罗立胜学术综合英语Unit7.ppt

mainUnit￿7Dishonoring￿the￿Honor￿System2012Part A Section A Pre-listening-Background Information Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningAssassination An assassination is the targeted killing of a public figure, usually for political purposes. Assassinations may be prompted by religious, ideological, political, or military reasons. Additionally, assassins may be motivated by financial gain, revenge, or personal public recognition. Assassination may also refer to the government-sanctioned killing of opponents or to targeted attacks on high-profile enemy combatants.Section A Pre-listening-Background InformationPre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening In figurative usage, the word “assassination” may also be used in colloquial speech as a hyperbole, as in the phrase “character assassination,” meaning an attempt to impugn another’s character, and thus kill (“assassinate”) his reputation and credibility.Section A Pre-listening-Background InformationParliament A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom. The name is derived from the French parlement, the action of parler (to speak): a parlement is a discussion. The term then came to mean a meeting at which such a discussion took place. It acquired its modern meaning as it came to be used for the body of people (in an institutional sense) who would meet to discuss matters of state.Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningSection A. New Words and Expressionsdisabled身体有残疾的身体有残疾的emancipation解放解放assassinate暗杀暗杀launch发动；开展发动；开展memorial纪念碑；纪念馆纪念碑；纪念馆shunt把把……撇在一边撇在一边Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningSection A Listen Task 1Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListeningOpening Speech for the UK’s First Disabled People’s ParliamentA person is going to give an opening speech for the UK’s first Disabled People’s Parliament and this person is going to link it with Martin Luther King’s famous speech － I Have a Dream.Part BSection A Listen Task 1Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListeningOpening Speech for the UK’s First Disabled People’s ParliamentWho launched this Parliament?Who are the members of this Parliament?Approximately how many disabled people are there in the UK?Whom are considered in Martin Luther King’s dream?Whom are considered in the speaker’s dream?The British Council of Disabled People.Disabled people in the UK.8,500,000.Black people.Disabled people.Task 2.1Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListen to the speech again and fill in the blanks in the following sentences.1. On 28 August, , before the in Washington, Martin Luther King gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.2. King said “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by .”1963______Lincoln Memorial ____________________the colour of their skin_________________________of their characterthe content but by_________________________________3. The speaker advocates a world in which to buildings, transport and the environment exist no longer and disabled people have the right to .4. The speaker hopes that we will automatically support disabled people to live in the community who should no longer fear being shunted into residential homes .5. In the speaker’s world, disabled people will not be judged by their bodies and people with learning disabilities will not be from hotels and restaurants because of prejudice.Task 2.1Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart Bbarriers the physical ______________________mobility and movement__________________________against their wishes______________________the shape of ______________turned away ______________ScriptOpening Speech for the UK’s First Disabled People’s Parliament I am delighted and honoured to be here today to open the UK’s first Disabled People’s Parliament.I would like to begin by thanking the British Council of Disabled People for all your efforts in launching this important initiative and to thank you, the first members of the Parliament － disabled people who are passionate enough about the situation of the eight and a half million of us in this country － for committing yourselves to fighting in our name.Part APart B Let me start by saying that I think today is one of historic importance in the emancipation of disabled people and our determination to seize control of our own lives. On 28 August 1963, before the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, Martin Luther King gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. Five years later he told us he had seen the promised land and the next day he was assassinated. So what was that dream? In many ways it was modest enough. He didn’t call for revolution. He wanted former slaves and sons of former slave owners to sit together at the table of brotherhood. He dreamt of freedom and justice. He said “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a ScriptPart APart BScriptnation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!” If King were with us today and we asked him to speak on disability I think he might say that he has another dream. A dream of a world in which disabled people are not judged by the shape of our bodies, or in which people with learning disabilities are not to be turned away from hotels and restaurants because of prejudice. He might dream of a world in which the physical barriers to buildings, transport and the environment exist no longer, Part APart BScriptand disabled people have the right to mobility and movement. He might dream of a world in which we automatically support disabled people to live in the community, who should no longer fear being shunted into residential homes against their wishes. King had his dream. We can have ours and we can make our dream come true. This Parliament, which I am proud to open today, is one more step to achieving that dream. Let’s live the dream. Thank you.Part APart BScript2Opening Speech for the UK’s First Disabled People’s Parliament I am delighted and honoured to be here today to open the UK’s first Disabled People’s Parliament.I would like to begin by thanking the British Council of Disabled People for all your efforts in launching this important initiative and to thank you, the first members of the Parliament － disabled people who are passionate enough about the situation of the eight and a half million of us in this country － for committing yourselves to fighting in our name.Part APart BScriptPart APart B Let me start by saying that I think today is one of historic importance in the emancipation of disabled people and our determination to seize control of our own lives. On 28 August 1963, before the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, Martin Luther King gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. Five years later he told us he had seen the promised land and the next day he was assassinated. So what was that dream? In many ways it was modest enough. He didn’t call for revolution. He wanted former slaves and sons of former slave owners to sit together at the table of brotherhood. He dreamt of freedom and justice. He said “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a Scriptnation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!” If King were with us today and we asked him to speak on disability I think he might say that he has another dream. A dream of a world in which disabled people are not judged by the shape of our bodies, or in which people with learning disabilities are not to be turned away from hotels and restaurants because of prejudice. He might dream of a world in which the physical barriers to buildings, transport and the environment exist no longer, Part APart BScriptand disabled people have the right to mobility and movement. He might dream of a world in which we automatically support disabled people to live in the community, who should no longer fear being shunted into residential homes against their wishes. King had his dream. We can have ours and we can make our dream come true. This Parliament, which I am proud to open today, is one more step to achieving that dream. Let’s live the dream. Thank you.Part APart BSection B Background InformationNew South Wales New South Wales is located in the south-east of Australia. It is the most populous state of the country with Sydney as its capital. Most of the state has an aridor semi-arid climate. However, most of the eastern portion has a temperate, wet climate. It is home to anumber of cultural institutions of importance to thenation, such as Sydney Opera House and City Recital Hall. Furthermore, throughout Australian history, sportingteams from New South Wales have been very successful in both winning domestic competitions and providing players to the Australian national teams.Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BL-B-P.2New South WalesSydney Opera HousePre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BTorres StraitL-B-P.3The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is approximately 150 km wide at its narrowest extent. The strait is named after Luis Váez de Torres, a Spanish sailor who was the first European to successfully sail through the strait in late 1606.Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BL-B-P. New Words and ExpressionsG’day日安（澳大利亚英语日安（澳大利亚英语Good day的缩略的缩略形式形式））spectator观众观众Torres Strait托雷斯海峡（在澳大利亚与伊里安岛托雷斯海峡（在澳大利亚与伊里安岛之间之间））New South Wales新南威尔士新南威尔士Aboriginal土著（尤指澳大利亚土著）的土著（尤指澳大利亚土著）的creed信仰信仰Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BTask 1You are to listen to a speech given at the opening ceremony of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games by IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch.SidneyPre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BOpening Speech for the Sydney 2000 Olympic GamesTask 1Listen to the speech and try to get its main ideas by taking notes. Answer the following questions according to your notes.1. What was the purpose of this speech?Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsTo declare the opening of the Olympic Games of the new millennium.2. Where were the 2000 Summer Olympic Games held?In Sydney, Australia.3. How many centuries ago were the Olympic Games started?25 centuries.Task 1Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details4. Who was the founder of the modern Olympic Games?A Frenchman called Pierre de Coubertin.The Governor General of Australia.5. Whom does the speaker invite to proclaim the opening of this Olympic Games?Task 2Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsListen to the speech again and try to fill in the blanks and answer the question.A. The speaker expresses his gratitude:1. To the people and government of Australia, New South Wales, Sydney and , for their friendly welcome and hospitality;2. To Sydney 2000 for of the Games;3. To for its dedication to Olympism;4. To the thousands of for their exceptional services;all other communities involved__________________________________the excellent preparation _____________________________the Australian Olympic Committee ______________________________________volunteers ____________Task 2Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details5. To the for their contribution to presenting the Games to the world;6. To for their support and their belief in the Olympic ideal;7. To all here and television viewers around the world;8. And to all those who － a great country, with special tribute to Aboriginal and Torres Straight Island people.mass media _____________the partners and sponsors ____________________________sport-loving spectators __________________________have made Australia what it is today _______________________________________B. What is the meaning of the phrase “back down under”?It means “back to or in Australia”._______________________________________•The people and government of Australia, New South Wales, Sydney and all other communities involved, for their friendly welcome and hospitality;L-B-L.1 ScriptOpening Speech for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games G’day Sydney! G’day Australia! Yes, the Olympic Games are back down under. Tonight we are gathered together to celebrate the Games of the new millennium, the athletes’ Games, a unique tradition that can trace its origins back over 2,500 years to ancient Olympia. Welcome to the athletes of the world. Welcome to 28 International Sports Federations and 199 National Olympic Committees. Our gratitude must go to:Part APart BL-B-L.1 Script• Sydney 2000 for the excellent preparation of the Games;• The Australian Olympic Committee for its dedication to Olympism;• The thousands of volunteers for their exceptional services － you have made the Games possible;• The mass media for their contribution to presenting the Games to the world;• Our partners and sponsors for their support and their belief in the Olympic ideal;• And also to all of you, sport-loving spectators here and television viewers around the world.L-B-L.1 Script Finally, I would like to express our respect to all those who have made Australia what it is today － a great country, with special tribute to Aboriginal and Torres Straight Island people. The Olympic Games are unique. They unify men and women of all origins and creeds. The contribution of sport to the understanding and unity of our society is extraordinary. Sport and the Olympic Movement are also an essential part of education, which is the real wealth of any country in the world. The entire Olympic Movement would like to pay tribute to Greece, cradle of the Olympic ideal, whose tradition goes back more than 25 centuries. We would also like to honour the memory L-B-L.1 Scriptof the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Games. To all the athletes of the world, good luck! And I also would like to thank Dawn Fraser for being with me this evening! I now have the honour of inviting the Governor General of Australia to proclaim the Games of the 2000 Olympiad in Sydney, the first Games of the new millennium, open.