agreement, the Dispute shall be resolved by the Master Agreement Tribunal in accordance with Article 13.10 (4) unless the Master Agreement Tribunal shall decide in its discretion that it would be unjust so to do. In the event that the Master Agreement Tribunal decides that it would be unjust, the Dispute shall then be determined by an arbitral tribunal under Article 13.10(2) above of this Tripartite Agreement. Any relevant arbitration commenced pursuant to Article 13.10(2) of this Tripartite Agreement shall be stayed pending the Master Agreement Tribunal’s decision in relation to the whether or not it would be unjust for the Dispute to be resolved by the Master Agreement Tribunal. If the Master Agreement Tribunal decides that it would not be unjust for the Dispute to be resolved by the Master Agreement Tribunal the relevant arbitration commenced under Article 13.10(2) of this Tripartite Agreement shall be discontinued with the costs of the discontinuance to be subsequently determined by the Master Agreement Tribunal. Cont’d (5) Where a Joinder Notice is served after an arbitral tribunal has been appointed under Article 13.10(2) above of this Tripartite Agreement, the Dispute shall be resolved by the Master Agreement Tribunal in accordance with Article 13.10 (4) unless the Master Agreement Tribunal shall decide in its discretion that it would be unjust so to do. In the event that the Master Agreement Tribunal decides that it would be unjust, the Dispute shall then be determined by an arbitral tribunal under Article 13.10(2) above of this Tripartite Agreement. Any relevant arbitration commenced pursuant to Article 13.10(2) of this Tripartite Agreement shall be stayed pending the Master Agreement Tribunal’s decision in relation to the whether or not it would be unjust for the Dispute to be resolved by the Master Agreement Tribunal. If the Master Agreement Tribunal decides that it would not be unjust for the Dispute to be resolved by the Master Agreement Tribunal the relevant arbitration commenced under Article 13.10(2) of this Tripartite Agreement shall be discontinued with the costs of the discontinuance to be subsequently determined by the Master Agreement Tribunal.Clause 69(Default of Employer)In the event of the Employer: (a) failing to pay the Contractor the amount due under any certificate of the Engineer after the expiring of the time stated in Sub-Clause 60.10 within which payment is to be made… (b) interfering or obstructing or… (c) become bankrupt… (d) giving notice to the Contractor… it is impossible for him to meet his contractual obligations. The Contractor shall be entitled to terminate his employment under the Contract… the Employer shall be under the same obligations to the Contractor in regard to payment as if the Contract had been terminated under the provisions of Clause 65… the Employer shall pay to the Contractor the amount of any loss or damage to the Contractor arising out of or in connection with or by consequence of such termination.二十六、记录索赔的时限二十六、记录索赔的时限 “When project is good, claims are good. When project is worse, claims are better! ” 索赔很重要 —— 索赔与市场景气度成反比关系。
典型条款 99版FIDIC为第20款(Claim,Disputes and Arbitration) 87版FIDIC为第53款(Procedure for Claims) 77版FIDIC为第 52.5款(Variation Order里的Claim子项), 现以银皮书和99版红皮书Clause 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) 为例Within 42 days after the Contractor became aware (or should have become aware) of the event or circumstance giving rise to the claim, or within such other period as may be proposed by the Contractor and approved by the Employer, the Contractor shall send to the Employer a fully detailed claim which includes full supporting particulars of the basis of the claim and of the extension of time and/or additional payment claimed. 由于99版和87版写明了:索赔的书面通知如没在规定的时间内发出(或者存有缺陷),就会丧失其合法权利,这种因果关系表述非常明确,因此对孔孟之道思维的中国承包商风险很大。
有时如果没能按照规定发出通知,即使是由业主导致的延误,最终往往是承包商来支付拖期违约罚款而77版的合同对承包商的书面索赔通知没有时间限定,在这方面比较安全 如何书面通知并记录索赔,又不激怒对方?以一种不冒犯的言辞来发出书面通知,同时又确保满足合同中关于记录的要求 —— 技巧! Claim — demand one’s due Baggage Claim —— Luggage Reclaim wording — have suffered loss, additional costs have been incurred, financial compensation, reimbursement, etc., 参见英文例函中的相关红字表述 可以索赔的内容: 直接费(工费、料费、机械折旧或机械闲置费) 间接费 赶工费(acceleration) 延期管理费(参考《合约工程中临时发生的点工计费标准/英国土木工程承包商协会》 ) 资金回收(recapitalization) 利息 整理索赔而发生的费用(Boham Strand拿回了) 英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notice of Claim No ……In accordance with requirement set down in Clause 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.1) of the Conditions of Contract we are writing to give you notice of intention to claim additional payments and this letter constitutes our Claim No…….The event which is as follows ………… occurred on the …… and we are keeping such contemporary records as we feel necessary to substantiate our claim.We reserve our reserve our (contractual/legitimate/statutory可用可不用) right to initiate a claim right to initiate a claim based on Clauses ...... of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Project Manager The Employer英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Financial CompensationFinancial Compensation for Cost of Repairs in respect of an Employer’s RiskWe refer to your instruction to carry out rectification works arising from …….Since this requirement has arisen as a direct result of one of the Employer’s Risks as listed under Clause 17.3 (Employer’s Risks) (87版是Clause 20.4) of the Conditions of Contract we shall require you to determine the cost of the work involved and for this to be added to the Contract Price as financial compensation financial compensation pursuant to Clause 17.4 (Consequences of Employer’ Risks) (87版是Clause 20.3) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)二十七、索赔时证据的严肃性二十七、索赔时证据的严肃性 索赔过程十分注重 evidence, substantiation, verification。
因此,a lot of paper work 案例 —— 110万美元/尼卢比的repatriation fees Clause 53.3(SubstantiationSubstantiation of Claims)Within 28 days, or such other reasonable time as may be agreed by the Engineer, … the Contractor shall send to the Engineer an account giving detailed particulars of the amount claimed and the grounds upon which the claim is based …The Contractor shall, if required by the Engineer so to do, copy to the Employer all accounts sent to the Engineer pursuant to this Sub-Clause. IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration (29 May 2010)Arbitration (29 May 2010)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Substantiation of Claim No ……Further to our letter Ref. No …… dated ….. giving notice of our intention to submit a claim, we now enclose pursuant to Clause 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) of the Conditions of Contract our account giving a fully detailed amount claimed together with the full supporting particulars of the reason and grounds upon which our Claim No …… is based.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Substantiation of Claim No ……Further to our letter Ref. No …… dated ….. giving notice of our intention to submit a claim, we now enclose pursuant to Clause 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) of the Conditions of Contract our account giving full and detailed particulars of the amount claimed together with the full details of the reason and grounds upon which our claim is based.As the event is of a continuing nature this account is submitted as an interim account and further account will be forwarded to you in due course. In accordance with Clause 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) we shall send to you a fully detailed account within 42 days of the end of the effects resulting from this event.May we ask that you advise us as to the intervals at which you require further interim accounts and whether the attached and any further accounts are to be copied to the Employer.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)索赔(仲裁)涉及到两大问题索赔(仲裁)涉及到两大问题 1)法律问题(Issue of LawIssue of Law)—— 靠律师 2)事实问题(Issue of FactIssue of Fact)—— 靠自己 证据(EvidenceEvidence)可找出事实(FactFact),但证据和事实与真相(TruthTruth)没有关系。
在提供不了任何证据的情况下,有责任举证的一方会败诉 一种现象:仲裁庭总是相信证据文件多的一方 —— 留好证据文件是最基础的索赔管理最基础的索赔管理 证据的提供在国际仲裁中十分重要,务求要比对手握有更多或稍多的有力证据,如果做不到,就必须抓住一纵即逝的和解机会 形成、保留与搜集证据可能是一个耗时及昂贵的过程(例如聘用翻译 vs vs 有双语工作能力的专业人员),因为怕花钱或费事而忽略证因为怕花钱或费事而忽略证据工作,最终会导致仲裁(索赔)的失败据工作,最终会导致仲裁(索赔)的失败Quantum merit Quantum merit ———— reasonable sum reasonable sum 承包商的索赔金额一定比下家的报价要高出一个空间,仲裁时对此在操作上,有时是索要下家的报价来作为evidenceevidence,然后取用两者的中间值(左右)作为 quantum meriut quantum meriut ———— 中庸中庸二十八、文字交往为准二十八、文字交往为准 狄更斯狄更斯 —— 凡事证据为先,此乃真律凡事证据为先,此乃真律。
