医学英语教学课件：Unit 7Medication Safety.ppt

Oral Interpretation 31Audio-visual Exercises1Listening Comprehension2114Language Focus2 Part ConceptPart Part 1 1 Audio-visual Exercises Audio-visual ExercisesTask 1Task 1u Medicine Cabinetu Drugs and Herbal SupplementsGlossary ReviewTask 2Task 2True or False StatementTask 4Task 4Note TakingTask 3Task 3Short-Answer QuestionsGet familiar with the following words and expressions and match them with their Chinese equivalents.Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 1Task 1 — Glossary Review — Glossary Review1. herbal2. supplement 3. efficacy4. batch5. immunologist6. expiration7. medicinal8. rip off9. interaction10. medication11. devastating12. contraceptive13. post-menopausal14. pharmacologic15. anesthetic 16. anesthesia17. in conjunction with18. ingredient 46 811212Unit 7Unit 7：：：：Task 1 Task 1 — Glossary Review— Glossary Review( ) ( ) A. 一批；一群一批；一群 ( ) ( ) B. 终止；截止；满期终止；截止；满期( ) ( ) C. 骗取；扯掉骗取；扯掉 ( ) ( ) D. 破坏性的破坏性的 ( ) ( ) E. 补充补充 ( ) ( ) F. 避孕药物避孕药物 19. lotion20. ointment21. thermometer22. bandage23. syrup24. peroxide25. antacid26. permeate 1313 7515Unit 7Unit 7：：：：Task 1 Task 1 — Glossary Review— Glossary Review( ) ( ) G. 草本植物的草本植物的 ( ) ( ) H. 效力；功效效力；功效 ( ) ( ) I. 绝经后的绝经后的( ) ( ) J. 药用的；治病的药用的；治病的( ) ( ) K. 免疫学家免疫学家 ( ) ( ) L. 麻醉药麻醉药 1. herbal2. supplement 3. efficacy4. batch5. immunologist6. expiration7. medicinal8. rip off9. interaction10. medication11. devastating12. contraceptive13. post-menopausal14. pharmacologic15. anesthetic 16. anesthesia17. in conjunction with18. ingredient19. lotion20. ointment21. thermometer22. bandage23. syrup24. peroxide25. antacid26. permeate16910181426Unit 7Unit 7：：：：Task 1 Task 1 — Glossary Review— Glossary Review( ) ( ) M. 麻醉麻醉 ( )( ) N. 干扰；相互影响干扰；相互影响 ( ) ( ) O. 药物；药剂药物；药剂 ( ) ( ) P. 成分；要素成分；要素 ( ) ( ) Q. 药理的药理的( ) ( ) R. 渗入；渗透渗入；渗透 1. herbal2. supplement 3. efficacy4. batch5. immunologist6. expiration7. medicinal8. rip off9. interaction10. medication11. devastating12. contraceptive13. post-menopausal14. pharmacologic15. anesthetic 16. anesthesia17. in conjunction with18. ingredient19. lotion20. ointment21. thermometer22. bandage23. syrup24. peroxide25. antacid26. permeate231720252419Unit 7Unit 7：：：：Task 1 Task 1 — Glossary Review— Glossary Review( ) ( ) S. . 糖浆糖浆 ( )( ) T. 与与……共同共同( ) ( ) U. . 软膏；药膏软膏；药膏 ( ) ( ) V. 解酸剂；抗酸剂解酸剂；抗酸剂 ( ) ( ) W. . 漂白；消毒剂；过氧化物漂白；消毒剂；过氧化物 ( ) ( ) X. 洗液；洗剂洗液；洗剂1. herbal2. supplement 3. efficacy4. batch5. immunologist6. expiration7. medicinal8. rip off9. interaction10. medication11. devastating12. contraceptive13. post-menopausal14. pharmacologic15. anesthetic 16. anesthesia17. in conjunction with18. ingredient19. lotion20. ointment21. thermometer22. bandage23. syrup24. peroxide25. antacid26. permeate22Unit 7Unit 7：：：：Task 1 Task 1 — Glossary Review— Glossary Review21( ) ( ) Y. 温度计；体温表温度计；体温表 ( ) ( ) Z. 绷带；包带绷带；包带1. herbal2. supplement 3. efficacy4. batch5. immunologist6. expiration7. medicinal8. rip off9. interaction10. medication11. devastating12. contraceptive13. post-menopausal14. pharmacologic15. anesthetic 16. anesthesia17. in conjunction with18. ingredient19. lotion20. ointment21. thermometer22. bandage23. syrup24. peroxide25. antacid26. permeateWatch the first part of the video clip “Medicine Cabinet” and decide whether the following information is True (T) or False (F).Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 2Task 2 —T or F Statement —T or F Statement Medicine CabinetMedicine Cabinet1. Most minor illnesses can be managed at home if you have a medicine cabinet.2. There is bound to be a top 10 list of things people need in the medicine cabinet.3. One problem with most medicine cabinets is that they are in the bathroom. 4. A clear plastic container is preferable for safe storage of medicine.Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 2Task 2 — T or F Statement — T or F Statement____________________5. Teething gel isn’t the must-have for babies.6. A digital thermometer is the must-have for babies. 7. Bandages and Band-Aids are included in the must-have.8. Hydrogen peroxide is effective for two weeks once it is opened up. Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 2Task 2 — T or F Statement — T or F Statement____________________Beth Ruyak: Nearly 80 percent of illnesses are minor and can be managed at home if you have the proper resources. Jennifer Harrison takes a peek inside the medicine cabinet in our FYI.Harrison: Open your average medicine cabinet and there’s bound to be a jumble of lotions and ointments … throw in out-of-date medications and a few beauty products.Harrison: Helping us clean up, clear out and restock the medicine cabinet is pharmacist Robert Mowers. Robert, is there such a thing as a top 10 list of things we need to have in the medicine cabinet?Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 2Task 2 — T or F Statement — T or F StatementMowers: It sort of depends on the patient’s age, sex and family life.Harrison: There’s actually three different top 10 lists, depending on if you are a baby, a child or an adult. As for the cabinet itself, it needs a total overhaul.Mowers: I think the medicine cabinet has a bad name, and most medicine cabinets are in the bathroom right next to the shower.Harrison: And here’s the problem … that shower produces a lot of steam.M ower s: This steam permeates everywhere in your bathroom, and it gets inside your medicine cabinet and gets inside your bottles of medicines. This moisture can make your medicine decompose faster.Harrison: So forget the bathroom cabinet and opt for a clear plastic container like this with a lid. Store your medicine musts in a safe, dry place, and what are those medicine musts? Let’s find out. Monica: This is where we keep everything that we lock up. We don’t want the kids getting in there.Harrison: Helping us with the countdown is mother of two Monica Vonich. Starting at the bottom of the list … Item number 10. Monica: We have Bull Frog sun screen.Mowers: I would recommend nothing less than sun protection factor spf 15.Harrison: Item number nine: Floss.Harrison: Do your guys floss daily? Monica: Yes.Harrison: And your kids? Monica: I do them. I floss the kids!　Harrison: For babies, floss isn’t the must-have, but teething gel is. To soothe sore gums. Item number eight: A thermometer, a digital one for the family, and for babies, a rectal thermometer. Harrison: Item number seven: bandages and Band-Aids.Monica: Band-Aids.Mower: For some odd reason, children think if you put a Band-Aid on it, it feels better.Harrison: Item number six: hydrogen peroxide, and make sure it works. If it doesn’t bubble up, it isn’t effective. Mowers: Once you open up your hydrogen peroxide, it’s probably good for another two weeks.Harrison: Once you open this, you have two weeks to go through it.Monica: Okay and I just learned that.Watch the second part of the video clip and give a short answer to each of the following questions. Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 3Task 3 — Short-Answer Questions — Short-Answer QuestionsMedicine CabinetMedicine CabinetUnit 7: Unit 7: Task 3Task 3 — Short-Answer Questions — Short-Answer Questions1. Item number five on the list is 2. What is the use of syrup of ipecac, number four item on the list? 3. What is number three item on the list? 4. Item number two is different creams or ointments_____________________________________________.To induce vomiting_____________________________________________.Digestive system helpers_____________________________________________.Cold cures_____________________________________________.Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 3Task 3 — Short-Answer Questions — Short-Answer Questions5. What is number one item on the list? 6. What is the warning about the use of aspirin for children? 7. One tip for you about the medicine cabinet is to go through twice a year and eliminate Fever reducers_____________________________________________.Children under fifteen shouldn’t have aspirin_____________________________________________.over-the-counter medicines________________________any that are past their expiration dates_____________________________________________.Harrison: We’re half way through the list and item number five is cream — different creams or ointments depending on who you are. For babies, have diaper rash ointments on hand. For adults, ointment to put on cuts and scrapes. Mowers: Sometimes you can put something on here like Bacitracin Polymyxin B on top of the cut and then seal with the Band-Aid and that will help it heal a little faster.Harrison: But don’t use anything with hydrocortisone on children under two. Item number four — that little bottle with that funny name. Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 3Task 3 — Short-Answer Questions — Short-Answer QuestionsMonica: That’s one thing I’m big on. We have syrup of ipecac.Mowers: I would anticipate keeping it in the house, however, never using it.Harrison: Syrup of ipecac is used to induce vomiting, but should only be used after consultation with a poison control center and in extreme situation. Mowers: Sometimes it’s better to get the child to a medical center or facility and have the patient’s stomach pumped or other treatment modality used first.Monica: Gas X.Harrison: That’s good. That brings us to item number three: digestive system helpers. For adults, antacid or heartburn help. For babies, Mylicon drop to ease stomach pains. Mowers: There’s a lot of controversy right now. Does Mylicon or Simethicon work, yet for some patients it does, so I don’t think it’s going to hurt the baby to use them.Harrison: Item number two: cold cures or the closest thing to it. A general cold formula for adult and Dimetapp for little ones.Item number one: fever reducers.Mowers: And that could be a Motrin suspension, Ibuprofen suspension or it should be something as aspirin or it should be something as Tylenol.Harrison: Children under fifteen shouldn’t have aspirin while aspirin may be the best choice for older adults. And speaking of little guys or gals, it’s also good to have Pedialyte fluid on hand for fever. So those top 10 list really can vary, but stock