•The people and government of Australia, New South Wales, Sydney and all other communities involved, for their friendly welcome and hospitality;Opening Speech for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games G’day Sydney! G’day Australia! Yes, the Olympic Games are back down under. Tonight we are gathered together to celebrate the Games of the new millennium, the athletes’ Games, a unique tradition that can trace its origins back over 2,500 years to ancient Olympia. Welcome to the athletes of the world. Welcome to 28 International Sports Federations and 199 National Olympic Committees. Our gratitude must go to:L-B-L.1 Script2Part APart BL-B-L.1 Script• Sydney 2000 for the excellent preparation of the Games;• The Australian Olympic Committee for its dedication to Olympism;• The thousands of volunteers for their exceptional services － you have made the Games possible;• The mass media for their contribution to presenting the Games to the world;• Our partners and sponsors for their support and their belief in the Olympic ideal;• And also to all of you, sport-loving spectators here and television viewers around the world.L-B-L.1 Script Finally, I would like to express our respect to all those who have made Australia what it is today － a great country, with special tribute to Aboriginal and Torres Straight Island people. The Olympic Games are unique. They unify men and women of all origins and creeds. The contribution of sport to the understanding and unity of our society is extraordinary. Sport and the Olympic Movement are also an essential part of education, which is the real wealth of any country in the world. The entire Olympic Movement would like to pay tribute to Greece, cradle of the Olympic ideal, whose tradition goes back more than 25 centuries. We would also like to honour the memory L-B-L.1 Scriptof the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic Games. To all the athletes of the world, good luck! And I also would like to thank Dawn Fraser for being with me this evening! I now have the honour of inviting the Governor General of Australia to proclaim the Games of the 2000 Olympiad in Sydney, the first Games of the new millennium, open.Part B- Pair Work.1Form pairs and answer the following questions. After a brief discussion, some students will be invited to present their ideas in front of the class.1. Say something about Olympic Games.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.22. Say something about Paralympic Games.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.111. — The Olympic Games originated from ancient Greece.— In the ancient Greek Olympics, only men were allowed to participate in it.— The 2008 Olympics was held in Beijing, China.— Modern Olympics began in 1896 through the efforts of a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin.— The Atlanta Olympics were the first to make profits out of the Games.— On the opening of the Olympic Games, a torch-lighting ceremony will be held.— The Olympic Village is built for athletes’ accommodation.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.11— The Olympics were not held for 3 times in history because of world wars.— At a meeting in 1925, the IOC officially sanctioned the Olympic Winter Games and declared the competition at Chamonix in 1924 the first Olympic Winter Games.— The International Olympic Committee is in charge of the Olympic affairs.— In selecting the site of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors. Chief among them is which city has, or promises to offer, the best facilities.— The IOC also considers which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.11 The Paralympic Games are a major international multi-sport event for athletes with physical disabilities. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and Cerebral Palsy. The Paralympic Games are held every four years, following the Olympic Games, and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The Paralympic Games are sometimes confused with the Special Olympics World Games, which are only for people with intellectual disabilities. The Paralympics have grown from a small collection of British World War II veterans in 1948 to the second-largest international sport event in 2008.Pair WorkBefore ReadingWatch a video clip and discuss the following questions with your partner.1) What do you think of the cheating in the video? 2) What cause cheating in our daily life?Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-A-1.1Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T1Dishonoring the Honor SystemFred Guterl Jan Hendrik Schön’s success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schön, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers － one every 16 days － detailing new discoveries insuperconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers － which also happenedto appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature － the jig was up. In October 2002,a Bell Labs investigation found that Schön had falsified andfabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T2 If it sounds a lot like the fall of Hwang Woo Suk － the South Korean researcher who fabricated his evidence about cloning human cells － it is. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance. Afterwards, colleagues wring their hands and wonder how such malfeasance can be avoided in the future. But it never is entirely. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats. In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals that much more crucial to career success. The questions raised anew by Hwang’s fall are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T3 Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters, cell biologists have Cell, neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading Scientists are also trying to reach other scientists through Science and Nature, not just the public. The line between popular and professional notoriety is not distinct. Scientists tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they’re more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist’s “Impact Factor”, a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the Impact Factor as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they’re considering supporting. Because Nature and Science papers have more visibility, the number of submissions is growing, say the editors. Nature now gets 10,000 manuscripts a year, and that figure is rising, says editor-in-chief Philip Campbell via email. “This partly reflects the increase in scientific activity around the world,” he says. “It also no doubt reflects the increasing and sometimes excessive emphasis amongst funding agencies and governments on publication measures, such as the typical rates of citation of journals.”R-B-T4Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T5 Whatever the reasons, the whims of the editors at Science and Nature loom large for many scientists. When either magazine is considering a paper for publication, the authors are told not to speak to the press lest they want to risk rejection. “Every scientist hates them and loves them,” says a prominent scientist who would not speak for attribution for fear of offending the editors. “We hate them because it’s so political to get an article in them. Frankly I’m astonished at some of the things they accept, and some of the things they reject.”Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T6 Whether the clamor to appear in these journals has any bearing on their ability to catch fraud is another matter. The fact is, fraud is terrifically hard to spot. Consider the process Science used to evaluate Hwang’s 2005 article. Science editors recognized the manuscript’s import almost as soon as it arrived. As part of the standard procedure, they sent it to two members of its Board of Reviewing Editors, who recommended that it go out for peer review (about 30 percent of manuscripts pass this test). This recommendation was made not on the scientific validity of the paper, but on its “novelty, originality, and trendiness,” says Denis Duboule, a geneticist at the University of Geneva and a member of Science’s Board of Reviewing Editors, in the January 6 issueBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T6of Science. (Editors would not comment for this story ahead of the completion of Seoul National University’s investigation, which was released today. The panel found that Hwang had fabricated all of the evidence for research that claimed to have cloned human cells, but that he had successfully cloned the dog Snuppy.)Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T7 After this, Science sent the paper to three stem-cell experts, who had a week to look it over. Their comments were favorable. How were they to know that the data was fraudulent? “You look at the data and do not assume it’s fraud,” says one reviewer, anonymously, in Science. At a December news conference, editor-in-chief Donald Kennedy maintained that the paper, despite its importance, was not rushed to print. “Any important paper gets careful scrutiny, and I think our peer reviewers gave it that,” he said. “It’s very difficult for a peer-review process to detect mistakes that are not clearly evident or are deliberate misrepresentations.”Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T8 In the end, a big scandal now and then isn’t likely to do much damage to the big scientific journals. What editors and scientists worry about more are the myriad smaller infractions that occur all the time, and which are almost impossible to detect. A Nature survey of scientists published last June found that one-third of all respondents had committed some forms of misconduct. These included falsifying research data and having “questionable relationships” with students and subjects － both charges leveled against Hwang. Nobody really knows if this kind of fraud is on the rise, but it is worrying.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T8 Science editors don’t have any plans to change the basic editorial peer-review process as a result of the Hwang scandal. They do have plans to scrutinize photographs more closely in an effort to spot instances of fraud, but that policy change had already been decided when the scandal struck. And even if it had been in place, it would not have revealed that Hwang had misrepresented photographs from two stem-cell colonies as coming from 11 colonies. (Nature’s Campbell would not answer questions about review policy or the status of Hwang’s 2005 Nature paper on the cloning of Snuppy the dog, which Nature is investigating.)Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T9With the financial and deadline pressures of the publishing industry, it’s unlikely that the journals are going to take markedly stronger measures to vet manuscripts. Beyond replicating the experiments themselves, which would be impractical, it’s difficult to see what they could do to make science beyond the honor system.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T2- quantumquantum: n. a very small quantity of electromagnetic energy 量子量子The results of this section lie at the very heart of quantum mechanics.本节的结果是量子力学的核心。