(Take everything on evidence. There is no better rule.) —— Charles Dickens 口头指令转变为书面指令,99年版第3.3款用instruction : 2天+2天 = 4天(1+2=3天) 87年版第2.5款是用instruction,77版是第1.2(3)款与第51.2款两条合用解释order,最长都是7天+7天=14天(1+7=8天),对承包商自我保护的现实意义 银皮书第1.3款和第3.4款,但取消了定量规定,对承包商欠公平! 英文within在中文翻译与理解上的误差, 以上对应最短的为3天和8天 法律上对一天的定义 拒绝签收 vs 证据获取(lawyer vs notary vs court receipt)vs 条款保障英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Confirmation of InstructionWe write to confirm your oral instruction issued on (dated) …... in respect of …………. in accordance with the provisions of Clause 13 (Variations and Adjustments) (87版是Clause 51.1) of the Conditions of Contract.May we ask that as required by Clause 3.3 (Instructions of the Engineer) (87版是Clause 2.5) of the Conditions of Contract that you issue the instruction in writing and we write to confirm that it will be our intention to get extra payment under Clause 13 (Variations and Adjustments) (87版是Clause 52.2 ) for these varied works. Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd) 英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Dissatisfaction with an Instruction of the Engineer’s RepresentativeWe write to acknowledge receipt of Instruction No …… relating to …… issued by your Representative on the Site.We have considered this instruction carefully and believe this is to be contrary to the spirit and intention of the Contract and therefore question this pursuant to Clause 3.2 (Delegation by the Engineer) (87版是Clause 2.3(b) ) of the Conditions of Contract and request this be reconfirmed/reversed/varied/clarified accordingly.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer’s Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Request for Permission to Work Night/Weekend ShiftsIn response to your oral instruction dated …… to expedite progress of the Works with reference to Clause 8.6 (Rate of Progress) (87版是Clause 46.1) , we are writing to request that permission be given for work to continue on night/weekend shifts pursuant to Clause 6.5 (Working Hours) (87版是Clause 45.1) of Conditions of Contract so as to complete the Project within the programmed Time for Completion.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)以下条款有缺陷,尤其是对于以下条款有缺陷,尤其是对于/ /电邮:业主可否认接收到而无操作性电邮:业主可否认接收到而无操作性1.3 Communications Wherever the Contract provides for the giving or issuing of approvals, certificates, consents, determinations, notices and requests, these communications shall be: (a) in writing and delivered by hand (against receipt), sent by mail or courier(没有收据没有收据? ? 应有应有against receipt!), or transmitted using any of the agreed systems of electronic transmission as stated in the Contract; and (b) delivered, sent or transmitted to the address for the recipient's communications as stated hereunder. However: (i) if the recipient gives notice of another address, communications shall thereafter be delivered accordingly; and (ii) if the recipient has not stated otherwise when requesting an approval or consent, it may be sent to the address from which the request was issued. Approvals, certificates, consents and determinations shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. In the Contract all fax and email communications shall be allowed on condition that the original copies are sent by express mail and received by the recipient(如果对方不如果对方不签收呢?!签收呢?!) within ten (10) days following the date the relevant fax or email was originally sent. (这里的逻辑思维是先发这里的逻辑思维是先发/电邮,再补发快件让对方签收。
问题是电邮,再补发快件让对方签收问题是如果对方就是不签收呢?如果对方就是不签收呢?)修改后,完善的条款:修改后,完善的条款:1.3 CommunicationsAdd at the end:In this Contract fax and email communications shall be agreed systems of electronic transmission on condition that the original copies are sent by express or equivalent mail to the recipient within fourteen (14) days following the date of transmission of the relevant fax or email. Any approval, certificate, consent, determination notice or request given in the manner and to the address prescribed in this clause shall be deemed deliveredshall be deemed delivered at the time of delivery if delivered by hand (against receipt) or by courier (against receipt) or at the time of transmissionat the time of transmission if such delivery or transmission takes place during normal business hours on a normal business day or otherwise at the start of normal business hours on the next business day.二十九、再分析一个索赔二十九、再分析一个索赔成功成功案例案例项目背景:项目背景: 私人房建项目Boham Strand,HK,合同额 6,200万港币,ICE合同的香港版(pro-Employer)。
房地产调控 “800套政策” + 亚洲金融危机 2,256万港币索赔(36.4%) + (382万港币律师+91万仲裁庭)法律费用( 7.6%) plus 1,561万应付验工计价款(25%25%,本该得的,本该得的)/采取财产保全措施 我曾写过一封信,希望1,600万港币(其中1,561万为应付验工计价款)友好解决,只比合同总价多了0.6% 对冲前的数,结果是(-784+3,040) → ∑2,256 +1,561 +382+91 共实际拿回 4,290万港币(69%)仲裁裁决:仲裁裁决: The time for completion of the Works was set at large. 法律意义 —— “Time at large” means there is no time fixed for completion or the time set for completion no longer applies. Where this occurs the Contractor’s obligation is to complete work within a reasonable time. 仲裁结果出来后再起事端:诉讼 —— 公关试图再变友好解决。
Final Award of Arbitration ((Excerpt))TIME AT LARGE vs The fugitive is at large 逍遥法外逍遥法外I FIND as a FACT that a reasonable time for completion of the Works is 24th June 1998(原合同工期:1996年5月23日~1997年5月22日,顺延了13个月)… the Contractor is entitled to rely on the effects of non-payment and late payment of Interim Payment.As noted above, the evidence of Peter Yau demonstrate that the finishing trades were affected by the cash flow problems and in particular there was a considerable slow down in progress of work ……I HOLD as a matter of LAW that on a proper construction of the Contract, Clause 24.2(Loss and Expenses Caused by Disturbance of Regular Progress of the Works) enables the Claimant to make a claim for damages or for a breach of Contract.CONTRACTUAL MATTERSThe Claimant contends that the extension of time clause should be construed strictly C Contra ontra P Proferentumroferentum against the Respondent.I HOLD as a matter of LAW that the Architect is under an obligation to grant an extension of time to the Claimant if it knows of delaying events, notwithstanding the Claimant’s failure to give a notice forthwith as required by Clause 23(Extension of Time) of Standard Form of Building Contract.I FIND as a FACT that the Architect was or should have been aware of the delaying effects on the eleven matters identified by the Claimant above.I also FIND as a FACT that the Respondent delayed the Claimant in its completion of the Works due to the non-payment and the late payment of Interim Payment. The reason for this finding is dealt with in more detail Section in the consideration of the time at large issue.THE CLAIMANT IS ALSO ENTITLED TO INTERESTThe Respondent has urged me to consider what information was available to the Architect in exercising my discretion in relation to the awarding of interest. I need to consider the period for which interest should be payable.The claimant has incurred costs throughout the prolongedprolonged period (注意比较与delaydelay的说法不同)on site but only fairly recently that sufficient information has been made available for those costs to be ascertained. Taking all these matters into consideration I believe that it would be reasonable to award interest from the date of Practical Completion up to the date of publication of this award. This is a period of 610 days.HEAD OFFICE OVERHEADSThe Respondent has said that the Claimant has failed to discharge its burden of proof in respect of this head of claim. The Respondent has also said that it is necessary the Claimant to demonstrate that there were other works available and it was prevented from Tendering and obtaining this work due to prolongation in respect of these work.Mr. Franki Lui gave evidence that Head Office Overheads were incurred during the prolongation period that the Claimant was on site. However the evidence of the annual turnover did not arise from a proper independent audit. I FIND as a FACT that there is no reliable evidence to support the Claimant’s contention that it has incurred Head Office Overheads during this period of prolongation on Site although as a matter of common sense, it must have incurred some losses. It is not for me to speculate what those losses It is not for me to speculate what those losses might be.might be.