批评言语行为研究课件.ppt

Speech Act of CriticismPresented by Xiao Jie 批评言语行为研究1. The New Oxford Dictionary of English define criticism as the expression of disapproval of someone or something based on perceived faults and mistakes.2. The Modern Chinese Dictionary gives a definition of criticism as: 1. comments on someone’s merits and demerits; evaluation of someone’s strength and weakness; 2. comments on someone’s mistakes and faults.DefinitionObviously, the two definitions are static without taking the dynamic context and pragmatic function into full account. 批评言语行为研究Direct criticism is direct expression of negative evaluation without reservation. It is most explicit in speaker’s intention to criticize, leaving no chance for the interlocutor to misunderstand it, so that direct criticism is regarded as very effective criticism strategy.Indirect criticism means that the illocutionary force of criticism is uttered by means of the performance of other speech acts, so the speaker’s real intention can be partially concealed.批评言语行为研究criticismIndirect criticismDirect criticismThe speaker tend to accept the Indirect Criticism which means that the illocutionary force of criticism is uttered by means of the performance of other speech acts. 批评言语行为研究The “Face Theory” was put forward by Brown and Levinson.“Face” can be divided into two kinds, and one is the “positive face” which is in the need of praise and compliment from other people , the other is the “negative face” which avoids losing face by interfered and disturbed by other people.Face theory Generally speaking, criticism is a face threatening act which threats the hearer’s positive face. Therefore the speaker employs some strategies in expressing criticism. The speaker’s real intention is can be partially concealed thus face wants can be satisfied to some degree. 批评言语行为研究Researchers usually adopts Discourse Completion Test and Comparative Study to collect data.As to the data, in the perspective of “Face Theory”, we can divide them into nine groups. In the same way, according to the Indirect Speech Act, we can divide them into seven groups. Researches into speech act of Criticism批评言语行为研究 By stating the intentions, the speaker make his attitudes and opinions realized by the addressee. It can lessen the distance between the speaker and listener.  for example: (1) 夏天是个多梦的季节 我当学生的时候也在课堂上睡过觉 学习是件辛苦的事情 我特别理解大家的心情 但是 学生时代是学知识 长本领的黄金时代 无穷岁月增中减 有趣学问苦后甜 人生的关键只有几步 特别是年轻的时候 让我们一起振作起来 同仇敌忾 驱走瞌睡这个恶魔.(2) I know how busy you are and w hat a heavy paper lo ad you must have. It is understandable that occasionally a term paper is misplaced, but . . . 1. empathy批评言语行为研究The speaker intentionally offers some reminder to the hearer in order to make him aware of his mistake and correct it accordingly. For example:(1) 店里只有这么块板了，你们穿西装的文明人要讲理。

This plank is all the inn has. You civilized men in Western suits must be reasonable. (2) 老同志，您是不是忘了一个程序就把书往书包里装？2.hints批评言语行为研究For example:(1)咱教室里是不是应该支一张床,搞个休息室供奉皇太子啊(2)翻一翻皇历看看今天是不是不宜上课(3)The editor: “ Did you write the poem yourself? Then I am glad to meet you, Edgar Allan Poe, I thought you were dead long ago.”(4) 头发长短和你公安处有什么关系？精神文明不文明，其标志就是头发长短吗？老弟啊，现在可都是我们这些短头发的人掌权；要是有一天留长头发的人掌了权，说我们这些短头发的人不文明，不留头发不准我们上街，我们该怎么办呢？3. Jokes批评言语行为研究The speaker often use idioms to enhance the humorous effect. It can surely reduce the embarassing condition and face want can be satisfied.For example:(1) 有眼不识新衣(泰山) 。

 (2) 你怎么“ 涛声依旧”？4.Change the idioms批评言语行为研究Principle are the established social or moral rules or regulations that should be obeyed by both the speaker and the addressee. When they participate in social activities, they should abide by some principles. By presenting the principles, the speaker tries to preserve the mutual face wants and enable the hearer to realize his or her fault. ( 7) In our company, promptness has special importance. ( 8) 公司的规定你是知道的, 很抱歉, 明天你不用来了5.Statements of principles批评言语行为研究1. performatives and criticism Performatives can be divided into two kinds, the explicit performatives and implicit performatives. And criticism speech act can have either one of them. 2. the felicity conditions of illocutionary act and criticism Since criticism is a typical speech act, it surely satisfy the felicity conditions of illocutionary act.Criticism from the perspective of SAT批评言语行为研究Based on the Speech Act Theory, criticism can be classified into seven types, each bearing a different ways of expression which is typical and showing no similarities with others. In this point, the criticism we are to discuss specifically refers to indirect criticism. Indirect criticism is characterized by the change of the illocutionary point of the performatives which originally should be criticizing verbs.Classification￿according￿to￿SAT批评言语行为研究1. Instructing  e.g. 天下哪有免费的午餐呢？2. Request e.g. Would you like not to throw rubbish in this way again? 爸，妈，你们给我点自尊好不好？3. Warn e.g. 如果再迟到一次，我就炒你的鱿鱼4. Persuasion e.g. You’d better stop drinking, or you will die.批评言语行为研究5. Expressive e.g. 我说过了，不要随便动我的东西6. Irony e.g. Thank you, Tom, I really appreciate this. 真是英雄所见略同啊，你的观点和某某太一致了。

7. stroking e.g. Gee, your work is always so accurate, but the work you did today is not what I expected.批评言语行为研究Four dimensions of illocutionary act of criticismFelicity conditionsIllocutionary point(essential coditions)The speaker expresses feelings and opinions about what the hearer has done was improper.Direction of fitCriticism has no relations with the real world. Psychological state(sincerity condition)The speaker wants to express the complaints and dissatisfaction.Propositional contentThe propositional content must be true.批评言语行为研究。