本节的结果是量子力学的核心e.g.R-B-T1- be finishedbe finished: be over 完蛋了完蛋了If the bank refuses to lend us the money, we’re finished.如果银行拒绝贷款，我们就完了如果银行拒绝贷款，我们就完了e.g.R-B-T3- fabricatefabricate: v. concoct in order to deceive 编造，捏造编造，捏造e.g. That’s exactly the motive for Kelly to fabricate this story.那正是凯莉编这个故事的动机那正是凯莉编这个故事的动机R-B-T4- wringwring: v. twist 拧，绞出，扭拧，绞出，扭 She wrung out the clothes before hanging them up to dry. 她把衣服晾出来晒干以前先把它们拧干她把衣服晾出来晒干以前先把它们拧干He wrung his hands in sorrow. 他悲伤地绞紧双手他悲伤地绞紧双手e.g.n. 扭绞扭绞Give the wet clothes a wring.把那些湿衣服拧一下把那些湿衣服拧一下。

e.g.R-B-T5- peerpeer: n. a person equal to others in rank, class, or age 同同 等的人，同辈，贵族等的人，同辈，贵族The opinions of his peers are more important to him than his parents’ ideas. 在他看来，同辈的观点比父母的观点更为重要在他看来，同辈的观点比父母的观点更为重要It will not be easy to find his peer.想找一个与他旗鼓相当的人不是件容易事想找一个与他旗鼓相当的人不是件容易事e.g.R-B-T1- be up tobe up to: be dependent on, be capable of 由某人决定由某人决定，， 是某人的责任，胜任，适于是某人的责任，胜任，适于I feel a bit out of form today; I’m afraid my tennis won’t be up to your standard. 我今天略感不适，恐怕我的网球水平达不到你的标准。

我今天略感不适，恐怕我的网球水平达不到你的标准e.g.It is up to you to decide when we will start.该由你来决定我们什么时候出发该由你来决定我们什么时候出发R-B-T6- gamutgamut: n. a complete range 全部，整个范围全部，整个范围In his short life he has run the entire gamut of crime, from petty theft to murder. 他在短短的一生中，从小偷小摸到杀人，什么罪都犯他在短短的一生中，从小偷小摸到杀人，什么罪都犯过e.g.R-B-T6- accoladeaccolade: n. any award, honor or notice of praise 赞美赞美，， 表扬，推崇表扬，推崇To be chosen to represent their country is the highest accolade for most athletes. 能被选拔出来代表国家参赛，是多数运动员的最高荣能被选拔出来代表国家参赛，是多数运动员的最高荣誉。

誉e.g.R-B-T6- loomloom: v. come into view in indistinct and enlarged form 隐约可见，迫近隐约可见，迫近The mountainous island loomed on the horizon. 那个山峦起伏的岛屿隐隐约约浮现在地平线上那个山峦起伏的岛屿隐隐约约浮现在地平线上The convention looms as political battle. 这场大会将是一场政治角斗这场大会将是一场政治角斗e.g.R-B-T7- clamorclamor: n. a loud outcry 喧嚷，大声的要求喧嚷，大声的要求This is just the kind of thing to raise a public clamor which could make them cut our throats.这正好能引起一场公众抗议，足以使他们置我们于死这正好能引起一场公众抗议，足以使他们置我们于死地They made a clamor for reform. 他们强烈要求改革他们强烈要求改革e.g.R-B-T7- fraudfraud: n. deception 欺骗，诈欺欺骗，诈欺She was put on trial for fraud. 她因涉嫌诈骗而受审。