附 Building Contract Building Contract for use in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for use in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region23 Extension of Time Upon it becoming reasonably apparent that the progress of the Works is delayed, the Main Contractor shall forthwith give written notice of the cause of the delay to the Architect, and if in the opinion of the Architect the completion of the Works is likely to be or has been delayed beyond the Date for Completion stated in the Appendix to these Conditions or beyond any extended time previously fixed under either this clause or clause 33(1)(c)(战争赔偿) of these Conditions, (a) by Force Majeure, or (b) by reason of inclement weather or the subsequent effects of such inclement weather; for the purpose of this sub-clause “inclement weather” is defined as rainfall in excess of twenty millimeters in a twenty four hour period (midnight to midnight) as recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory or the hoisting of Typhoon Signal N.8 or higher, or (c) by reason of loss or damage occasioned by any one or more of the Contingencies referred to in clause 20[A]or[B]of these Conditions, or (d) by reason of civil commotion,local combination of workmen,strike or lockout affecting any of the trades employed upon the Works or any of the trades engaged in the preparation,manufacture Or transportation of any of the goods or materials required for the Works,or (e) by reason of Architect’s instructions issued under clauses 1(2), 11(1) or 21(2) of these Conditions,or (f) by reason of the Main Contractor Not having received in due time necessary instructions, drawings,details or levels from the Architect for which he specifically applied in writing on a date which having regard to the Date for Completion stated in the appendix to these Conditions or to any extension of time then fixed under this clause or clause 33(1)(C)of these Conditions was neither unreasonably distant from nor unreasonably close to the date on which it was necessary for him to receive the same, or (g) by delay on the part of Nominated Sub-Contractors or Nominated Suppliers which the Main Contractor has taken all practicable steps to avoid or reduce,or (h) by delay on the part of artists,tradesmen or others engaged by the Employer in executing work not forming part of this Contract,or (i) by reason of the opening up for inspection of any work covered up Or of the testing of any of the work, materials or goods in accordance with clause 6(3) of these Conditions (including making good in consequence of such opening up or testing),unless the inspection or test showed that the work,materials or goods were not in accordance with this Contract, or(j) *(i) by the Main Contractor's inability for reasons beyond his control and which he could not reasonably have foreseen at the date of this Contract to secure such labour as is essential to the proper carrying out of the Works,or*(ii) by the Main Contractor's inability for reasons beyond his control and which he could not reasonably have foreseen at the date of this Contract to secure such goods and/or materials as are essential to the proper carrying out of the Works,or(k)by reason of compliance with the provisions of clause 34 of these Conditions or with Architect‘s instructions issued thereunder,then the Architect shall so soon as he is able to estimate the length of the delay beyond the date or time aforesaid make in writing a fair and reasonable extension of time for completion of the Works. Provided always that the Main Contractor shall use constantly his best endeavours to prevent delay and shall do all that may reasonably be required to the satisfaction of the Architect to proceed with the Works.24 Loss and Expense Caused by Disturbance of Regular Progress of the Works(1) If upon written application being made to him by the Main Contractor the Architect is of the opinion that the Main Contractor has been involved in direct loss and/or expense for which he would not be reimbursed by a payment made under any other provision in this Contract by reason of the regular progress of the Works or of any part thereof having been materially affected by: (a) The Main Contractor not having received in due time necessary instructions, drawings, details or levels from the Architect for which he specifically applied in writing on a date which having regard to the Date for Completion stated in the appendix to these Conditions or to any extension of time then fixed under clause 23 or clause 33(1)(c)of these Conditions was nether unreasonably distant from nor unreasonably close to the date on which it was necessary for him to receive the same; or (b) The opening up for inspection of any work covered up or the testing of any of the work,materials or goods in accordance with clause 6(3) of these Conditions (including making good in consequence of such opening up or testing),unless the inspection or test showed that the work,materials or goods were not in accordance with this Contract; or (c) Any discrepancy in or divergence between the Contract Drawings and/or the Contract Bills; or (d) Delay on the part of artists, tradesmen or others engaged by the Employer in executing work not forming part of this Contract; or (e) Architect's instructions issued in regard to the postponement of any work to be executed under the provisions of this Contract; and if the written application is made within a reasonable time of it becoming apparent that the progress of the Works or of any part thereof has been affected as aforesaid, then the Architect shall either himself ascertain or shall instruct the Quantity Surveyor to ascertain the amount of such loss and/or expense.Any amount from time to time so shall be added to the Contract Sum, and if an Interim Certificate is issued after the date of ascertainment any such amount shall be added to the amount which would otherwise be stated as due in such Certificate.(2) The provisions of this Condition are without prejudice to any other rights and remedies which the Main Contractor may possess.三十、专业咨询三十、专业咨询 一条粉笔线值一万美元的故事 1923年,美国福特公司的一台大型电机发生了故障。
为排除故障,公司把工程师学会的专家们都请来“会诊”,但一连数月,毫无所获 后来,他们请来刚移居美国的德国科学家史坦敏茨史坦敏茨围着电机忙碌了两天两夜最后,他用粉笔在电机的一个部位划了一条线,吩咐说:“打开电机,把此处的线圈减少16匝,故障就可排除工程师们照办了,电机果然运转如常史坦敏茨为此向福特公司索取一万美元的酬金 有人质疑说:划一条线竟值一万美元?简直是敲竹杠!史坦敏茨淡然一笑,随即挥笔在付款单上写下这么两句话:粉笔划一条线 —— 1美元;知道在哪里划线知道在哪里划线 —— 9,999美元! 讲一个最新的真实案例从一封电邮说起收件人: WEI TIAN
这时C公司正拟收购B公司绝对控股权(5个C牌,股权结构变成C为90%,B为10%)DD是关键! 有大策略之后,A公司先找到B公司,告拟于近期把双方的经济纠纷提交法院诉讼,进而借题发挥到找了C公司(可否推测一下具体谈判内容),最后与B公司达成妥协,代价2,000万港元退出了JV结局 —— 亏损9亿多港元 各种变化的可能 —— 如果你是A公司,为此支出律师费1,000多万港元/仅某一次大律师看文件3个小时就花了10万港元,可以接受吗?C公司呢?—— 拿到5个C牌的90%(实际是100%的使用权),股价从收购时的0.41港元涨到1.56港元,后又回落到0.99港元,但最终会见到该项目出现巨额亏损,可是拿到了一个上市公司的融资平台B公司呢?拿回上市公司其股份中90%的现金,留有10%的股权(祖业),只承担项目10%的亏损再讲一个最新的真实案例•25亿美元开谈亿美元开谈(2010年,高峰期评估值28亿~45亿美元亿美元 max),曾经年EBITDA 10亿美元,议价两年半 (2013年1月)—— 逆向收购(Counter-cyclical Investment) ,10亿确认(Swap)vs 15亿美元(All Cash)•找业内专家(C Competent P Person/Q Qualified P Person,双牛怕“专家”的幽默)咨询,评估结果:•双方聘请独立评估:17.5亿美元亿美元(两家分担20万美元评估咨询费)•投资银行(600万 vs 280万美元/成交付款)+ 会计师楼(58万 vs 40万美元)+ 律师(56万 vs 30万美元),全包(含差旅费,Back Loading),NPV vs P/E vs EV/EBITDA vs P/NAV 法,市场原则•调整独立评估结果:调整独立评估结果:9亿美元亿美元(找出重复计算 salable ore 4亿 + JV分劈5亿美元 + row manually added which is uncommon in a model calculation …,2013年5月)继续咨询并调研:•另一家上市公司在私有化,P/B = 0.53,P/E = 8,而上市与非上市公司之P/E差一半•上手成交价4.54亿 + 3,000万美元•上市公司董事(真正的专家) —— 伴生矿的影响(PGM —— the Impact of UG 2)•卖方强调并试图说服买方:长远来看,加工业(下游)收购矿业资源(上游),这是一种战略收购 ……•答案:短期无现金流 —— 没现金流,企业就活不下去,言何战略?•我方提出 —— 如果真有现金流,请卖方为此出具母公司担保保函!Put money at your mouth if you really mean it.•卖家有“Bad luck”之说•最终成交:? —— 你们猜测是多少?•一个参考数据:国外矿业收购项目80%失败,投资项目67%失败 —— 以诚恐之心做事•投资/做项目的第一原则是什么?第二原则呢?三十一、什么是一个好交易?三十一、什么是一个好交易? MBA第一问 一个人能给你挣来100万美元,您要给他50万美元 —— 这种交易您应否成交? 心态决定一切。
错误理念乃失败之因 —— 人们只是看到了果(失败),因果关系 Lee Iacocca Management Formula 毕加索的逸事 (五万法郎 vs 几分钟) 千年虫(Y2K Bug) —— 最终都要自己拿主意(说话算数的领导不敢担责任,全球为此1,000亿美元花费) 有了前车之鉴,“闰秒”问题的解决 —— 因地球自转的不均匀性和长期变慢性(主要由潮汐摩擦引起的),会使民用时和原子时之间相差超过到±0.9秒时,出现了07:59:60的特殊现象(平均每两年发生一次),闰秒一般加在公历年末或公历六月末2015年7月1日,美国芝加哥商品交易所推迟开市1分钟,纽约证券交易所及NASDAQ提早收市5分钟 案例,Q.S vs 深圳河改造工程,合同额1.26亿港元,1996年11月市场上放出的项目少,面临大量裁员,风险与机遇±800万港元,HP Rendel/5万港元/James Meadows Rendel的故事(1822年) + Levett & Bailey/7万港元),最终实现盈利100万港元 谈判的本质 —— 妥协双赢。
