《语言学》构词法 blend.doc

[Expand] Support Wikipedia: a non-profit project — Donate Now BlendBlendFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Blend (disambiguation). “Blending“ redirects here. For alpha blending, see Alpha compositing.In linguistics, a blendblend is a word formed from parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes.ContentsContents[hide]1 Linguistics o1.1 Formation 1.1.1 Blending of two roots 1.1.2 Lexical Selection 2 Use 3 See also 4 References [ [editedit] ] LinguisticsLinguisticsBlends deal with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemes to form a new word. However, the process of defining which words are true blends and which are not is more complicated. The difficulty comes in determine which parts of a new word are “recoverable“ (its root can be distinguished).[1]There are many types of blends, based on how they are formed. Algeo, a linguist, proposed dividing blends into three groups[2] :1. Phonemic Overlap: a syllable or part of a syllable is shared between two words 2. Clipping: the shortening of two words and then compounding them 3. Phenomic Overlap and Clipping: shortening of two words to a shared syllable and then compounding However, classification of types of blends is not standard among all linguists.[ [editedit] ] FormationFormationMost blends are formed by one of the following methods:1. The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other (see portmanteau word. For example, brunch is a blend of brbreakfast and lunchunch. One of the two may be a whole word if it is short. This is the most common method of blending. A monosyllabic word is divided into its onset and rime if necessary. A blend of this type typically has the same number of syllables as the second word. obroccobroccoli (3) + cauliflowerflower (4) → broccoflower (4) obrbreakfast (2) + lunchunch (1) → brunch (1) ocamcamera (3) + recordercorder (3) → camcorder (3) oedueducation (4) + entertainmenttainment (4) → edutainment (4) oinfoinformation (4) + commercialmercial (3) → infomercial (4, exception) omomotor (2) + hoteltel (2) → motel (2) osimulsimultaneous (5) + broadcastcast (2) → simulcast (3, exception) osmsmoke (1) + fogog (1) → smog (1) ospspoon (1) + forkork (1) → spork (1) ostagstagnation (3) + inflationflation (3) → stagflation (3) 2. The beginnings of two words are combined. For example, cyborg is a blend of cybcybernetic and orgorganism. 3. Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For example, the word Californication, from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is a blend of CaliforniCalifornia and fornicationcation. 4. Multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds' order. Poet Lewis Carroll was well known for these kinds of blends. An example of this is the word slithy, a blend of lithelithe and slislimy y. This method is difficult to achieve and is considered a sign of Carroll's verbal wit. When two words are combined in their entirety, the result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe.[ [editedit] ] BlendingBlending ofof twotwo rootsrootsBlending can also apply to roots rather than words, for instance in Israeli Hebrew. “Israeli דחפורdakhpór ‘bulldozer’ hybridizes (Mishnaic Hebrew>>)Israeli √ דחפdħp ‘push’ and (Biblical Hebrew>>)Israeli √ חפרħpr ‘dig’[...] Israeli שלטוטshiltút ‘zapping, surfing the channels, flipping through the channels’ derives from (i) (Hebrew>)Israeli שלטshalát ‘remote control’, an ellipsis – like English remote (but using the noun instead) – of the (widely known) compound רחוק שלטshalát rakhók – cf. the Academy of the Hebrew Language’s רחק שלטshalát rákhak; and (ii) (Hebrew>)Israeli שטוטshitút ‘wandering, vagrancy’. Israeli שלטוטshiltút was introduced by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in [...] 1996. Synchronically, it might appear to result from reduplication of the final consonant of shalát ‘remote control’. Another example of blending which has also been explained as mere reduplication is Israeli גחליליתgakhlilít ‘fire-fly, glow-fly, Lampyris’. This coinage by Hayyim Nahman Bialik blends (Hebrew>)Israeli גחלתgakhélet ‘burning coal’ with (Hebrew>)Israeli לילהláyla ‘night’. Compare this with the unblended חכליליתkhakhlilít ‘(black) redstart, Phœnicurus’ ()Israeli כסףkésef ‘money’ and the (International/Hebrew>)Israeli agentive suffix -ר-ár. The second is that it is a quasi-portmanteau word which blends כסףkésef ‘money’ and (Hebrew>)Israeli √ ספרspr ‘count’. Israeli Hebrew כספרkaspár started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one, the final syllable -ר-ár apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffix -ר-år (probably of Persian pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in Mendele Moc。