她因涉嫌诈骗而受审She went through the company’s accounts, looking for evidence of fraud. 她仔细审核公司的帐目，查找诈骗的证据她仔细审核公司的帐目，查找诈骗的证据e.g.R-B-T7- importimport: n. state or quality of being important; significance 重要性重要性It’s a matter of no great import.此事无关紧要此事无关紧要Death could be of great import or without significance.死有重于泰山，有轻于鸿毛死有重于泰山，有轻于鸿毛e.g.R-B-T7- anonymouslyanonymously: ad. with name unknown 用匿名的方式用匿名的方式About this time Jane received the handsome gift of a pianoforte, anonymously given.大约就在这个时候，简收到了一份厚礼，这是一架大约就在这个时候，简收到了一份厚礼，这是一架钢琴，送礼者不知何人。

钢琴，送礼者不知何人The article, coming out anonymously, is fathered upon Ms Harper. 匿名发表的那篇文章被认为是哈珀女士所写匿名发表的那篇文章被认为是哈珀女士所写e.g.R-B-T7- deliberatedeliberate: a. intentional 故意的，深思熟虑的故意的，深思熟虑的It had more the appearance of a deliberate crime than an accident. 那很像是蓄意的罪行，而不像是意外的事故那很像是蓄意的罪行，而不像是意外的事故He told us a deliberate lie. 他存心说谎他存心说谎e.g.R-B-T7- myriadmyriad: a. innumerable 无数的无数的And I am convinced, too, that I should become an inveterate window shopper, for it must be a delight to the eye to view the myriad articles of beauty on display. 我也相信，我会成为一个有瘾的橱窗浏览者，因为看我也相信，我会成为一个有瘾的橱窗浏览者，因为看那陈列的无数美好的商品一定是赏心悦目之事。

那陈列的无数美好的商品一定是赏心悦目之事A myriad of thoughts passed through her mind.无数想法划过她的心头无数想法划过她的心头e.g.A myriad of thoughts passed through her mind.无数想法划过她的心头无数想法划过她的心头n. extremely large numbere.g.R-B-T2- Jan Hendrik …Jan Hendrik Schön’s success seemed too good to be true, and it was. Jan Hendrik Schön: German scientist involved in a scientific scandal. Here the complete form ofthe sentence should be “Jan Hendrik Schön’s success seemed too good to be true, and it wastoo good to be true indeed”, which means JanHendrik Schön’s success was not true success.R-B-T5- Science and Nature Science and Nature － the jig was up.Science and Nature: world-famous scientific magazines “The jig was up” is a phrase with many meanings. The Canadian Oxford Dictionary defines it as “a scheme that has been revealed or foiled”; Webster’s suggests it means “all chances for success are gone”; while the Oxford English Dictionary broadens the scope to “the game is up; it’s all over”. In this text, all these three meanings are acceptable.R-B-T1- The questions raised The questions raised anew by Hwang’s fall are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Hwang Woo Suk: Korean scientist, famous for cloning a dog called Snuppy and infamous for scientific fraud. The last sentence implies that Hwang’s fall has given rise to two questions: 1) whether the two magazines are too powerful to deal with scientific papers, and 2) whether the journals are able to fulfill their responsibility as gatekeepers to reject fraudulent papers.R-B-T8- Scientists tend …Scientists tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals. “The Big Two” refers to the two world-famous scientific journals: Science and Nature.Scientists lay more stress on Science and Nature than other journals.R-B-T10- As part of the As part of the standard procedure, they sent it to two members of its Board of Reviewing Editors, who recommended that it go out for peer review.Note that the subjunctive mood is used in this sentence due to the word “recommended”.peer review: review by the people in the same profession.R-B-T10- These included These included falsifying research data and having “questionable relationships” with students and subjects － both charges leveled against Hwang.This refers to Hwang Woo Suk’s responsibility for ethical violations by his team during the landmark research to grow human embryonic stem cells from a cloned embryo. In the investigation he admitted that junior researchers in his team had donated their own eggs without his permission.R-B-1.2 T1诚信制度蒙羞诚信制度蒙羞弗雷德弗雷德··戈特尔戈特尔 简简··亨德里克亨德里克··舍恩的成功似乎很令人质疑，事实证明问题舍恩的成功似乎很令人质疑，事实证明问题不少。

不少3232岁的舍恩曾是贝尔实验室的物理学家，在短短岁的舍恩曾是贝尔实验室的物理学家，在短短4 4年间，年间，他却与人合作撰写了他却与人合作撰写了9090篇科技论文篇科技论文————每每1616天一篇天一篇————这些论文这些论文详尽阐述了他在超导、激光、纳米技术和量子物理学方面的最新详尽阐述了他在超导、激光、纳米技术和量子物理学方面的最新发现如此多产令他的同事大为惊讶并产生怀疑舍恩的一位同发现如此多产令他的同事大为惊讶并产生怀疑舍恩的一位同事发现同一个数据图表出现在两篇不同的论文中事发现同一个数据图表出现在两篇不同的论文中————而且恰恰分而且恰恰分别出现在世界上两家最为知名的科学期刊别出现在世界上两家最为知名的科学期刊《《科学科学》》与与《《自然自然》》上，上，这时把戏就戳穿了这时把戏就戳穿了20022002年年1010月，贝尔实验室调查发现：舍恩曾月，贝尔实验室调查发现：舍恩曾篡改并捏造数据他的科学家生涯就此结束篡改并捏造数据他的科学家生涯就此结束R-B-1.2 T2 如果说此事听起来与黄禹锡的垮台颇相似，事实亦的确如此如果说此事听起来与黄禹锡的垮台颇相似，事实亦的确如此。

这位韩国研究者在克隆人体细胞上伪造了证据科学丑闻与科学这位韩国研究者在克隆人体细胞上伪造了证据科学丑闻与科学本身的发展亦步亦趋，并且往往逃不了狂妄自恃、必遭罪有应得本身的发展亦步亦趋，并且往往逃不了狂妄自恃、必遭罪有应得的现世报的规律丑闻曝光之后，同行们都在寻思对策，思考今的现世报的规律丑闻曝光之后，同行们都在寻思对策，思考今后怎样才能避免此类事件的发生但是，要完全避免是不可能的后怎样才能避免此类事件的发生但是，要完全避免是不可能的《《科学科学》》杂志是建立在诚信制度之上的；同行评审的办法，即由杂志是建立在诚信制度之上的；同行评审的办法，即由同一领域专家对论文原稿进行评审的办法，并非旨在抓骗子当同一领域专家对论文原稿进行评审的办法，并非旨在抓骗子当然，近年来要求科技工作者在顶级期刊上发表论文的压力越来越然，近年来要求科技工作者在顶级期刊上发表论文的压力越来越大，使得这些期刊在他们事业成功上所起的作用越来越关键黄大，使得这些期刊在他们事业成功上所起的作用越来越关键黄禹锡落马事件让这些问题再次浮出水面：禹锡落马事件让这些问题再次浮出水面：《《自然自然》》和和《《科学科学》》在在决定将哪些科研成果公诸众人方面的权力是不是太大了，这些刊决定将哪些科研成果公诸众人方面的权力是不是太大了，这些刊物是否能够胜任其守门人的任务。