另一案例,2008 Beijing Olympic Games —— Great Wheel Project,unlimited recourse,见后附函原双方合同律师费全部采用港元支付,但并没写明哪方承担税费实际共发生66万港元,在结算时律师提出这一问题(税费额为2.64万港元,占4%),认为其所得应为66万港元净值,而客户则坚持税费应该自理解决办法:2007年4月有外汇报告指“Analyst: RMB to appreciate 4% in 2007”,意味着预计到年底人民币的升值即可补足这4%的差额双方接受调解,改用人民币付款 —— 双赢!实际发生:与2007年5月21日相比,到2007年12月14日人民币升值即已达4%,而2007年12月31日达到了4.8%① 有缺陷的 “延期罚款”条款 8.7 Liquidated Damages At the end of Sub-Clause 8.7, add:The daily amount of liquidated damages due for delay of part/Section or all the Works shall be 0.025% of the contract amount (A)+(B)+(C)+(D) of the remaining part/Section of the Works in respect thereof, payable in the proportions of currencies in which the Contract Price is structured. The maximum amount of liquidated damages to be paid by the Contractor to the Employer with regard to the Works shall be Ten Percent (10%) of the contract amount (A)+(B)+(C)+(D) of the remaining part/Section of the Works; 初衷:① 尽量被少罚款 —— 仅对未完工部分罚款; ② 限定罚款上限10%。
草拟的上述条款实际效果呢? 见下页分析 分析(逻辑和法律) 经查,Clause 3 Contract Prices 定义A、、B、、C、、D的内容如下(但上面起草的条款里并没交代清楚): In this Contract the price is an adjustable Lump Sum price in Euro in accordance with …… A - The contract value of Substructure Works: Euro XXXXX ; B - The contract value of Superstructure Works: Euro XXXXX; C - The contract value of Plant: Euro XXXXX; D - The Technical Consulting Fee: Euro XXXXX; E - Cost for taxes, fees, duties and social securities : Euro XXXXX as Attachment II.(E与LD无关) F - Financing Costs which are subject to the approval by Sinosure and CBI as Attachment III. (F与LD无关) 有关违约金上限的规定写法有缺陷,这样的wording风险很大!问题是未完工部分remaining part/Section总有一天会变成“0”,因此该条款应用到罚款上限时就会变成无效条款,明显地承包商在play tricks,让雇主日后有机会提出抗辩:主张不存在有效的上限,因而转变成无限大的LD,结果:0 (初衷) → ∞ (结果) (风险的容忍度)。
下页经修改的第8.7款,对LD就写得又准确、又安全,最重要的是实际上保障达到了尽量被少罚款的初衷 经修改后,完善的经修改后,完善的“延期罚款延期罚款”条款条款 8.7 Liquidated Damages At the end of Sub-Clause 8.7, add: The daily amount of liquidated damages to be paid by the Contractor to the Employer for delay of part/Section or all the Works shall be 0.025% of the value of the elements of the contract amount as stated in (A)+(B)+(C)+(D) in Clause 3 of the Contract Agreement attributable to the part/Section of the Works remaining to be completed on that day, payable in the proportions of currencies in which the Contract Price is structured. The maximum amount of liquidated damages to be paid by the Contractor to the Employer with regard to the Works shall be Ten Percent (10%) of the value of the elements of the contract amount (A)+(B)+(C)+(D) attributable to the part/Section of the Works remaining to be completed on the first day when damages became payable. In the event that the Parties cannot agree on the value of the elements, the Employer‘s value shall be used unless and until a different value is fixed pursuant to Clause 20 (Claims, Disputes and Arbitration). ② 有缺陷的“全部责任上限”条款 17.6 Limitation of Liability Neither Party shall be liable to the other Party for loss of use of any Works, loss of profit, loss of any contract or for any indirect or consequential loss or damage which may be suffered by the other Party in connection with the Contract, other than under Sub-Clause 16.4 ((Payment on Termination)) and Sub-Clause 17.1 ((Indemnities)). The total liability of the Contractor to the Employer, under or in connection with the Contract other than under Sub-Clause 4.19 ((Electricity, Water, Gas and Communication)), Sub-Clause 4.20 ((Employer‘s Equipment and Free-Issue Material)), Sub-Clause 17.1 ((Indemnities)) and Sub-Clause 17.5 ((Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights)), shall not exceed Ten Percent (10%) of the Contract Price. ((这段有缺陷,因该这段有缺陷,因该EPC合同谈成了调价合同谈成了调价公式,属于一个公式,属于一个 adjustable open price,是好事,但不可顾此失,是好事,但不可顾此失彼。
见下页修改)彼见下页修改) 另一案例:降价另一案例:降价18.5%的适用范围的适用范围 —— 计算报价计算报价 1,204万美元万美元 → 降价降价 18.5%后后 → 实际投标实际投标/签约金额签约金额981万美元,索赔万美元,索赔 +(调价)(调价)+ (VO) → ∑ 降价之后才付款降价之后才付款: 索赔实得索赔实得 443万美元 ← 544万美元 x(1-18.5%) This Sub-Clause shall not limit liability in any case of fraud, deliberate default or reckless misconduct by the defaulting Party. 经修改后,完善的经修改后,完善的“全部责任上限全部责任上限”条款条款17.6 Limitation of Liability Delete the text of second paragraph and substitute: The total liability of the Contractor to the Employer, under or in connection with the Contract other than under Sub-Clause 4.19 ((Electricity, Water, Gas and Communication)), Sub-Clause 4.20 ((Employer‘s Equipment and Free-Issue Material)), Sub-Clause 17.1 ((Indemnities)) and Sub-Clause 17.5 ((Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights)), shall not exceed the Ten Percent (10%) of total amount of the EPC Contract Price as stated in Clause 3((Contract Prices)) of the Contract Agreement. 注意注意:: Clause 3(Contract Prices))里主要定义了合同金额的具体数额,引述里主要定义了合同金额的具体数额,引述它就严谨到使得不确定(它就严谨到使得不确定(adjustable)变为确定()变为确定(non-adjustable)。
例如:例如: In this Contract the price is an adjustable Lump Sum price((是个变量,是个变量,属于不确定因素属于不确定因素)) in Euro in accordance with Sub-clause 13.10 ((Adjustments of the Contract Price)) of Conditions of Contract. …… …… The detailed summary of the Contract Price is attached as Appendix I ((The Detailed Summary of the EPC Contract Price)). 这里就限定是一这里就限定是一个个 non-adjustable Lump Sum Price了!!了!!以此以此常数常数作为罚款基数,再乘作为罚款基数,再乘以以10% —— 可控,而不会出现可控,而不会出现adjustable EPC Contract Price的情形三十二、三十二、EOT 如何客观看国外项目的工期问题? 99版FIDIC第8.3款 vs 第8.4款/第14.1款(Programme to be Submitted) vs 第44.1款(Extension of Time for Completion) 。
Programme vs As-built Programmes(过程中动态修改的进度计划)vs 工期索赔参照系 有经验和谨慎从事的承包商通常在其programme中会对罢工、天气、缺工短料等这类承包商的风险因素留有余地 对外交涉工期问题时,要特别注意英语用词上的微妙之处:delay是属于承包商的失误造成拖期,而disrupt和prolong是由于业主原因造成的,例如在指发出VO、出图缓慢及各种承包商无法预知的因素时索要费用时,推荐使用acceleration一词来表述承包商的努力 Warnings(77版)vs Warning(87版) vs Milestones(银皮书) 延期补偿 —— 管理费12.5%,《合约工程中临时发生的点工计费标准/英国土木工程承包商协会》作为支持性文件英文例函Engineer in Chief Date …….The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Submission of Programme and Cash Flow EstimatePursuant to Clauses 14.1(The Contract Price) and 14.3 (Programme) (87版是Clause 8.3) of the Conditions of Contract, we have pleasure in enclosing our Programme and Cash Flow Estimate for the Works and trust that you will find this adequate for your purpose.As recently requested by you we also enclose a method study giving a general description of the arrangements and working methods which we propose to adopt for the execution of the works.This also gives dates for our specific requirements for information related to our programme and we shall be happy to discuss these further should this be necessary.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Enc. Programme Ref. No …… Cash Flow Estimate Working Method Statement 英文例函Engineer in Chief Date …….The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Failure to Give Possession of Site EOT and Additional CostsFurther to our letter Ref. No …… dated ….. advising that we have suffered delay and incurred costs from the failure on the part of the Employer based on Clauses 2.1 (Right of Access to the Site) and 8.5 (Delays Caused by Authorities) (87版是Clauses 42.1 and 42.2) to give possession of Site Area from KM …… to KM ……, we understand from your explanationletter Ref. No …… dated …… that this has arisen due to factors beyond the Employer’s control and the matter has now been resolved.This entitles us to an extension of time under Clauses 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) and 20.1(Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) of the Conditions of Contract and we now enclose substantiation of our EOT and the amount of costs to be added to the Contract amount of costs to be added to the Contract PricePrice in relation to the Possession of Site.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Enc.