浅析流水别墅独特之处.docx

○Surrounding:The house is well-known for its connection to the site; it is built on top of an active waterfall which flows beneath the house rather than below it to afford a view of the cascades as Wright had expected.在山溪旁的一个峭壁的延伸，生存空间靠着几层平台而凌空在溪水之上Bear Run and the sound of its water permeate the house, especially during the spring when the snow is meltingAnd It promotes harmony between people and nature through design so well integrated with the site that buildings, furniture, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.Disadvantages: Given the humid environment directly over running water, mold had proven to be a problem. The elder Kaufmann called Fallingwater "a seven-bucket building" for its leaks, and nicknamed it "Rising Mildew".[27] Condensation under roofing membranes was also a problem, due to the lack of damp proofing or thermal breaks.○ Material1. Reinforced concrete: a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. 注： 这一点不独特，但是是这个建筑材料的重要组成部分2. Locally quarried stone：An old rock quarry was reopened to the west of the site to provide the stones needed for the house’s walls. Locally quarried stone walls resembles the nearby rock formations are meant to be in harmony.3. Glass: the glass of the house meets stone walls no metal frame is used; rather, the glass and its horizontal dividers were run into a caulked recess in the stonework so that the stone walls appear uninterrupted by glazing.○ Unique construction:1.General: Mimicking 模仿 a natural pattern of native rock ledges, Wright placed the house over the falls in a series of cantilevered concrete trays anchored to masonry walls made of local Pottsville sandstone.2. Specific: The design incorporates broad expanses of windows and balconies which reach out into their surroundings. The staircase leading down from the living room to the stream is accessed by movable horizontal glass panes. In conformance with Wright's views, the main entry door is away from the falls.Wright had planned in the beginning to have the house blend in to its natural settings in rural Pennsylvania. In doing this, he limited his color choices to two colors, light ochre for the concrete and his signature Cherokee red for the steel.○The cantilevered structureReason: The Kaufmanns planned to entertain large groups of people, so the house would need to be larger than the plot allowed. Also, Mr. and Mrs. Kaufmann requested separate bedrooms, as well as a bedroom for their adult son and an additional guest room. So a cantilevered structure was used to address this.What is a cantilever: A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate, anchored at only one end to a (usually vertical) support from which it is protruding. Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs. When subjected to a structural load, the cantilever carries the load to the support where it is forced against by a moment and shear stress.Cantilever construction allows for overhanging structures without external bracing, in contrast to constructions supported at both ends with loads applied between the supports, such as a simply supported beam found in a post and lintel system. Disadvantages: Fallingwater's structural system includes a series of very bold reinforced concrete cantilevered balconies which had problems from the beginning. Pronounced deflection of the concrete cantilevers was noticed as soon as formwork was removed at the construction stage. This deflection continued to increase over time, and eventually reached 7 inches (over a 15-foot span).And now it has been repaired.。