物是否能够胜任其守门人的任务R-B-1.2 T3 每个科学专业领域都有自己的一系列刊物物理学家有每个科学专业领域都有自己的一系列刊物物理学家有《《物物理评论快报理评论快报》》，细胞生物学家有，细胞生物学家有《《细胞细胞》》，神经科学家有，神经科学家有《《神经神经元元》》，等等但是，，等等但是，《《科学科学》》和和《《自然自然》》是仅有的两家覆盖全部是仅有的两家覆盖全部科学学科的主要刊物，学科范围从气象学和动物学到量子物理学科学学科的主要刊物，学科范围从气象学和动物学到量子物理学和化学等因此，媒体记者每周都关注这两家期刊，以便在林林和化学等因此，媒体记者每周都关注这两家期刊，以便在林林总总的新科学论文中觅取精华在某种程度上，科学工作者也期总总的新科学论文中觅取精华在某种程度上，科学工作者也期望通过这两家期刊为新闻界所获知他们为何如此在意呢？因为望通过这两家期刊为新闻界所获知他们为何如此在意呢？因为科研经费的竞争异常激烈，要想比对手略胜一筹，科学工作者就科研经费的竞争异常激烈，要想比对手略胜一筹，科学工作者就需要寻求大众知名度在专业期刊上发表论文可以赢得学术界的需要寻求大众知名度。

在专业期刊上发表论文可以赢得学术界的赞誉，也可以满足赞誉，也可以满足“不发表就完蛋不发表就完蛋”的迫切需要，此外，在的迫切需要，此外，在《《科科学学》》和和《《自然自然》》杂志上发表论文还会带来额外的好处，那就是你杂志上发表论文还会带来额外的好处，那就是你发表的论文可能会被发表的论文可能会被《《纽约时报纽约时报》》及其他报刊报道及其他报刊报道R-B-1.2 T4 科学工作者不光希望通过科学工作者不光希望通过《《科学科学》》和和《《自然自然》》杂志赢得公众，杂志赢得公众，而且还希望为其他科学工作者所了解公众领域与专业领域内的而且还希望为其他科学工作者所了解公众领域与专业领域内的声名狼藉两者之间的界线并不分明科学工作者对期刊声名狼藉两者之间的界线并不分明科学工作者对期刊“两巨头两巨头”的关注往往多于其他期刊如果某篇论文为更多科学工作者所的关注往往多于其他期刊如果某篇论文为更多科学工作者所了解，他们在自己的论文中引用它的可能性就更大被经常引用了解，他们在自己的论文中引用它的可能性就更大被经常引用会增加科学工作者的会增加科学工作者的“影响因子影响因子”，即衡量论文被同行引用次数，即衡量论文被同行引用次数的尺度。

资助机构用的尺度资助机构用“影响因子影响因子”来粗略衡量他们考虑资助的科来粗略衡量他们考虑资助的科学工作者的影响力两家杂志的编辑称：因为学工作者的影响力两家杂志的编辑称：因为《《自然自然》》和和《《科学科学》》杂志受关注的程度更高，提交给它们的论文数量与日俱增杂志受关注的程度更高，提交给它们的论文数量与日俱增《《自然自然》》杂志主编菲利普杂志主编菲利普·坎贝尔通过电子邮件表示该杂志目前坎贝尔通过电子邮件表示该杂志目前每年收到每年收到1万份稿件，且这个数字还在增长万份稿件，且这个数字还在增长这一方面反映了这一方面反映了全世界科学活动的增加，全世界科学活动的增加，”他说，他说，“同时无疑也反映了资助机构同时无疑也反映了资助机构和政府日益强调甚而有时过分强调论文发表的标准，如各期刊的和政府日益强调甚而有时过分强调论文发表的标准，如各期刊的具有代表性的引用率之类具有代表性的引用率之类R-B-1.2 T5 许多科学工作者，不论其原因何在，都把许多科学工作者，不论其原因何在，都把《《科学科学》》和和《《自然自然》》杂志的编辑们一时的心血来潮一律奉为圣旨无论这两家杂杂志的编辑们一时的心血来潮一律奉为圣旨。

无论这两家杂志中的哪一家在考虑发表某篇论文的时候，都会告知作者不要志中的哪一家在考虑发表某篇论文的时候，都会告知作者不要将消息透露给媒体，除非他们不怕退稿一位担心得罪杂志编将消息透露给媒体，除非他们不怕退稿一位担心得罪杂志编辑而不愿透露自己身份的著名科学家说：辑而不愿透露自己身份的著名科学家说：“每位科学工作者都每位科学工作者都对它们爱恨交加我们恨它们是因为在这些杂志发表论文就像对它们爱恨交加我们恨它们是因为在这些杂志发表论文就像搞政治一样说实话，对于他们接受的一些稿件，我们感到吃搞政治一样说实话，对于他们接受的一些稿件，我们感到吃惊，而对于他们退掉的某些稿件我同样也感到很吃惊惊，而对于他们退掉的某些稿件我同样也感到很吃惊R-B-1.2 T6 人们拼命想在这些杂志上露面是否会影响到杂志的打假能力人们拼命想在这些杂志上露面是否会影响到杂志的打假能力是另一码事事实上，要发现造假极为困难我们来看看是另一码事事实上，要发现造假极为困难我们来看看《《科学科学》》杂志评估黄禹锡杂志评估黄禹锡2005年发表的那篇论文的过程吧年发表的那篇论文的过程吧《《科学科学》》杂杂志的编辑几乎一收到稿件就意识到了它的重要性。

按照标准程序，志的编辑几乎一收到稿件就意识到了它的重要性按照标准程序，他们将稿件发给编审委员会的两位成员，这两位成员又推荐将其他们将稿件发给编审委员会的两位成员，这两位成员又推荐将其送交同行评审（大约有送交同行评审（大约有30%的稿件通过这一检验）丹尼斯的稿件通过这一检验）丹尼斯·杜布杜布莱在莱在1月月6日出版的日出版的《《科学科学》》杂志中称，他们进行推荐的依据不是杂志中称，他们进行推荐的依据不是论文的科学正确性，而是其论文的科学正确性，而是其“新颖性、独创性和时新性新颖性、独创性和时新性” 丹尼丹尼斯斯·杜布莱是日内瓦大学的遗传学家，也是杜布莱是日内瓦大学的遗传学家，也是《《科学科学》》杂志编审委员杂志编审委员会成员在首尔国立大学的调查结束之前，编辑们不愿对此报会成员在首尔国立大学的调查结束之前，编辑们不愿对此报道作出评论，而调查结果已于今日公布调查委员会发现：黄禹道作出评论，而调查结果已于今日公布调查委员会发现：黄禹锡声称克隆出人类细胞的所有研究证据均属伪造，不过他确实曾锡声称克隆出人类细胞的所有研究证据均属伪造，不过他确实曾经成功地克隆出一只名叫经成功地克隆出一只名叫“史纳皮史纳皮”的狗。