英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Request for Additional Information – Disruption of ProgressFurther to our discussion with your Representative and pursuant to Clause 8.5 (Delays Caused by Authorities) (87版是Clause 6.3) of the Conditions of Contract we now write to confirm that execution of the works is likely to be prolonged or disrupted unless details ………… are issued by you within a reasonable time. Such prolongation or disruption will incur extra consequential costs.Our requirements were indicated on our Programme submitted to you on …… and to avoid delay the details requested should be made available to us not later than ……Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Project Manager The Employer英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notice of Delay in the Issue of InformationFurther to our letter Ref. No …… dated …… and to our programme issued on the …… (date) it has become apparent that the non receipt of the information requested is now delaying our work and we therefore give notice of our prolongation and additional cost pursuant to Clause 8.5 (Delays Caused by Authorities) (87版是Clause 6.3 ) of the Conditions of Contract.It is considered that an extension of time may also be required and we therefore give notice of our request for this pursuant to Clauses 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) and 20.1(Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notice of Delay in the Issue of InformationIn accordance with the provisions of to Clauses 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.2(a)) and 20.1(Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) we write to give notice that an event has occurred within the last 28 (Twenty Eight) days which is such as fairly to entitle us to an extension of the time for completion of the works or a section thereof.The event was ………….. and item (a) - (e) of Clauses 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) of the Conditions of Contract applies.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Project Manger The Employer英文例函Engineer in Chief Date …….The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Detailed Particulars of Claim No……Further to our letter Ref. No…… dated ….. giving notice of an event which fairly entitles us to an extension of time we now write in accordance with Clauses 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) and 20.1(Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) to enclose full supporting particulars of the extension of time to which we consider ourselves entitled in relation to (give details of the nature of the event referred to in the notice given under those clauses of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Enc.英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Interim/Final Particulars of Claim No ……In accordance with the requirements of Clause 8.4 (Extension of Tine for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.3) we enclose interim/final particulars in respect of the event referred to in our letter dated ……The event referred to has had a continuing effect such that it has not been practicable for us for the time being to submit detailed particular period of 28 (Twenty Eight) days referred to in Clause 20.1(Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Enc.英文例函Engineer in Chief Date …….The EngineerDear Sir,Re: EOT and Extra CostsFurther to your Instruction No…… dated ….. testing has been carried out on …… and you have confirmed that these tests have been completed to your satisfaction and that the materials /plant/workmanship were found to be in accordance with the Specification requirements.Since these tests were not provided for in the Contract and as a result delay to our programme and additional costs have beenadditional costs have beenincurredincurred, we are writing to request that pursuant to Clauses 7.4 (Testing) (87版是Clause 36.5) , 8.4 (Extension of Time for Completion) (87版是Clause 44.1) and 20.1 (Contractor’s Claims) (87版是Clause 53.3) of the Conditions of Contract you determine the extension of time to which we are entitled and also the amount of the costs to be added to the Contract Pricethe amount of the costs to be added to the Contract Price.Our records to substantiate our prolongation and the costs incurred are attached and we trust this will be of assistance in making your determination.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Enc.三十三、外汇及汇价(两大戏剧性变化因素之一)三十三、外汇及汇价(两大戏剧性变化因素之一) 99版FIDIC第14.15款/第71款和第72款。
案例,Bee Keeping Project,2,100万美元(455,700,000卢比,21.7,主权象征),36 : 21.7 = 相差66%,额外效益455,700,000 卢比 x 95%(扣除合同税5%)x 66% =1,380万美元,;还有Guilder (荷兰盾) vs US Dollar,一年升值36%,工期1.5年,2,100万美元 x 95% x 36% = 718万美元 收购一家目标企业:兰特对美元每走软/硬±R0.01 ,则该公司税后纯利增减±US$ 100万(Turnover US$ 1.5 Billion)!! 工具之一 —— 套期保值 通过银行的远期结售汇对持有的外币头寸可能出现的波动风险进行对冲 例如:某公司预计今后半年度收入为1,000万美元; 对冲:进行6个月的外汇远期合约,以远期价格6.761卖出1,000万美元,买入6,761万人民币,把益利锁定; 结果:6个月后,即使美元下跌到6.5,企业也可以6.761的价格卖出美元/买入6,761万人民币,因此不会因美元下跌而受到影响。
当然,如果美元不是下跌而是上升的话,企业最终的收益也只能锁定在6,761万人民币,并不会因美元上升而带来额外收益套期保值的案例 2004年签约的海外某矿山工程项目,合同金额1.15亿欧元 2004年底,人民币升值的预期日益高涨,欧元也处于历史高位经认真测算项目现金流后,为规避汇率风险,对项目收款进行套期保值运作12月7日,当欧元出现小幅波动,外界对欧元继续升值与否存在两种不同预期的情况下,做成欧元/人民币套期保值,达成了两笔总计4,500万欧元的远期结汇交易,并借用保函信用额度(而并非现汇保证金)提供保证 2005年11月7日和12月6日,两笔欧元套期保值均成功按期交割,即期汇率与约定汇率相比多产生收益合人民币6,510万元(占合同总金额的7%) 贷款利率与货币贬值•为南非的项目进行贷款: 香港做美元贷款的利率 < 3.5% 南非做兰特贷款的利率 > 8%•从哪里贷款?•海外项目的特点 vs 外汇因素影响程度之大;•但是南非R每年对美元贬值20%,影响?现在怎么贷?•操作 —— 注册资本金 vs 流动资金 vs 外汇管制,贷款额度 vs 实际需求量,项目贷款(矿权抵押) vs 母公司担保贷款,R的未来走势 vs 套期保值;•如果港币(未来与人民币挂钩?/!)是升值趋势呢?贷美元还是港币?实例:息差形成经济效益的操作实例:息差形成经济效益的操作•贷款利率: 内地 —— 贷人民币,> 6% 香港 —— 贷美元,Libor(1.68) + 150 bp ≤ 3.18%•资金占用时间: 内地 —— 先交预付款(20~30%,现金) 香港 —— TR Loan,半年•仅息差一项就已在3%左右,还有现金流上的优势•年采购营业额:6,500万美元•商业机会 —— 你觉得应是 ?% commission•经济效益:每年195万美元(收取3%)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Currency RestrictionsWe are writing to give notice that as a result of an imposed currency restriction which has arisen after the date 28 (Twenty Eight) days prior to the date of submission of our Tender for the Works a loss is incurred and we seek we seek reimbursementreimbursement pursuant to Clauses 13.7 (Adjustments for Change in Legislations), 14.15 (Currencies of Payment) (87版是Clause 71.1) and 19 (Force Majeure) of Conditions of Contract.We shall keep such records as we feel necessary to substantiate our request for substantiate our request for financial compensationfinancial compensation and shall submit these monthly to you for inclusion with our applications for payment.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)三十四三十四 —— 小结:小结:FIDIC 十大关键条款(十大关键条款(Top 10))1. 付款(包括外汇)2.仲裁3.变更令4.调价公式5.书面往来6.优先次序7.Unforeseen Physical or Legal Obstructions8. 索赔(第7条是其基础)9. 不可抗力/业主违约10. EOT / LD 有学术统计显示,红皮书特殊条款中修改最多的是第60款(付款/99版对应的是第14款),其后依次为第67款(仲裁/99版是第20.6款)、第10款(履约保函/99版是第4.2款)、第21款(保险/99版是第18款)、第70款(调价公式及法律变化/99版是第13.7款和第13.8款)以及第14款(进度计划/99版是第8.3款) —— 这与我上面的实践总结也基本吻合呼应。
三十五、风险管理三十五、风险管理•Nothing ventured, nothing gain!•不确定性,使得无法达到预期回报的负面影响•No Project is risk free. 所有风险因素应统一综合考虑•风险预防 ——“不治已病治未病” •今日市场竞争成败的关键不是技术,而是管理•管理是艺术,同时管理无法民主(案例,T9 的1 : 7决策/双方内测价格平均差幅20%左右,1.1% → 0.8%成交的原因)•东西文化的差异 vs 中国国情 /现实 vs 国际惯例•例如,上市公司信息披露的停牌原则:中国的思维方式是没成交则停牌时间越长越好,无波动,股民无损失;而成熟国际市场认为停牌的时间越短越好,市场上的投资人可以根据信息自行做出下一步的投资决定 —— 卖出或买入,另外窝轮和期权等衍生产品都是随着时间的推移在消值!Uncertainty prevails,opportunities persist.Don’t say “Yes” when you want to say “No”!Murphy‘s theorem(墨菲定律)—— Nature always sides with the hidden flaw. If there are two or more ways to do something, and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe, then someone will do it. 另一种表述:Anything that can go wrong will go wrong. 也就是英文里常说的 worst-case scenario,prepare for the worst!缺乏经验(充分利用各种 External Services,理念的转变)。
实践经验的重要性及时做出反馈并抓住机遇(危机 vs 祸福 vs 老子曰,实例,HSBC P/E 5,南洋商业银行TR Loan L/C) 履约综合表现 PASS积分(Performance Assessment Scoring System),香港的优先授标系统和履约奖金制度值得借鉴合理转嫁风险(实例,Naubise-Malekhu 消失了的“大牛”)风险管理只能减少风险,控制发生在可承受的范围内(容忍度),不可能消除风险,也没有百战百胜,常胜将军已经很难了 —— 案例如后ABCABC公司公司19961996--20002000年工程项目整体盈利情况年工程项目整体盈利情况亏:亏:3 3个个/56 = 5.35%/56 = 5.35%,损:,损:35653565万万/98/98亿(五年总营业额)亿(五年总营业额) = - 0.36% = - 0.36%单位:万港元序号序号项目名称项目名称合同额合同额开工日期开工日期完工日期完工日期项目盈亏项目盈亏完工系数完工系数备注备注1电器道商业楼331,700.00 1995.03.171996.06.29410.00 100%私人项目2官塘工贸楼2,918.00 1995.07.131996.07.13327.00 100%私人项目3三育中学10,600.00 1995.09.081997.11.301,105.40 100%私人项目4河旁街打桩105.00 1996.02.011996.06.0415.55 100%私人项目5大埔渠务及道路2,900.00 1996.02.011996.12.3031.55 100%政府项目6九龙湾辅警总部8,920.00 1996.03.291997.04.2826.80 100%政府项目7众安街打桩446.00 1996.04.011996.12.3126.10 100%私人项目8文碱东街写字楼6,216.00 1996.05.231999.02.100.00 100%私人项目9上水安老院8,081.00 1996.06.121998.11.29712.85 100%政府项目10伊丽莎白医院打桩1,197.00 1996.07.051996.12.3126.89 100%政府项目11沙田威尔斯医院171.00 1996.07.121996.08.088.54 100%政府项目12新机场基础设施#451合约19,856.00 1996.09.021997.06.28349.00 100%政府项目13荃湾运动场4,873.00 1996.09.111997.11.27244.00 100%政府项目14深圳河改造工程12,641.00 1996.11.18 1998.12.18100.00 100%政府项目15屯门安老院8,618.00 1996.12.271998.02.18467.00 100%政府项目16柴湾打桩196.00 1997.03.161997.06.139.30 100%私人项目17亚皆老街儿童训练中心9,984.00 1997.07.161998.09.22671.00 100%政府项目18将军澳安老院12,165.00 1997.09.191998.12.201,184.87 100%政府项目19白田重建第5期17,115.00 1998.01.031999.05.111,219.00 