中美间基本文化差异.ppt

中美间基本文化差异,SOME GENERAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE AND AMERICAN CULTURES,Conception Of the Self 自我认知,Collectivist: Higher value placed on group cooperation and individual modesty. 集体主义者：更重视团队合作精神和自我的谦逊Individualist: Higher value placed on self-reliance. Self-promotion is more accepted. High value placed on “freedom“ from externally imposed constraints. 个人主义：更注重自立跟生和自我推销对于外部条件约束更加强调个体自由,Social Relationships 社会关系,Formal, hierarchical. People most comfortable in the presence of a hierarchy in which they know their position and the customs/rules for behavior in the situation. 正式，等级体系的。

人们乐于在一个实际的层次结构中，遵守属于自己的地位和行为法则Informal, egalitarian. People most comfortable with their social equals; importance of social rankings minimized. 非正式，平等的人们乐于追求社会公平，重视社会等级最小化,Friendship 友谊,Small number of close, lifelong friends who feel deeply obligated to give each other whatever help might seem required. 少量挚友和生死至交，责无旁贷的在对方需要时伸出援手 Large collection of “friends“ and acquaintances which changes over time and involves only limited mutual obligations. 大量的“朋友”和熟人,随时间变化而变化,并只涉及有限的共同义务Obligation 义务,Relationships with other people involve reciprocal obligations. 交往中注重来而不往非礼也People avoid interdependent relationships and situations that might entail long-term obligations. 人们避免相互依存的关系,这样会维持长期的交往关系,Task vs. Relationship Orientation 目标导向/关系导向,Relationship-oriented: Maintaining a harmonious relationship has priority over accomplishing tasks. 关系导向：保持关系和谐优于完成任务Task-oriented. Relationships are less important than getting the work done. 目标导向：任务优先,Harmony vs. “Truth“ 追求与真相,Avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and controversial topics. Concern maintaining harmony and with “face.“ 避免直接对抗,公开批评,和有争议的话题。

关注保持和谐与“面子”Willing to confront directly, criticize, discuss controversial topics, express personal opinions about what they consider “the truth. Little concern with “face.“ 愿意面对直接批评,讨论有争议的话题,表达个人观点对他们所认为的“真相较小关注“面子”Role of laws, rules, and regulations 法律、规章、制度的角色,More faith in personal relationships than in written rules and procedures for structuring interactions. 相比于规章制度条文更笃信人际互动关系 Written rules presumably apply to everyone and are assumed to produce fair, reasonable procedures and decisions. 规章制度前人人平等，只有制度才能产生公平合理的过程和决策,Time Consciousness 时间意识,Relatively more attention to the past and to the longer-term future. 相对更多地关注过去和将来的生活 Less interested in the past; eye on near-term future. More interest in being on time and efficiency. 对过去不感兴趣;关注短期的未来。

更多的兴趣在时间和效率Ascribed vs. Achieved Status 被赋予/主动争取的地位,Traditionally, a person's status in the society was based importantly on inherited characteristics such as age, gender, and family. This is changing. 传统上,一个人的社会地位的基础是重要的是在继承特性,比如年龄、性别和家庭这种情况正在改变People's status is based mainly on their own achievements, including education obtained and level of success realized in their line of work. People judged on their achievements not on their status. 人们的地位是主要基于自己的成就,包括教育和事业上达到的水准和已实现的成功人们对他们的评判不是看他们的地位而是成就。

Resource: AIEF - American International Education Foundation,“Pre-Departure Orientation for Students,“ http://www.china-nafsa.aief-usa.org,Why do Americans act that way?,U.S. Cultural Values and the impact on American behavior,,So you’re going to the United States to study? Be prepared because the values and behavior of Americans may seem strange to you. You may find some their actions strange and confusing. Below is 13 common American values that cause Americans to behave the way they do. You will find it helpful to review this before you begin your studies.,Personal Control over the Environment,People can/should control nature, their own environment and destiny; future is not left to fate.,Energetic, goal-oriented society. Believe they have control over fate.,Explanation,Behavior Result,Change/Mobility,Change is seen as positive, good, meaning progress, improvement and growth.,Transient society, geographically, economically and socially.,Time and Its Control,Time is valuable; achievement of goals depends on productive use of time.,efficiency and timeliness often more important than interpersonal relationships.,Equality/ Egalitarianism平均主义,People have equal opportunities; people are important as individuals for who they are, not for their family or status.,They Treat everyone the same regardless of rank and status.,Individualism, Independence and Privacy,People are seen as separate individuals (not group members) with individual needs; Privacy is valuble.,U.S. Americans seen as self-centered and sometimes isolated and lonely.,Self-Help,U.S. Americans take pride in own accomplishments; do not expect status as result of family.,They Respect people based on individual achievements, not status of birth.,Competition and Free Enterprise进取心,U.S. Americans believe competition brings out the best in people and free enterprise produces the most progress and success.,Competition is seen as more positive than cooperation. Individuals as well as groups compete.,Future Orientation/Optimism 乐观,。