的狗R-B-1.2 T7 在此之后，在此之后，《《科学科学》》杂志又将该论文发给三位干细胞研究杂志又将该论文发给三位干细胞研究专家，他们用了一个星期时间对其进行审查，所作出的评语都专家，他们用了一个星期时间对其进行审查，所作出的评语都是肯定的他们怎么会知道数据造假了呢？是肯定的他们怎么会知道数据造假了呢？《《科学科学》》杂志的一杂志的一位评审者不署名地指出：位评审者不署名地指出：”在看数据的时候，你不会先假定它在看数据的时候，你不会先假定它是假的在在12月举行的一次记者招待会上，主编唐纳德月举行的一次记者招待会上，主编唐纳德·肯尼肯尼迪坚称，尽管这篇论文很重要，但他们并没有仓促刊载他说：迪坚称，尽管这篇论文很重要，但他们并没有仓促刊载他说：“任何重要论文都要进行详细审查，我认为我们的评审专家做任何重要论文都要进行详细审查，我认为我们的评审专家做到了这一点如果错误不是很明显，或者是人为故意造假，同到了这一点如果错误不是很明显，或者是人为故意造假，同行评审是很难察觉的行评审是很难察觉的R-B-1.2 T8 说来说去，偶尔出现的大丑闻不可能对这些科技大刊造成说来说去，偶尔出现的大丑闻不可能对这些科技大刊造成多大损害，让编辑和科学工作者更为忧心的是随时都在出现的各多大损害，让编辑和科学工作者更为忧心的是随时都在出现的各种几乎令人难以发现的小问题。

发表于去年种几乎令人难以发现的小问题发表于去年6月月《《自然自然》》杂志上杂志上的一项对科学工作者的问卷调查显示：所有回答调查问卷的人中，的一项对科学工作者的问卷调查显示：所有回答调查问卷的人中，三分之一有过某种形式的不当行为，其中包括伪造研究数据以及三分之一有过某种形式的不当行为，其中包括伪造研究数据以及与学生和实验对象有着与学生和实验对象有着“可疑关系可疑关系”——对黄禹锡的指控就包含对黄禹锡的指控就包含这两项虽然目前无人知晓这种造假行为是否呈上升趋势，但这这两项虽然目前无人知晓这种造假行为是否呈上升趋势，但这的确令人忧虑的确令人忧虑R-B-1.2 T9 《《科学科学》》杂志的编辑并未因黄禹锡丑闻而打算改变同行评审杂志的编辑并未因黄禹锡丑闻而打算改变同行评审这一基本编辑过程不过他们确实计划对照片进行更加仔细的这一基本编辑过程不过他们确实计划对照片进行更加仔细的审查，以便发现造假的情况，而这种制度性变化在丑闻曝光之审查，以便发现造假的情况，而这种制度性变化在丑闻曝光之前就已经决定实施了即便当时已经作出制度上的改变，也不前就已经决定实施了即便当时已经作出制度上的改变，也不一定就能发现黄禹锡照片上的造假。

他所展示的照片声称来自一定就能发现黄禹锡照片上的造假他所展示的照片声称来自11个干细胞系，但实际上只来自两个个干细胞系，但实际上只来自两个《《自然自然》》杂志的坎贝杂志的坎贝尔不愿回答有关评审制度或者黄禹锡尔不愿回答有关评审制度或者黄禹锡2005年发表在年发表在《《自然自然》》杂杂志上有关克隆狗志上有关克隆狗“史纳皮史纳皮”的论文的问题，的论文的问题，《《自然自然》》杂志正在杂志正在对后者展开调查由于出版业有财政和时间限制的双重压力，对后者展开调查由于出版业有财政和时间限制的双重压力，让各期刊采取更加强有力的措施来审稿是不可能的，除非这些让各期刊采取更加强有力的措施来审稿是不可能的，除非这些杂志的人员自己重新做实验验证，而这又是不切实际的，所以杂志的人员自己重新做实验验证，而这又是不切实际的，所以如果科学不讲诚信，他们也无计可施如果科学不讲诚信，他们也无计可施 R-C-R1Choose the best answer to each question below. 1.Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraph 1?A. Jan Hendrik Schön’s success was too good to be true.C. Jan Hendrik Schön had worked for four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories. D. Jan Hendrik Schön had published some papers in Science and Nature.B. At the age of 32, Jan Hendrik Schön had written 90 scientific papers by himself.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-R22. Which of the following sentences in Paragraph 2 most accurately summarizes the paragraphs of the text that follow?A. If it sounds a lot like the fall of Hwang Woo Suk － the South Korean researcher who fabricated his evidence about cloning human cells － it is.B. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance.C. Afterwards, colleagues wring their hands and wonder how such malfeasance can be avoided in the future. But it never is entirely.D. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-R33. Scientists look to the scientific journals to reach journalists, because .A. they want to publish more articlesB. their specialty can only be paid attention to by those journalistsC. they are afraid of the publish-or-perish imperativeD. they need fame to help them get grantsVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-R44. According to the editor-in-chief of Nature, Philip Campbell, their increasing number of manuscripts reflects all the following points except .A. they are receiving an increase in scientific activity around the world B. funding agencies are paying too much attention to public measures D. governments are paying too much attention to public measuresC. the citation of journals should not be emphasized at allVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-R55. Which of the following did not appear in the peer review process of Hwang’s 2005 article?A. Two members of Science’s Board of Reviewing Editors recommended that it go out for peer review.C. Science sent the paper to three stem-cell experts.D. Science published his article after getting favorable comments from experts.B. Science organized a panel to check whether Hwang had fabricated all of the evidence.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-V1A. Choose one word or phrase from the given list to fill in the blank in each of the following sentences. Change the form where necessary. Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslation1.If reviews are not available within four months, authors are free to submit the manuscript to another journal and ask them to the manuscript.vet____Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingcomeuppancediscoversoundwringfraudpeerdo damage toscrutinizemarkedvetlevelperishdetectcommitseemR-C-V22.Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but so far, the archaeologists have been unable to her identity.3.Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .4.The old man was always off about higher taxes. discover__________peers_______sounding__________Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingcomeuppancediscoversoundwringfraudpeerdo damage toscrutinizemarkedvetlevelperishdetectcommitseemReading ComprehensionR-C-V25. Man will go down into the pit and all his thoughts will .6. The challenger the champion with a mighty uppercut.7. He showed a lack of interest.leveled________marked ________perish_______Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingcomeuppancediscoversoundwringfraudpeerdo damage toscrutinizemarkedvetlevelperishdetectcommitseemReading ComprehensionR-C-V28.The jeweler the diamond for flaws.9. It’s a chance to strike back and give each his for sins of the past.10. It is estimated that about 60 percent of people who suicide have had a mood disorder.scrutinized____________commit ________comeuppance_______________Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingcomeuppancediscoversoundwringfraudpeerdo damage toscrutinizemarkedvetlevelperishdetectcommitseemReading ComprehensionR-C-V2B. From the list given below, choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in each sentence. Change the form where necessary.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationdetailfinishhubrismalfeasancevetarbitergamutimperativeedgewhimBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading1. It should be ensured that publishers are not governed by arbitrary thoughts.whims2. In the court, the prosecutor stated explicitly the charges against the defendant.detailedReading ComprehensionR-C-V23. According to concerned citizens, it’s very important that the refugees be given aid immediately.imperative4. There is no safety in unlimited technological arrogance.hubrisVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingdetailfinishhubrismalfeasancevetarbitergamutimperativeedgewhimReading ComprehensionR-C-V25. The misconduct by government or military officials is of great danger to society. malfeasance6. Actors usually possess a face that can express a complete range of emotions, from rage to peaceful contentment.gamutVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingdetailfinishhubrismalfeasancevetarbitergamutimperativeedgewhimReading ComprehensionR-C-V27. He is the kind of critic who considers himself the supreme determiner of literary taste. arbiterVocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading8. The wealth of this country comes from its manufacturing advantage given by its sophisticated technology.edgedetailfinishhubrismalfeasancevetarbitergamutimperativeedgewhimReading ComprehensionR-C-V2Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading9. Before sending their papers to journals, contributors are supposed to check their manuscripts thoroughly to make sure there are no errors.vetdetailfinishhubrismalfeasancevetarbitergamutimperativeedgewhim10. After a 40-year battle, they won and their enemy was defeated.finishedReading ComprehensionR-C-T1A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 当一位同事发现同一个数据图表出现在两篇不同的论文当一位同事发现同一个数据图表出现在两篇不同的论文中中——而且恰恰分别出现在世界上两家最为知名的科学而且恰恰分别出现在世界上两家最为知名的科学期刊期刊《《科学科学》》与与《《自然自然》》杂志上时杂志上时——把戏被戳穿了。