100%政府项目20将军澳打桩第2期3,970.00 1998.01.171998.11.25-1,124.00 100%政府项目21将军澳打桩第4期9,281.00 1998.01.171998.11.25-911.00 100%政府项目22东华三院社区服务中心7,586.00 1998.01.171998.04.01567.20 100%私人项目23阳明山庄维修570.00 1998.05.251998.08.2928.40 100%政府项目24星辉大厦128.00 1998.06.281998.10.2815.80 100%政府项目25油塘打桩第2期2,988.00 1998.07.201999.03.19-1,530.00 100%政府项目26真光中学基础1,390.00 1998.07.241999.02.10109.00 100%政府项目27昂船洲码头配套7,250.00 1998.07.241999.07.27811.00 100%政府项目28官塘水务局大楼17.000.001998.10.222000.01.171,417.00 100%政府项目29西湾河电影资料馆34,040.00 1998.10.232000.02.233,765.00 100%政府项目30鸭俐州小学17.762.001999.03.242000.07.301,565.00 100%政府项目31赤柱军营维修#30栋100.68 1999.05.061999.09.1923.56 100%政府项目32赤柱军营维修#37栋396.60 1999.05.061999.06.19127.89 100%政府项目33石岗军营维修#22栋26.39 1999.05.171999.06.054.32 100%政府项目34真光中学7,113.00 1999.07.012000.08.08687.50 100%政府项目35石岗军营维修#19栋93.72 1999..07.121999.08.3012.11 100%政府项目36昴船州海军基地维修46.00 1999.08.021999.10.036.25 100%政府项目37昴船州海军基地维修377栋45.06 1999.08.181999.09.167.00 100%政府项目38昴船州军营道路10.00 1999.08.181999.09.111.48 40%政府项目39石岗军营维修#15-2C栋82.00 1999.08.181999.10.1124.17 100%私人项目40将军澳地铁#606合约42,202.21 1999.10.112002.10.11200.00 100%政府项目41元朗检测中心4,586.32 1999.11.172000.12.31793.00 100%私人项目42石岗军营维修#16-17B栋73.00 1999.11.172000.12.31793.00 100%政府项目43香港中文大学医学楼8,352.32 1999.12.022000.11.30430.00 100%政府项目44石岗军营维修#77-78栋83.00 1999.12.062000.01.299.20 100%政府项目45新围北军营供水管225.00 2000.03.212000.05.1947.90 100%政府项目46新围北军营维修#39栋32.47 2000.04.012000.05.155.70 100%私人项目47青山靶场山坡围网48.00 2000.04.132000.05.037.80 100%政府项目48葵涌九号货柜码头397.500.002000.05.122005.03.1120,385.00 14%私人项目49将军澳第3期填海及渠务36,778.99 2000.6.192003.3.262,000.00 21%政府项目50黄竹坑132KV变电站15.200.002000.07.012001.07.01700.00 50%私人项目51石门第2期渠务及道路12,698.63 2000.07.062001.12.061,600.00 35%政府项目52浸会大学学生宿舍25,200.00 2000.07.202001.07.201,572.00 50%私人项目53白石角科学园地库及基础4,769.54 2000.11.132001.07.10150.00 25%政府项目54九龙湾三所学校24,722.86 2000.12.082002.07.13900.00 5%政府项目55元朗检测中心二次装修494.20 2001.01.152001.09.0850.00 1%私人项目56黄大仙社区会堂529.00 2001.02.82001.09.0880.00 1%私人项目ABCABC公司公司1996-20001996-2000年工程项目历年毛利和纯利情况年工程项目历年毛利和纯利情况年度19961997199819992000合计2001(留转余额)毛利 总计毛利8901,4052,4192,7257,60015,0398,44223,481纯利3776359361,0365,6008,584单位:万港元万港元 毛利(纯利) 备注:(1)毛利是已将项目自身管理费全部打入了成本,但尚未计算写字楼之员工薪金及房租等支出。
(2)纯利是各工程项目的毛利之和减应由工程项目承担的写字楼部分管理费开支 (3)1999-2000年合计毛利15,039万港元,合计纯利8,584万港元 (4)2001年毛利留转余额8,442万港元,1996年以来ABC公司创毛利总计23,481万港元历史的教训就是人们从不吸取历史的教训历史的教训就是人们从不吸取历史的教训 —— 黑格尔黑格尔 决策的失误表现在刚做对一两件事,就把偶然当成必然,把开始成功当成永远成功,认为自己无所不能,无所不会心态摆不正,决策就容易失误错误的决策一旦形成,损失就会很大 “有人辞官归故里 , 有人漏夜赶科场 《儒林外史》—— 然而,没有赶科场成功后而曾经亲历过官场的机会,那么从何谈起辞官归故里呢?(沙田圆洲角居屋两幢楼宇短桩案例/会汉建设分判商/亚太建设总包商)https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhhk/%E5%9C%93%E6%B4%B2%E8%A7%92%E7%9F%AD%E6%A8%81%E6%A1%88http://www.icac.org.hk/new_icac/big5/cases/piling/p01.html 管理的能力,担当的气魄,成败多在领头人! 有本事的人要职位是用来做事的,没本事的人才盯着职位本身。
罗蒙诺索夫的导师说:罗蒙诺索夫的导师说:“不可以生活在别人的智慧里,即使对著名的学者,也不不可以生活在别人的智慧里,即使对著名的学者,也不应盲目信任应盲目信任 —— 养成自己起草文件的好习惯!养成自己起草文件的好习惯!码头PPP项目出让33%股权,原投资方(卖方)提供的交易条件(Term Sheet, binding): 第一期预算总投资3.88亿美元修建码头,股权和债权比例按照30% : 70%,股权资本金需要1.16亿美元(3.88亿 x 30%),扣减卖方已经投入的7,100万美元(其中还含比例不明的银行贷款卖方接受买方对此进行尽职调查,以做出核实),项目还需要新投资方(买方)的股权资本金4,500万美元(1.16亿-7,100万),新公司再从银行贷款项目融资2.72亿美元(3.88亿 x 70%); 交易条件里写明,卖方在买方进入前已聘请第三方对项目现状现状做了评估,净估值净估值为2.1亿美元,如果签订交易条件,即意味着双方确认了此估值,互不反悔 卖方通过转让旧股从买方回收4,000万美元,同时再向买方发行新股融资4,500万美元以补足资本金(前面都是在兜圈),共向买方集资8,500万美元。
分析和计算分析和计算 :: 买方在向卖方支付了买方在向卖方支付了8,500万美元后,以换取项目公司万美元后,以换取项目公司33%的股权的股权 —— 这是交易的实质,必须想明白,不要被绕进去; 卖方变成实际上仅只投入不到3,100万美元(因7,100万美元的初期投入里还含比例不明的银行贷款,简单化的计算为7,100万-4,000万),就持有了该项目公司67%(100%-33%买方持有的股权)的股份(反算出100%股权的原始价值为股权的原始价值为3,100万/67% = 4,626万美万美元元);而买方入股项目公司33%所支付的总代价为8,500万美元(4,000万旧股+4,500万新股),也可以反算出新投资方买入买入100%股权的对应价值为股权的对应价值为 8,500万/33% = 2.58亿美元亿美元;亦即卖方的作价是把该项目放大了5.6倍(2.58亿÷4,626万)后卖给了新投资方—— 等于是溢价了(溢价了(5.6--1 ))= 4.6倍倍;而且卖方在出让33%的股权后,已实现盈利8,500-7,100 = 1,400万美元 此外,针对项目第一期预算总投资3.88亿美元,买方负责从中国的银行安排所需70%的项目融资2.72亿美元(3.88亿 x 70%)。
老子《道德经》 知人者智,自知者明 胜人者有力,自胜者強 知足者富 強行者有志 不失其所者久 死而不亡者寿三十六、管理与领导曲线孔子曰吾十有五而志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩 三十七、土木三十七、土木/建筑合同(红皮书)是单价合同建筑合同(红皮书)是单价合同•特点是“单价合同,量价分离,验工计价,据实付款”,英文叫Re-measurement Contract•B.Q单(“工程量清单”的翻译准确度?)的结构和用途(第55款/99版第12款)•2003年7月1日,GB50500-2003工程量清单(量价单)的推行与价格市场化,突破了传统的定额计价方式经验是可比定额低15~20%不等(主要取决于个体工效)•文字(words)管着数字(figures)•Measurement Standard.•Q.S工作的重要性 —— When market is good, QS is good. When market is worse, QS is better. •参见《国际工程与劳务》杂志2000年第9期和第10期,中国对外承包商会。
英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notice of Disagreement with Measurement Records – Clause 12 (Measurement and Evaluation) (87版是版是Clause 56.1)We refer to the measurement records and drawings issued to us under your Ref. No. …… dated and regret that we have been unable to agree these considering them to be incorrect in the following respects :- (a) …… (b) …… (c) …… (d) ……Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer’s Representative Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Inspection and/or Measurement of Work before Covering UpWe write to give you notice pursuant to Clause 7.3 (Inspection) (99版是Clause 38.1) of the Conditions of Contract that the following works ………… located at ………… are about to be covered up and these works will be available on …… for inspection by you.Will you please arrange to attend for inspection and/or measurement without delay or advise us in writing should you feel your attendance is not necessary.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc:Engineer in Chief The Engineer三十八、三十八、 投投标标报价技巧及实例报价技巧及实例报价工作 —— 令人两难,要么“有”,要么“无”;获取项目的机会 vs 实施中潜在风险;Tendermanship;Riders/Qualifications(中国人在汉译英时常翻为Conditions, 欠妥)vs Responsive/Conforming Tender。
参见《FIDIC合同条件应用实务(第二版)》一书 pp93~99,中国建筑工业出版社 Gaps and Loopholes Front Loading 要注意掌握适度 (利之所至,弊亦随之) + + 调价公式调价公式某公路项目实例及数据某公路项目实例及数据1)多收钱)多收钱 “排水层”(洪泛区填石): 把其单价提高至较高水平,而在工程实施期间,实际工程量由投标时的5000方(投标报价88.71美元/m³ )激增至350万方(实施成本42.84美元/m³ ),故排水层这一工程量变化引起的项目税前利润增加量约为: (350 万方- 5000方)×(88.71- 42.84)= 1.6(亿美元) 在在“排水层排水层”这一项上单价组成的不平衡报价技巧(多收钱)可这一项上单价组成的不平衡报价技巧(多收钱)可为项目增收创益达为项目增收创益达1.6亿美元,占到合同总金额亿美元,占到合同总金额60亿美元的亿美元的2.67%(多(多收钱:形成盈利)收钱:形成盈利) 2)早收钱)早收钱 清表、普通土开挖回填、石方开挖回填、普通土挖方弃方、石方挖方弃方、普通土填方提早收回约为: (验工收入 - 施工成本) = ∑ 2.59(亿美元) 在在“清表清表……普通土填方普通土填方”时间上验工计价的不平衡报价技巧时间上验工计价的不平衡报价技巧(早收钱)可为项目提早收回资金累计达(早收钱)可为项目提早收回资金累计达2.59亿美元,占到合同总金亿美元,占到合同总金额额60亿美元的亿美元的4.32%(早收钱:平衡点前,(早收钱:平衡点前,cash flow,非固化利润,,非固化利润,动态变化中)动态变化中) 。
下面列出投标报价下面列出投标报价时要充分考虑的因素,供参考时要充分考虑的因素,供参考 直接费:直接费:–人工费:直接从事设计、采购、施工、安装、调试工程等的国内人工和当地人工的费用中国人工费用由国内费用和国外费用组成(考虑出国、回国和休假等的交通费等),当地人工费用由基本工资、加班和劳保福利费用等组成–材料费:•国内供应材料:由材料出厂价(市场采购费用)、国内运费(由产地运至出口港口的装卸、仓储、包装、保险和港口费)、国际运费和保险费、海关税费、当地港口费、清关费、滞港滞关费(经验数字,如过去有类似项目)、当地陆路运杂保险费(港口至施工现场),等;•当地采购材料:材料采购和运至现场的费用,等;•第三国采购的材料:材料到岸价和当地陆路运杂保险费,等–机械费:包括机械设备折旧费、维护修理费、运费、机上人工费、交通燃油费、动力燃料费,等•对于机械设备的折旧,由于国际承包工程的风险比实施国内项目来得要大并且不确定因素较多,通常国际公司海外项目的设备折旧计算方法是带轮子的的设备三年摊完,不带轮子的五年摊完,供参考投入的机械设备是否在项目中一次摊消(项目工期多长)?或是用合理的剩余残值进行折旧,也可在权衡竞争与风险(包括接续项目的可能性)后再酌定。
机械设备的价格按照:•国内供应:由出厂价、国内运费、海运费、保险费、关税、港口费和当地运费组成;•当地采购税:由设备采购价和当地运杂费组成;•第三国采购:由设备到岸价和当地运杂费组成需特别强调的是:以上材料费和机械费两项要注意考虑做到CIF Site,尤其是所有运输过程中的保险费,从而做到有效地防范风险其它直接费其它直接费:施工用水、电所发生的费用,雨季施工增加费,工程施工干扰费,夜间施工增加费,材料二次搬运费,等间接费间接费:–管理费:•项目管理人员工资等费用;•办公用品费;•交通工具使用费;•通讯费;•国外交通差旅费;•劳动保护费;•国外医疗费;•炊具、卧具使用费;•检验试验费;•当地工人培训费;•当地工人保险费;•工具用具费;•学习文娱费;•外事活动费–投标阶段发生的费用:•购买标书费;•现场考察费;•编制标书费用;•办理投标保函的费用;•投标代理人费用(如果有的话)–临时工程费:•为进行施工、安装、调试工程等所必须修建的生产和生活用的临时建筑物、构筑物;•修建施工现场的临时进出场道路的费用和业主或当地政府部门规定的其它费用–中标后应考虑的办理履约保函、预付款保函的费用。
–工程保险费(承包商全险/工程全险、第三者责任险、车辆相关保险等)–设计费–咨询监理的费用(如果项目有咨询工程师或业主监理的话,要为对方提供生活、办公、试验室、交通等设施)–物价上涨因素–不可预见费–当地各种税费–清关清税的费用要充分考虑–上级单位管理费–佣金(如果有的话)三十九、合作的重要性三十九、合作的重要性合作就是联姻,一家人Partnership — the philosophy of alliance.We are on the same boat.Win-Win or No Deal.Be Unconditional Constructive.Extend Cooperation.Communicate, Communicate, Communicate!Good communication builds trust in the relationship.小赢在智,大赢在德与其不争,故天下莫能与之争《蓝海战略》/ British Airways的实例 波士顿矩阵波士顿矩阵(经营多项业务,评估投资组合)(经营多项业务,评估投资组合)•高市场份额意味着该项业务是所在行业的领导者。
•美国通用电器公司的CEO杰克·韦尔奇的理论是:“要么不做,要做就要做到本行业的第一或第二”Be No.1 or No.2 in its arenas, or be gone.) Cash CowDogStar?预计增长率市场份额(占有率)《蓝海战略》:“没有永远卓越的产业,” “没有永远卓越的企业四十、联营体四十、联营体 vs 合包集团合包集团 通常由Local Preference 7.5%的招标条件引出 许多业主为防范风险,在大项目上要求由JV投标 Joint Venture (联营体)— a kind of merger, 99版第1.14款(unincorporated grouping of two or more persons);银皮书第1.14款重要:连带责任(joint and several liabilities) Consortium(合包集团)— 仅按股份比例就自己实施的工程范围分别对业主承担相应的责任与义务,而并不承担合包集团其他伙伴对业主的连带责任 思维方式的转变:算好自己的,不要老算别人的! 沉默合作者(Sleeping Partner), CT9的合作(平均差幅20%左右,1.1% → 0.8%成交)vs 清水不干(信誉与生存)—— 两种不同的结果。
