多元视域的量子力学解释比较研究.pdf

华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 博博 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 I摘摘 要要 在科学发展的历史中，作为阐述微观客体性质的理论，量子力学也许是最成功的理论对于不可见的微观客体，物理学家们做了大量计算并设计了诸多的实验，甚至创造了新的技术，发挥人类的想象力定义量子世界的性质和行为量子力学的主要概念与直觉没有直接联系，促使人们寻找对量子理论的深层理解量子世界奇特的事实，可以从正统和非正统的量子力学解释中进一步领悟科学范式是多因素、多层次内容构成的整体，是由理论知识、哲学信仰、价值标准、研究方法和实验仪器所构成的无法分解的混合体量子力学解释是量子理论不可分割的部分，可认为是对理论的补充与扩展，属于哲学范畴 量子理论描述的科学图景抽象得难以理解，为了解决量子理论所产生的哲学问题及科学疑问，二十世纪二十年代左右玻尔、薛定谔、海森堡等知名物理学家经常聚集在哥本哈根讨论新的科学观念， 并达成了较一致的有关量子力学的解释，后来称为哥本哈根解释他们的解释详细地说明了量子物理的原理以及量子物理对实在的解释，凸显出了量子理论不只是科学理论，还是一种具有崭新哲学意义的理论哥本哈根解释包括不确定性原理、玻尔对应原理、玻恩对波函数的概率解释以及玻尔对原子现象的互补性原理。

哥本哈根解释虽是正统的解释，有其解释的合理之处，但也有令人置疑的方面，这也是其它非正统解释存在的原因哥本哈根解释受到实证主义者、工具主义者、操作主义的影响，引发实在论与非实在论之争和逻辑学的革命,导致了认识世界方式的变化-从潜在到现实的认识世界方式的改变 量子力学解释需要描述微观客体是否满足某种确定属性的特点，为了解释这些属性，系综解释、玻姆解释、多世界解释、模态解释、退相干解释与正统的哥本哈根解释有着语义上的差异， 它们在量子理论是否是决定性、 波函数是否真实、波函数是否塌缩、 是否承认隐变量、 是否承认观察者的作用等几个方面各不相同进而产生了对微观世界考察的不同看法对实在性、完备性、定域性、决定性给出了各自的说明无论是哪种属性，各种不同的解释就是能明确说明量子力学的数学形式的语义量子物理改变了科学家看待世界的方式，是从还原到整体、从一元方法论到多元方法论、从知识先验论到知识创造论的本体论、方法论和认识华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 博博 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 II论的变化哥本哈根解释、系综解释、玻姆解释、多世界解释、模态解释、退相干解释等各种量子力学解释都是试图在语义上、逻辑上澄清量子力学。

量子力学解释体系十分庞大，并且相关的形式表述非常复杂，哲学理念差异明显正统解释与非正统解释都有被人们欣赏的优点和合理成分，但同时也有逻辑推理与哲学理念的不协调之处每种解释的解释力与附加性要求不尽一致，从解释力强弱与附加性要求的多少两个方面对六种量子力学解释作比较，寻求解释力强弱与附加性要求多少之间的张力，作为所支持的多元量子力学解释的充分理由在寻求附加性要求与解释力之间的张力中，本文认识到同一学科的不同认识论领域可以同时并存两种，甚至两种以上的主导科学风格场的整体多元主义的立场 关键词：关键词：量子力学；哥本哈根解释；系综解释；多世界解释；解释力 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 博博 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 IIIAbstract In the history of scientific development quantum mechanics is perhaps the most successful theory as describing the characteristics of microscopic world. Physicists have done a lot of computation and designed a number of experiments, or even create new technologies to define the nature and behavior of quantum objects with the imagination of human being. However, the main concepts of quantum mechanics has no direct contact with the intuition ,prompting the search for deeper understanding of quantum theory .we can further comprehend the strange fact through orthodox and unorthodox interpretation of quantum interpretation. Scientific paradigm is a multifactor, multi-level whole, constituted by a mixture of decomposition of theoretical knowledge, philosophical beliefs, value standard, research methods and experimental apparatus. Interpretation of quantum theory is the indivisible part of quantum theory , which could be considered as not only the complementary of physical theory but also the extension of theory, belonging to the scope of philosophy. Quantum theory is too abstract to understand. In order to solve the philosophy and scientific problem many famous physicsist came to Copenhagen to discuss togetherly and form the interpretation of quantum theory to explain microscopic world during 1920s. Copenhagen interpretation is the first one trying to understand from the description of the microscopic world of quantum mechanics interpretation, including the uncertainty principle, Born’s probability interpretation of wave functions as well as the Bohr principle of complementarity of atomic phenomena. Although Copenhagen interpretation is the orthodox one, it has not only its rational aspects but also questionable aspects .This is why other unorthodox interpretation still exist. Copenhagen interpretation is influenced by positivist, instrumentalist and operationist, and resulted in the argument between realism and unrealism. Morever, copenhagen 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 博博 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 IVinterpretation caused the revolution of logic and change the world views which is the world from potential to reality . Interpretation of quantum mechanics need to describe the property of microscopic object.Compared with the copenhagen interpretation, ensemble interpretation, bohm interpretation, many-worlds interpretation, modal interpretation and decoherence interpretation are different in determination of quantum theory, collapse of wave function , hidden variable and function of observation. Furthermore they have different views in describing microscopic world. Then they give their own explanation on realism, completment, locality and determination. Whatever property different interpretation could explain quantum mathematics formlism semanticlly. Quantum physics change the world views of scientist. It realize the change on ontology, methodology and epistemology from reduction to holism ,unitary to multiplex, knowledge transcendental to knowledge creation.Copenhagen interpretation, ensemble interpretation, Bohm’s ontological interpretation, many-worlds interpretation, modal interpretation and decoherence interpretation try to clear quantum mechanics semantically and logically. The paper argue that each type of scientific theory and scientific method have advantages and disadvantages. Interpretation of quantum mechanics is very large ,and it is rather complex on expression and apparently different in philosophy. Each interpretation has its own advantages and rational element and also have the inconsistency in philosophy and logical reasoning. Copenhagen interpretation,。