把戏被戳穿了1. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers － which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature － the jig was up.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1《《科学科学》》杂志是建立在诚信制度之上的；同行评审的方杂志是建立在诚信制度之上的；同行评审的方法，即由同一领域专家对论文原稿进行评审的方法，并法，即由同一领域专家对论文原稿进行评审的方法，并非旨在抓骗子非旨在抓骗子3. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading科学丑闻与科学本身的发展亦步亦趋，并且往往逃不了科学丑闻与科学本身的发展亦步亦趋，并且往往逃不了狂妄自恃、必遭罪有应得的现世报的规律。

狂妄自恃、必遭罪有应得的现世报的规律2. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance.Reading ComprehensionR-C-T1在专业期刊上发表论文赢得学术界的赞誉，也可以满足在专业期刊上发表论文赢得学术界的赞誉，也可以满足“不发表就完蛋不发表就完蛋”的迫切需要但是，在的迫切需要但是，在《《科学科学》》和和《《自然自然》》杂志上发表论文还会带来额外的好处，那就是杂志上发表论文还会带来额外的好处，那就是你发表的论文可能会被你发表的论文可能会被《《纽约时报纽约时报》》及其他报刊报道及其他报刊报道4. Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1这同时无疑也反映了资助机构和政府日益强调甚而有时这同时无疑也反映了资助机构和政府日益强调甚而有时过分强调论文发表的标准，如各期刊的具有代表性的引过分强调论文发表的标准，如各期刊的具有代表性的引用率之类。

用率之类5. It also no doubt reflects the increasing and sometimes excessive emphasis amongst funding agencies and governments on publication measures, such as the typical rates of citation of journals.Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1He was the first of his peer group to get married and have kids, but he was also the first to get divorced.1.他是同龄中第一个结婚生子的，也是第一个离婚的他是同龄中第一个结婚生子的，也是第一个离婚的 (peer) )B. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases in brackets. Make additions or changes where necessary. Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1Try some cakes at this restaurant; French pastry is the chef’s specialty.2.尝尝这个饭店的点心吧，这里厨师的特色菜是法式面点。

尝尝这个饭店的点心吧，这里厨师的特色菜是法式面点specialty)All evidence shows the Democrats have a slight edge over the Republicans. There will probably be a Democratic president for the first time in 40 years to govern this country.3.种种迹象表明民主党比共和党略胜一筹，很可能会出现种种迹象表明民主党比共和党略胜一筹，很可能会出现40 年来的第一位民主党的总统统领该国年来的第一位民主党的总统统领该国an edge on/over)Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionR-C-T1This historical figure looms over the whole human tragedy of 1930 —1933, and was both the creator and the victim of this tragedy.4.这位历史人物赫然耸现在这位历史人物赫然耸现在1930 1930 —— 1933 1933年整个人类的悲剧年整个人类的悲剧中，他既是悲剧的缔造者，也是饱尝悲剧苦果者。