注意回报与风险的匹配关系几个实例牵头费(Leader Fee)某铁路项目,5,410万美元, 牵头费2%(比大比小: 0.8% vs 5%),不算低赢利的10%还要先分给牵头公司,再按比例分成甲、乙、丙三方股份比例为45%:30%:25%,总盈利711万美元(13%),分别赢利360万(另加牵头费108万,已列项目成本):191万:160万美元(仅投入54万:36万:30万美元,半年)沉默合作伙伴: “不战而胜”某机场设施项目,2,546万美元,乙方睡觉费64万美元(2.5%),甲方实施赢利不详失败的案例:某房建项目,3,170万美元乙方开始想不开,不同意睡觉,坚持要自己参与,而甲方愿给睡觉费31.7万美元(1%),甲方预测实施可盈利115万美元(3.6%)履约中乙方的管理和流动资金等出现问题,又向甲方请求撤出,想要睡觉结局是乙方亏损15万美元,甲方亏损38万美元(原合作比例三七开)成功的案例:某填海项目,4,708万美元,乙方睡觉费47万美元(1%),甲方实施盈利211万美元(4.5%)四十一、分包四十一、分包 FIDIC合同第4款和第59款(指定分包商)/99版第4.4 ~ 4.6款和第5款(指定分包商);银皮书第4.4 ~ 4.6款。
特点:不得100%转包,事先知会业主 —— 参见下页英文例函 Coordination – Site Coordinator, 99版第4.6款(Co-operation) 尽量让分包商以银行信用(保函)代替商业信用(合同),例如,取消 provided that ……这类对分包商有利的 “稻草条款”,反保函必须写明:如果分包商“不延期(则总包商)即索赔(call Bond)”,总包商并应注意预留充足的call Bond时间等 对分包商的制约 —— back to back subcontracting原则十分重要 在分包合同里要限死此条,并且这么写: “This Subcontract is based on back to back basis including payment terms.” —— OK? 这种笼统的描述不足以令总承包商据此而因为没能收到业主的付款就拒绝向分包商的付款! 详见下页Pay when paid vs Pay if paid的分析 参见《FIDIC合同条件应用实务(第二版)》一书 pp . 207~211,中国建筑工业出版社。
英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir, Re: Request for Consent to SubletIn accordance with the requirement of Clauses 4.4 (Subcontractors) and 4.5 (Assignment of Benefit of Subcontract) (87版是Clause 4.1) of the Conditions of Contract we are writing to seek your consent to :- Item of Work CompanyWe are satisfied that the Companies named have the resources and competence to carry out the works in a satisfactory and timely manner.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)分包条款中:分包条款中:Pay when paid vs Pay if paid ,哪个更好?,哪个更好?Pay when paid的典型条款:The Main Contractor will endeavour (this is not to be considered as a guarantee) to pay to the Subcontractor 's claims within 7 days after payment(from the Employer)to the Main Contractor of monies claimed on behalf of Subcontractor. 这种描述足以保护到了总承包商吧!? 法律上对上面条款的解读是“We will pay you when we have been paid”,但是业主没给总包商付款,并不能成为总包商不向分包商付款的借口,上游业主的不付款并不能成为对下游分包商不付款的前提条件,只是某 种程度上有利于总包商在时间上在时间上形成缓冲或拖延,而最终无法拒付这笔款项。
除非是在业主破产的特定情形下,Pay when paid条款才可彻底拒付款项Pay if paid的典型条款:Payment will be made to the Subcontractor only after(if only) payment has been received by the Main Contractor. 法律上对此的解读是“If we are not paid you will not receive payment”,如果措辞明确严谨,就可以拒付款项,而不仅只是在时间上推迟付款 Pay if paid条款确保了只有在总包商收到业主的付款后才会向分包商付款,这一点对在当地分包(指定当地分包)时尤为重要由于标准FIDIC分包合同连Pay when paid这类条款都没有(而ICE分包合同属于Pay when paid条款),就更别提像pay if paid这种有权彻底拒付款项的条款了,因此建议实际操作上咨询或聘请高手律师起草并协助商谈好Pay if paid这类限定性的条款英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Objection to the Nomination of a Nominated SubcontractorWe refer to your Instruction No .…… dated ……. nominating…… for …… and regret to advise you as well as the Employer of our objection to this nomination pursuant to Clause 5.2 (Objection to Nomination) (87版是Clause 59.2) of the Conditions of Contract on the ground that:- (a) The nominated firm will not enter into a subcontract with the same liabilities, obligations towards the Contractor which are imposed on the Contractor towards the Employer by the Main Contract. (b) The nominated firm will not indemnify the Contractor from and against any negligence by the nominated Subcontractor or his workmen and from and against any misuse by him or them of any constructional plant or temporary works provided by the Contractor. (c) The nominate Subcontractor is believed to have financial problems. (d) the nominated Subcontractor has been unable to demonstrate that it has the skilled labour, management capabilities for the work involved. (e) The nominated Subcontractor is unable to meet the main contract programme dated.Under the circumstances therefore we must either receive from you a statement from the Employer indemnifying us against any liability for the adequacy of the subcontract work/design or object to the nomination of this particular Company in accordance with the above mentioned Clause 5.2 (Objection to Nomination) (87版是Clause 59.2) .Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Notice of Withholding Payment to a Nominated SubcontractorWith reference to Clause 5.3 (Payments to Nominated Subcontractor) (87版是Clause 59.5(a) ) of the Conditions of Contract we are writing to advise you that in our opinion we have reasonable cause for withholding payment to a nominated Subcontractor and have withhold the sum of …… from …… for the following reasons ………… against Certificate No …… Attached for your further information is a copy of the letter Ref. No …… dated ….. which we have written to the nominated Subcontractor advising of our action as required pursuant to Clause 5.3 (Payments to Nominated Subcontractor) (87版是Clause 59.5(a) ) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)Enc.英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir,Re: Design Liability under a Nominated SubcontractWe acknowledge receipt of your Instruction No ……. dated …… nominating Messrs ………… for the ………May we draw your attention to the fact that several matters in the signed subcontract documents relating to the requested design and specifications were not expressly stated in our Main Contract pursuant to Clause 5 (Nominated Subcontractors) (87版是Clause 59.3) ofthe Conditions of Contract. Likewise in respect of these matters the documents are not specific on the questions of indemnity as to the adequacy of their design.Under the circumstances therefore we must either receive from you a statement from the Employer indemnifying us against any liability for the adequacy of the subcontract design or have to object the nomination of this particular Company under Clause 5.2 (Objection to Nomination) (87版是Clause 59.2) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)SAMPLE 实例实例四十二、总承包项目四十二、总承包项目1. 合同种类Design-bid-Build (FIDIC)。
单一总包牵头 vs 多头承包商对业主(费用可降低,但管理难、风险大,因此引出下面的Construction Management方式)Construction Management(CM) vs Management Agreement/Contract (有时Management Agreement可免合同税)Turnkey (D+B) (FIDIC 77/87版) - EPC (FIDIC 99版)BOT / PPP,BOT 的可操作性 vs 房地产投资 2. 报价方式Lump Sum(FIDIC 橙皮书、银皮书)Cost Plus.Unit Price (FIDIC 红皮书)3. 付款方式Milestone Payments (可以有效防止 Front Loading)Re-measurement or Progress Payments.4. 工、料、机(进口设备为主)的管理5. 清关和清税英文例函Engineer in Chief Date ……The EngineerDear Sir, Re: Consent for the Removal of Temporary Works and Equipment from the SiteWe have now completed the sections of work for which the following items of temporary works and equipment were brought onto Site and now wish to remove them for re-export :- (a) …… (b) ……May we therefore have your consent for the removal from the Site of these items pursuant to Clause 4.17 (Contractor’s Equipment) (87版是Clause 54.1) of the Conditions of Contract.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)英文例函Project Manager Date ……The EmployerDear Sir,Re: Assistance with Re-export of Construction EquipmentWe refer to our Contract with you for the construction of …… and write to confirm our wish to re-export the following items of constructional equipment imported for the purpose of the works:- (a) ………… (b) ………… (c) ………….May we ask for your assistance in obtaining Government consent to such re-export pursuant to Clauses 1.13 (Dates Tests, Periods and Completion) and 2.2 (Permits, Licences or Approvals) (87版是Clause 54.4) of the Conditions of Contract and to request an early meeting with you to discuss the matter more fully.Yours faithfully,Project ManagerThe Contractor (Co. Ltd)cc: Engineer in Chief The Engineer 四十三、四十三、Turnkey – EPC Contract 通常有融资要求。
