蹴鞠英文介绍.ppt

Cuju(蹴鞠) Cuju is an ancient ball game with similarities to association football. It is seen by some including FIFA（国际足球联盟） to be the forerunner of modern football despite there being no historical connection between the sports. The game originated in China, and was also played in Korea, Japan and Vietnam.蹴蹴鞠鞠kickkickballballHistory Cuju is believed to have originated in China before the Warring States Period(475-221BC). According to historical records, Cuju was a very popular game in Linzi (in today‘s Shandong Province in East China), the capital of the Qi State during the Warring States Period （战国）more than 2,300 years ago. In the Western Han Dynasty(206 BC-24 AD), cuju was considered both a form of entertainment and a type of military training. All prefectural governors had standard cuju fields for training troops. Historical records say that during the war against the Huns（匈奴）, soldiers set up sports fields along the marching routes. This training lasted for many generations, and the game was always played during troop inspections. Favored by emperors, nobles and scholars, cuju's popularity gradually spread from the army to the royal courts and upper classes. Drawings of ancient cuju games in the Western Han Dynasty have been found on stone and brick paintings and even on seals, indicating that it had many forms, some similar to present-day football matches, others resembling dances. The world's first diehard cuju fan was recorded by a doctor in Linzi during the Western Han period, whose patient refused to miss any cuju games and died suddenly from over-exertion and sweating.  Cuju flourished during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) due to social and economic development, extending its popularity to every class in society - from the emperor to ordinary citizens. At that time, professional cuju players were quite popular, the earliest football clubs or guilds were founded, books on the game were published, and the sport began to take on a commercial edge. But Chinese traditional ideas encouraged calm, peace, and tolerance,(“和”“中庸”） so ancient sports in China were different from their more exciting and competitive versions in the west. The game gradually declined in popularity in the mid-Qing Dynasty(1644-1911). Historically there were two main styles of cuju: "Zhu Qiu" and "Bai Da". “Zhu Qiu”（间接对抗） was commonly performed at court feasts celebrating the emperor's birthday or during diplomatic events. A competitive cuju match of this type normally consisted of two teams with 12-16 players on each side. “Bai Da“(白打） became dominant during the Song Dynasty, a style that attached much importance to developing personal skills. Scoring goals became obsolete when using this method with the playing field enclosed using thread and players taking turns to kick the ball within these set limits. The number of fouls made by the players decided the winner.Cuju club In the 10th century, a Cuju club Qi Yun She (齐云社） developed in China; every year there was a national championship Shan Yue Zheng Sai (山岳正赛) organised by Qi Yun SheThanks for your attention!。