中，他既是悲剧的缔造者，也是饱尝悲剧苦果者 (loom) )An optimistic person will think about what measures he should take to keep up with the development of society, rather than blocking its progress.5. 一个乐观的人会想着他该采取什么措施才能跟上社会的不一个乐观的人会想着他该采取什么措施才能跟上社会的不 断进步，而不是阻止社会的发展断进步，而不是阻止社会的发展keep up with)Vocabulary DevelopmentTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingReading ComprehensionW-A-I1 Students often have to write summaries of books they have read. Summarizing forces you to read closely and to comprehend clearly. You can learn the material by writing summaries because the process helps lock information in your memory. Summarization is probably the most frequently used technique for taking notes and for incorporating sources into papers. So writing a summary lets you, or your teacher, know how much you understood of what you read or saw. A summary is a condensed version of a larger article, which reviews the most important points of the text. A summary is not aWriting SkillsIntroductionHow to Write a SummaryWriting PracticeExampleW-A-I1rewrite of the original piece and does not have to be long nor should it be long. To write a summary, use your own words to express briefly the main ideas and relevant details of the piece you have read. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to communicate? While reading the original work, take note of what or who is the focus and ask the usual questions that reporters use: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? Using these questions to examine what you are reading can help you to write the summary.Writing SkillsIntroductionWriting PracticeExampleW-A-I1 Write a sentence which includes the author’s main idea or purpose for writing the text. To do this, identify the topic (subject of the text) and then what the author says about the topic. This sentence is the topic sentence (main sentence) of your summary. Sometimes, the central idea of the piece is stated in the introduction or first paragraph, and the supporting ideas of this central idea are presented one by one in the following paragraphs. Always read the introductory paragraph carefully and look for a thesis statement. Finding the thesis statement is like finding a key to a locked door. Frequently, however, the thesis, or central idea, isWriting SkillsIntroductionWriting PracticeExampleW-A-I2IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting Practiceimplied or suggested. Thus, you will have to work harder to figure out what the author wants readers to understand. Use any hints that may shed light on the meaning of the piece; pay attention to the title and any headings, and to the opening and closing lines of paragraphs. When writing the summary, let your readers know the piece that you are summarizing. Identify the title, author and source of the piece. You may want to start with a sentence that identifies the writer and the piece of writing (for example, by giving the writer’s name, the title of the piece and where/when it appeared), and gives the main idea. The following formula is quite useful:ExampleW-A-I2IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting Practice In ______________________________________ (title source and date of the piece), the author shows ____________________________ (the central idea of the piece). The author supports the main idea by using ____________________________________ and showing that ___________________________________.ExampleW-A-E1IntroductionExampleWriting SkillsWriting PracticeExample 1: In the short story “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty”, author James Thurber humorously presents a character who fantasizes about himself as a hero enduring incredibly challenging circumstances. In his real life, Walter Mitty lives an ordinary, plain life; he is a husband under the control of an overbearing, critical wife.Thurber uses lively dialogue to give readers an W-A-E1 IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting Practiceunderstanding of Mitty’s character. The story takes place over a period of about twenty minutes; during this brief time, Mitty drives his wife to the hairdresser and runserrands that his wife has given him while he waits for her.In between his worrying that he is not doing what she wants him to do, he daydreams about himself as a great surgeon, brilliant repair technician, expert marksman, and brave military captain. This story shows that fantasyis often a good alternative to reality.ExampleW-A-E1 IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeExample 2: In “Village Is More Global, Language Is More Vital” (New York Times, 13.10.02), Martin Skomial explains how globalization has improved the job prospects of immigrants who know a language other than English, despite the difficult economic situation. He gives most space to Angnieska Ossolinska-Jaskowski, who was ableExampleW-A-E1 IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting Practiceto find a position with a law firm while she was still studying for a paralegal qualification. The firm stated that the decisive factors in her selection were her knowledge of Polish and English, and the fact that her experiences as an immigrant would help her to understand Polish-speaking clients with a similar background. Similar examples from the fields of nursing, real estate and advertising are also cited. As Jaskowski herself is shown to point out, such openings are very different from the non-skilled jobs traditionally taken up by immigrants.ExampleW-B-1Read the following article from Newsweek, and complete the following tasks.The Education of Berenice BelizaireJoe KleinWriting SkillsWriting Practice When Berenice Belizaire arrived in New York from Haiti with her mother and sister in 1987, she was not very happy. She spoke no English. The family had to live in a cramped Brooklyn apartment, a far cry from the comfortable house they’d had in Haiti. Her mother, a nurse, worked long hours. School was torture. Berenice had always been a good student, but now she was learning a new language while enduring constant tauntsW-B-2Writing SkillsWriting Practicefrom the Americans (both black and white). They cursed her in the cafeteria and threw food at her. Someone hit her sister in the head with a book. “Why can’t we go home?” Berenice asked her mother. Because home was too dangerous. The schools weren’t always open anymore, and education － her mother insisted － was the most important thing. Her mother had always pushed her: memorize everything, she ordered. “I have a pretty good memory,” Berenice admitted last week. Indeed, the other kids at school began to notice that Berenice always, somehow, knew the answers. “They started coming to me for help,” she says. “They never called me a nerd.”W-B-2Writing SkillsWriting Practice Within two years Berenice was speaking English, though not well enough to get into one of New York’s elite public high schools. She had to settle for a neighborhood school, James Madison － which is one of the magical American places, the alma mater of Ruth Bader Ginsburg among others, a school with a history of unlikely success stories. “I didn’t realize what we had in Berenice at first,” says math teacher Judith Khan. “She was good at math, but she was quiet. And the things she didn’t know! She applied for a summer program in Buffalo and asked me how to get there on the subway. But she always seemed to ask the right questions. She understood the big ideas. She could think on her feet. W-B-2Writing SkillsWriting PracticeShe could explain difficult problems so the other kids could understand them. Eventually, I realized: she wasn’t just pushing for grades, she was hungry for knowledge . . . And you know, it never occurred to me that she also was doing it in English and history, all these other subjects that had to be much tougher for her than math.” She moved from third in her class to first during the senior year. She was selected as valedictorian, an honor she almost refused (still shy, she wouldn’t allow her picture in the school’s yearbook). She gave the speech, W-B-3Writing SkillsWriting Practiceafter some prodding － a modest address about the importance of hard work and how it’s never too late to try hard: an immigrant’s valedictory. Last week I caught up with Berenice at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where she was jump-starting her college career. I asked her what she wanted to be doing in 10 years: “I want to build a famous computer, like IBM,” she said. “I want my name to be part of it.” Berenice Belizaire’s story is remarkable, but not unusual. The New York City schools are bulging with overachieving immigrants. The burdens they place on a creaky, corroded system are often cited as an argumentW-B-3Writing SkillsWriting Practiceagainst liberal immigration policies, but teachers like Judith Khan don’t seem to mind. “They’re why I love teaching in Brooklyn,” she says. “They have a drive in them we no longer seem to have. You see these kids, who aren’t prepared academically and can barely speak the language, struggling so hard. They just sop it up. They’re like little sponges. You see Berenice, who had none of the usual, preconceived racial barriers in her mind － you see her becoming friendly with the Russian kids, and learning chess from Po Ching. It is so exciting.”W-B-3Writing SkillsWriting Practice Dreamy Hothouse Indeed, it is possible that immigrant energy reinvigorated not just some schools (and more than a few teachers) － but the city itself in the 1980s. “Without them, New York would have been a smaller place, a poorer place, a lot less vital and exciting,” says Prof. Emanuel Tobier of New York University. They restored the retail life of the city, starting a raft of small businesses － and doing the sorts of entry-level, bedpan-emptying jobs that nonimmigrants spurn. They added far more to the local economy than they removed;more important, they reminded enlightened New Yorkers that the city had always worked best as a vast, noisy, dreamy hothouse for the cultivation of new Americans. The Haitians have followed the classic pattern. They have a significantly higher work-force participation rate than the average in New York. They have a lower rate of poverty. They have a higher rate of new-business formation and a lower rate of welfare dependency. Their median household income, at $28,853, is about $1,000 less than the citywide median (but about $1,000 higher than Chinese immigrants, often seen as a “model” minority). They’ve also developed a traditional network of fraternal societies, newspapers and neighborhoods with solid － extended, W-B-3Writing SkillsWriting PracticeW-B-3Writing SkillsWriting Practicerather than nuclear － families. “A big issue now is whether women who graduate from school should be allowed to live by themselves before they marry,” says Lola Poisson, who counsels Haitian immigrants. “There’s a lot of tension over that.” Such perverse propriety cannot last long. Immigrants become Americans very quickly. Some lose hope after years of menial labor; others lose discipline, inebriated by freedom. “There’s an interesting phenomenon,” says Philip Kasinitz of Williams College. “When immigrant kids criticize each other for getting lazy or loose, they say, ‘You’re becoming American.’”W-B-3Writing SkillsWriting Practice(Belizaire said she and the Russians would tease each other that way at Madison.) It’s ironic, Kasinitz adds. “Those who work hardest to keep American culture at bay have the best chance of becoming American success stories.” If so, we may be fixed on the wrong issue. The question shouldn’t be whether immigrants are ruining America, but whether America is ruining the immigrants.W-B-4Write a summary of the article you have read.Writing SkillsWriting PracticeW-B-4Writing SkillsWriting PracticeA possible answer: In “The Education of Berenice Belizaire” (Newsweek, August 9, 1993), Joe Klein gives a positive view of the achievements and contributions made by immigrants to the United States. He begins with the example of Belizaire, a young Haitian immigrant who gained a place at MIT through a combination of intelligence and hard work. A quote from one of her high-school teachers, Judith Khan, is used to deny the charge that the large number of immigrants in New York is bad for its education system. He then broadens his argument by giving the opinion of ProfessorEmanuel Tobier of New York University as evidence that immigrants have a positive effect on the commercial life and general morale of the city. New York’s Haitian community is given as an example of a typically close-knit immigrant group, preserving traditional attitudes towards the family and having both an above-average employment record and a below-average reliance on state benefits. However, Klein ends by drawing on remarks made by Philip Kasinitz of Williams College in order to suggest the following paradox: Because of the temptations to which they become exposed, those immigrants who are most successful at adapting to the American way of life are the least likely to achieve the American dream.W-B-4Writing SkillsWriting Practice。