属于Lump Sum Contract 业主把设计风险转嫁给了承包商 Keating on Building Contracts —— 设计就是选择,这也是承包商的权利 法律原则:满足签约时所设定的Fitness for Purpose因此,偏离了承包商满足到了Fitness for Purpose的设计以外的所有其它设计都被认为是变更优点: 1) 责任单一(无咨询工程师) ,全在卖方 2) 价格封顶,风险转嫁给承包商 3) 没有咨询工程师,加速了定货过程 4) 高效、无扯皮 5) 大项目,JV及减少业主风险缺点: 1) 业主失控(因此引出PPP) 2) 投标费用高,并最终转嫁给业主 3) 承包商对所承接的风险在算账时一定会 Price Risks,将导 致总价抬高(尤其是当竞争不充分时)四十四、四十四、F-EPC(融资总承包项目)(融资总承包项目)买方信贷 vs 卖方信贷(加大企业负债率)1.普通出口信贷 浮动利率:LIBOR(5.68)+ margin(0.65~1.75{商贷}或更高) 固定利率:CIRR(Commercial Interest Reference Rate) www.ecgd.gov.uk/index/cir_cc/ccirr.htm(变动中,多种货币) 举例 US$: 2 to 5 years credit 5.97 over 5 to 8.5 years credit 6.00 over 8.5 years credit 6.03 年限:≤ 12年: 3.5年(提款期) + 8.5年(还款期) 安排费(Management Fee):0.3%~1%(一次性收取) 承诺费:0.3%~0.75%(每年按对没提款部分的实际天数计算)2.优惠出口信贷 利率 2~3%左右年限:12~15年:7年(或5年)(grace period 宽限期,只还息 不还本;通常就是建设期)+ 8年(还本付息)☆ 主权担保 + One of the Top Three/Five Banks 获出口信贷机构(Export Credit Agency)认可— 保险公司(6~7%) JBIC 银行利率很低:flat 0.5~0.75%,25 +10年(grace period)3.商业贷款 Indicative Term SheetProject: 项目全称,包括其目的以及主要功能Owner: 业主全称,包括政府主管部门全称Contractor: 承包商(或联营体/合包集团)全称The Contract Price: 合同总金额,例如 USD 1 billion(100%)Construction Period 工期月数,例如 41 monthsPossible Financing Structure: 1) ECA (Export Credit Agency) backed facility: USD 850 m(85%)2) Commercial loan(穆斯林不用该词)facility: USD 150 m(15%) NB: The a.m. figures are based on the availability of (i) 提供主权担保,covering 85% of the Contract Price plus 85% of the respective Export Credit Agency(ies)'s premium and 85% of the capitalized Facility Charges accruing during the construction period of 41 months on the Export Credit Facility , (ii) an ECA backed facility representing 85% of the Contract Price plus 85% of the respective Export Credit Agency(ies)'s premium and 85% of the capitalized Facility Charges accruing during the construction period of 41 months related to this facility and a commercial facility representing the remaining 15% of the Contract Price.Tranche 1 : Export Credit FacilityBorrower: 项目所在国的当地五大银行之一 (i) Bank AAA, (ii) Bank BBB, (iii) Bank CCC, (iv) Bank DDD or (v) Bank EEE.Lenders: The Export-Import Bank of China and 某国际大银行, as the case may be accompanied by one or more first rank international banks.Arranger: The Export-Import Bank of ChinaGuarantor: 项目所在国政府的财政部(或经济事务及财政 部)或中央银行Facility Amount: subject to the approval of the Export-Import Bank of China and the Chinese Export Credit Agency (SINOSURE): a) up to 85% of the Contract Price i.e. up to USD 850 mb) up to 85% of the insurance premium of SINOSURE the respective cover policyc) 85% of the interest during constructionCurrency: USDDrawdown Period: Up to 42 months (因项目合同工期(因项目合同工期4141个月,个月,4242个个月月÷1212个月个月= 3.5= 3.5年,提款期年,提款期))after the fulfillment of the conditions precedent under the Export Credit Facility, which shall include the effectiveness of the Commercial Contract in accordance with the provisions thereof and, if applicable, the effectiveness of the Commercial Facility.Drawdown: Each advance under the Export Credit Facility shall be used to effect payments on behalf of the Owner, to the Contractor according to the payment terms of the Commercial Contract , and to SINOSURE as appropriate.Repayment: In up to 17 equal, consecutive half-yearly installments, the first of which being due 6 months after the “starting point of the facility” determined according to the prevailing “OECD Consensus” regulations, i.e. 6 months after the contractual provisional acceptance date for equipment to be erected under the responsibility of the Contractor; however, an ultimate date for the start of repayment will be fixed in the facility documentation.((17次次x 6个月个月÷12个月个月= 8.5年,年,还款期还款期)) 注:经济合作发展组织总部设在巴黎,有注:经济合作发展组织总部设在巴黎,有“富人俱乐部富人俱乐部”之称,之称,现成员国有现成员国有30多个,其多个,其GDP占世界的占世界的2//3,中国现为观察员。
中国现为观察员Facility Charges: (把(把85%的出口信贷分成%的出口信贷分成 53固定利率固定利率 : 47浮动浮动利率)利率)1) floating rate on the basis of the LIBOR for 6 months plus a margin of 0.75% p.a. ((0.75 叫叫7070个个bpbp))The floating rate will apply for a minimum amount of USD 450.5 m .((85%85%的的53% 53% 采用固定利率)采用固定利率) and2) fixed rate If available, the fixed interest rate (CIRR). The CIRR will be determined by the corresponding CIRR provider in accordance with OECD Consensus regulations. For indicative purposes only, current CIRR for a USD financing and a term of 8.5 years stands at 6.0% p.a.. This fixed rate will apply to a maximum amount of USD 399.5 m .((85%85%的的47% 47% 采用浮动利率)采用浮动利率)Calculation of Facility Charges: Facility Charges will be calculated on the amounts outstanding based on the actual number of days elapsed and a 360 day year and will be payable semi-annually in arrears(注意:事后付)(注意:事后付). The first Facility Charges payment will be due on the first January 21st or July 21st after the first drawdown date. Management Fee: 0.3% flat calculated on the total amount of the Export Credit Facility (applicable in case the cover granted by SINOSURE for commercial risk is at least 95%).Commitment Fee: 0.3% per annum calculated on the undisbursed amounts of the Export Credit Facility on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a 360 day year and payable semi-annually in arrears(注意:事后付) from the date of signing of the Export Credit Facility.Insurance Cover: Comprehensive cover of min. 95% political risk and 95% commercial risk.Insurance Premium: This premium is due to and will be fixed by SINOSURE on the basis of the terms of the requested Export Credit Facility.(通常在 6~7%)Tranche 2 : Commercial Loan FacilityBorrower: 项目所在国的当地五大银行之一 (i) Bank AAA, (ii) Bank BBB, (iii) Bank CCC, (iv) Bank DDD or (v) Bank EEE, and the bank selected should be same as that of the Tranche 1.Lenders: 某国际大银行 or any of its affiliates, as the case may be accompanied by one or more first rank international banks. Arranger: 某国际大银行Facility Amount: The portion of the Commercial Contract not financed through the Export Credit nor through the Borrower for in total up to a minimum ratio of covered (amount of Export Credit facility) to uncovered (amount of Commercial Loan Facility) portion of approx. 85 : 15Currency: USDDrawdown Period: Up to 42 months after the fulfillment of the conditions precedent under the Commercial Facility, which shall include the effectiveness of the Commercial Contract in accordance with the provisions thereof and the effectiveness of the Export Credit Facility.Drawdown: Each advance under the Commercial Loan Facility shall be used to effect payments on behalf of the Owner, to the Contractor according to the payment terms of the Commercial Contract. Repayment: In up to 6 equal, consecutive half-yearly installments, the first of which being due 6 months after the “starting point of the facility” determined according to the prevailing “OECD Consensus” regulations, i.e. 6 months after the contractual provisional acceptance date for equipment to be erected under the responsibility of the Contractor; however, an ultimate date for the start of repayment will be fixed in the facility documentation. (6次x6个月÷12个月= 3年,商业贷款的还款期)Facility Charges: The Facility Charges will be the LIBOR for the related periods plus a margin of 1.75% p.a. (1.75叫175个bp)Facility Charges will be calculated on the amounts outstanding based on the actual number of days elapsed and a 360 day year. The first Facility Charges payment will take place 6 months after the first drawdown date. (15%的商贷部分即 USD 150 m 全都采用浮动利率)Management Fee: 1.00% flat calculated on the Commercial Loan Facility Amount.Commitment Fee: 0.75% per annum calculated on the undisbursed amounts of the Commercial Loan Facility on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a 360 day year and payable semi-annually in arrears from the date of signature of the Commercial Loan Facility.四十五、四十五、 N个真实案例分析及研讨个真实案例分析及研讨•投标欲降价18.5%,有人在操作上是加入一封降价函 —— 结果是所有BQ单的单价都降下来,包括索赔、变更、调价和额外追加费用等。
•投标 —— 退出能挣860万澳门元,但要丢掉2.6亿澳门元合同额及营业额,860万/2.6亿 = 3.3%,另外,经了解,业主征地尚没全部落实 —— 这可能是承包商索赔的机会,同时也可能是项目的潜在 风险如何决策?•某国家3亿欧元合同,已签约,融资两年后满足了 Conditions Precedent —— 但履约保函屡屡开不出来同时,分包商要求涨价,并暗中与业主直接接触 ……•原则 :卖牌子费的业务从来都不做 vs 但为什么不引入竞争机制?你会选择怎么做?(案例:圆周角居屋短桩/汇汉建设/亚太土木,ICAC共拘捕8人,http://www.icac.org.hk/new_icac/big5/cases/piling/p01.html)vs 地铁车辆里的电缆切出来自营 vs 结果•质量第一 vs 安全第一?HK Fatal Accident 承担刑事责任,Robert vs robber vs 腰病痊愈•不必要的法律责任(合法经营,法律安全)某地区A犯案,因为B,而C也作过类似事情 —— 但C认为此时机会来了,一定获升迁你怎么办?Botswana 案子通报撤职丧子•调价公式的选择 vs 香港通缩 ?•VO —— Gabion Wall vs Retaining Wall,老田工去路桥。
•签约原本明确答应 within one month 完成可研报告,但并不现实,怎么办?坚持把 within 改为after ,规避了巨大风险《国际工程承包实用手册》 中国对外承包工程商会 主编 中国铁道出版社《FIDIC合同条件应用实务(第二版)》 田威 著 中国建筑工业出版社《FIDIC合同条件实用技巧(第二版)》 田威 著 中国建筑工业出版社《合约工程中临时发生的点工计费标准/英国土木工程承包商协会》 田威 译 中国建筑工业出版社 Engineering Law and ICE Contracts, Max W. Abrahamson,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, Reprinted 1985 The FIDIC Form of Contract, Nael G. Bunni, BSP Professional Books, Reprinted 1994 Keating on Building Contracts Stephen Furst, QC, Sweet & Maxwell, 7th EditionHudson’s Building and Engineering Contracts, I.N. Duncan Wallace, Sweet & Maxwell, 10th EditionEmden's Building Contracts and Practice, Emden, Alfred Charles Richard, Butterworths, 8th EditionMusterbriefe in Englische für den Auslandsbau unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der FIDIC Bauvertragsbedingungen, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Klaus Lange, Bauverlag GMBH四十六、推荐参考书目四十六、推荐参考书目提问及答疑提问及答疑 多谢!Key Takeaways要点?。












