AP psychology总结Unit9.doc

Chapter 9 Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental PsychologyFrom birth to death.It is an applied topic rather than pure research topic: apply from other areas of psychology.2 basic controversies:1) nature (genetic factors) VS nurture (environmental factors) 2) continuity VS discontinuity Research methods1、 Cross-sectional research: uses participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change over the life span. 2、 Longitudinal research: examines one group of participants over time. More precise but time-consuming.Prenatal influences产前影响1、 Genes2、 Teratogens（environmental）1) Teratogens畸胎原: certain chemicals or agents can cause harm if ingested or contracted by the mother. 2) The placenta胎盘 can filter out many potentially harmful substances, but teratogens pass through this barrier and can affect the fetus in profound ways. Eg. Alcohol, psychoactive drugs, polluting chemicals, certain bacteria and viruses. 3) Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): children born with FAS have small, malformed skull and mental retardation. 4) Fetal alcohol effect: a less severe effect of moderate drinking during pregnancy. It may have specific developmental problems later in life, such as learning disabilities or behavioral problems.Motor/sensory development1、Reflexes:1) In the past, it is believed that humans are born as Blank slates: helpless and without any skills or reflexes.2) In fact, there are newborn reflexes: we are born with and lose later in life (some other reflexes (eg: eye blinking) remain with us throughout our life):a) Rooting reflex觅食: When touched on the cheek, a baby will turn his or her head to the side where he or she felt the touch and seek to put the object into his or her mouth.b) Sucking reflex吮吸: When an object is placed into the baby’s mouth, the infant will suck on it. c) Grasping reflex抓: If an object is placed into a baby’s palm or foot pad, the baby will try to grasp the object with his or her fingers or toes.d) Moro reflex缩: When startled, a baby will fling his or her limbs our and then quickly retract them, making himself or herself as small as possible. e) Babinski reflex脚趾张开: When a baby’s foot is stroked, he or she will spread the toes.2、 The Newborn’s Senses除了视觉，其他都已发展良好1) Hearing: dominant sense2) Taste & smell：like the way we are, and prefer sugar concentrated food3) Vision：very poor4) Face-like：help them see their mother3、 Motor development1) Develop in the same sequence but different timing2) Environmental effect is slightParenting：Attachment theory1、 Konrad Lorenz: some infant animals become attached on individuals or even objects they see during a critical period after birth. Eg：丑小鸭2、 Harry Harlow: baby monkey with 2 artificial wire frame figures 1) When infant monkeys were frightened, they prefer the soft mother(with soft material) than the other mother(with bottle of milk) the importance of physical comfort in the formation of attachment with parents.2) The monkeys raised by wire frame mothers became more stressed and frightened than monkeys raised by real mothers when put into new situations. The deprivation of an attachment with a real mother had long-term effects on monkey’s behavior.3、 Mary Ainsworth: strange situationObserved infant’s reactions when placed into a strange situation: their parents left them alone for a short period of time and then returned.1) Infants with secure attachments (about 66%) confidently explore the novel environment while the parents are present, are distressed when they leave and come to the parents when they return. 此类最常见2) Infants with avoidance attachments (about 21%) may resist being held by the parents and will explore the novel environment. They do not go to the parents for comfort when they return after an absence. 3) Infants with anxious/ambivalent attachments/resistant attachments (about 12%) have ambivalent reactions to parents. They may show extreme stress when the parents leave but resist being comforted by them when they return.Parenting stylesDiana Baumrind: parent-child interactions (the research is correlational not causational)1、 Authoritarian parents: set strict standards for their children’s behavior and apply punishment for violation of these rules. Punishment more than reinforcement. 独裁 without explanation and discussion2、 Permissive parents: do not set clear guidelines for their children. The rules that do exist in the family are constantly changed or are not enforced consistently. 放任自由reaction would be unpredictable3、 Authoritative parents: have set, consistent standards for their children’s behavior, but the standards are reasonable and explained. The rationale for family rules are discussed with children old enough to understand them. 权威reasonable with explanation4、 Children from: 1) authoritarian family are more likely to distrust others and be withdrawn from peers. 2) permissive family are more likely to ha。