up on the basics. Monica had them all. And a little extra too. Monica: Hair gel!Beth Ruyak: We just can’t live without those hair products! One more product tip for you: It’s a good idea to go through your prescriptions and over-the-counter medicines twice a year and eliminate any that are past their expiration dates.B —Beth RuyakH — HarrisonMs — MowersMa — Monica Medicine CabinetMedicine CabinetB : N ear l y 80 per cent of i l l n e s s e s ar e mi nor and can be m a n a g e d a t home if you have the proper resources. Jennifer Harrison takes a peek inside the medicine cabinet in our FYI.H : O p en y o u r av er ag e medicine cabinet and there’s bound to be a j umbl e of l oti ons and o i n t m e n t s … t hr ow i n out - of - dat e m e d i c a t i o n s Unit 7:Unit 7: PartPart 1 1 —— VideoVideo Script (I)Script (I) and a few beauty products.H: Helping us clean up, clear out and restock the medicine cabinet is pharmacist Robert Mowers. Robert, is there such a thing as a t o p 1 0 l i s t of things we need to have in the medicine cabinet?M s: It sort of depends on the pa tie nt’s age, sex and family life. H : There’ s actual l y three di f f erent top 10 l i sts, depending on if you are a baby, a child or an adult. As for the cabinet itself, it needs a total overhaul.M s: I thi nk the medi ci ne c a b i n e t h a s a bad name, and most medicine c ab i n et s ar e i n t h e b a t h r o o m r i g h t next to the shower.H: And here’s the problem … that shower produces a lot of steam.M s: Thi s steam permeates ev er y w h er e i n y o u r b a t h r o o m , a n d it gets inside your medicine cabinet and gets inside your bottles of medicines. This moisture can make your medicine decompose faster.H : So f orget the bathroom c a b i n e t a n d opt f or a cl ear pl asti c c o n t a i n e r l i k e this with a lid. Store your medicine musts in a safe, dry place, and what are those medicine musts? Let’s find out.M a: This is where we keep e v e r y t h i n g that we lock up. We don’t want the kids getting in there.H : H el pi ng us w i t h t he c o u n t d o w n i s mother of two M oni ca Vonich. Starting at the bottom of the list … Item number 10. M a: We have Bull Frog sun screen.M s: I w oul d r ecommend n o t h i n g l e s s than sun protection factor spf 15.H: Item number nine: Floss.H: Do your guys floss daily? Ma: Yes.H: And your kids? Ma: I do them. I floss the kids!　H: For babies, floss isn’ t the must- have, but teething gel is. To soothe sore gums. Item number eight: A thermometer, a digital one for the family, and for babies, a rectal thermometer. H: Item number seven: bandages and Band-Aids.Ma: Band-Aids.M s: For some odd reason, children think if you put a Band-Aid on it, it feels better.H: Item number six: hydrogen peroxide, and make sure it wo rks . If it doesn’t bubble up, it isn’t effective. M s: Once you open up your hydrogen peroxide, it’s probably good for another two weeks.H: Once you open this, you have two weeks to go through it.Ma: Okay and I just learned that.H: We’re half way through the list and item number five is cream — di f f er ent cr eams or o i n t m e n t s — depending on who you are. For babies, have diaper rash o in tm e n ts on hand. For adul t s, o i n t m e n t t o put on cuts and scrapes. M s: Sometimes you can put somethi ng on here l i ke B a c i t r a c i n Polymyxin B on top of the cut and then seal with the Band-Aid and that will help it heal a little faster.H: But don’t use anything with hydrocortisone on children under two. Item number four — that l i t t l e b o t t l e wi th that f unny name. Ma: That’s one thing I’m big on. We have syrup of ipecac.Ms: I would anticipate keeping it in the house, however, never using it.H: Syrup of ipecac is used to induce vomiting, but should only be used after consultation with a poison control center and i n extreme situation. M s: Sometimes it’ s better to get the child to a medical center or facility and have the pati ent’ s stomach pumped or other treatment modality used first.Ma: Gas X.H: That’s good.That brings us to item number three: digestive system helpers.For adults, antacid or heartburn help. For babies, Mylicon drop to ease stomach pains. Ms: There’s a lot of controversy right now. Does M yl i con or S i m e t h i c o n work, yet for some patients it does, so I don’t think it’s going to hurt the baby to use them.H: Item number two: cold cures or the closest thing to it. A general cold f ormul a f or adul t and D i m e t a p p f o r little ones. Item number one: fever reducers.Ms: And that could be a Motrin suspensi on, I buprof en s u s p e n s i o n or it should be something asH: Children under fifteen shouldn’t have aspirin while aspirin may be the best choice for older adults. And speaking of little guys or gals, it’s also good to have Pedialyte fluid on hand for fever. So those top 10 list really can vary, but stock up on the basics. Monica had them all. And a little extra too. M: Hair gel!B: We just can’t live without those hair products! One more product tip for you: It’s a good idea to go through your prescriptions and over-the-counter medicines twice a year and eliminate any that are past their expiration dates.Watch the video clip “Drugs and Herbal Supplements” and take notes according to the cues given below.Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 4Task 4 — Note Taking — Note TakingDrugs and Herbal SupplementsDrugs and Herbal Supplements1. Factors to consider before choosing an herbal supplement: A. B. 2. Reasons for these considerations A. B. Herbal supplements are not required to get FDA approval Herbal supplements are not required to go through years of studiesSafetyUnit 7: Unit 7: Task 4Task 4 — Note Taking — Note Taking Efficacy________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Findings after testing what is in some herbal supplements A. B. 4. What you need to check when you buy a herbal supplement A. B. C. An expiration dateInformation regarding the manufacturers name and addressHaving nothing of what’s advertised on the box Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 4Task 4 — Note Taking — Note TakingHaving a completely different substance in them _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Contact information___________________________________________5. Examples of herbal supplements having potential health risks A. Saint John’s wort: B. Warfarin: Affecting the levels of a blood thinning medication, levels of oral contraceptives, interfering with medication taken by patients who have had organ transplantsUnit 7: Unit 7: Task 4Task 4 — Note Taking — Note TakingAltering the level of blood thinning_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Examples of herbal supplements having potential health risks C. Gingko Biloba: D. Red clover: E. Kava and valerian:Causing problems for patients who are on blood thinning medication Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 4Task 4 — Note Taking — Note Taking______________________________________________________________________________________Increasing your risk of bleeding___________________________________________React with anesthesia___________________________________________Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 4Task 4 — Note Taking — Note Taking6. Advice to those who have pesky, personal health problems A. B. C. To look for regular, over-the-counter remedies___________________________________________To check with a doctor and make sure they are not reflective of a more serious problem ______________________________________________________________________________________To check with a physician before taking any herbal supplements______________________________________________________________________________________B — Beth Ruyak H — HostG — Dr. Gundling Drugs and Herbal Supplements Drugs and Herbal SupplementsB: We spend about $3 billion a year on herbal supplements. That’s twice the amount we spent just five years ago. So, it’s important to ask if these products are safe, or if they are a waste of money that can in some circumstances be dangerous.H: Next time you have a cold, you may want to think twice beforeUnit 7:Unit 7: PartPart 1 1 —— VideoVideo Script (II)Script (II) c h o o si n g an h er b al s u p p l e m e n t t o relieve your symptoms. Not only because it may not work, but because i t may al so be d a n g e r o u s . G: The important thing to know is they’re not required to get FDA approval. And what that means is that they’re not required to go through the many years and many, many millions of dollars and studies required for demonstration of safety and efficacy.H: These herbs, which have crossed over from health food stores into s u p e r m a r k e t s a n d d r u g s t o r e s , a r e not r egul at ed by t he g o v e r n m e n t , so it’ s possible that you w o n ’t k n o w exactly what you are getting. G: Some that you purchase are very high quality, and when you compare batch to batch you can find the same concentration of active ingredients. But some of them, when you actually test what i s i n them, they have n o t h i n g o f what’ s advertised on the box, or they may have a different substance completely in there.H: Dr. Katherine Gundling, an immunologist with UC Davis Medical Center, suggests that by smart shopping, you can try to ensure that you’re getting a higher quality product.G: You want to make sure that it has an expiration date, so you have some idea of how long it’s been on the counter and that it will s t ill h a v e some medicinal quality to it. And the other thing is, there shoul d be i nf ormati on re g a rd in g the manufacturer on the box, p r e f e r a b l y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ’ s name and address and contact information.H: It’ s bad enough that you may be getting ripped off if you buy herbs that don’t contain what they list on their labels. But even worse, you may be risking your health, because taki ng herbal supplements with certain prescription medications c a n r e s u lt in potentially dangerous interactions. One example is Saint John’s wort, a popular herb that’s taken to ease mild depression. G: St. John’s wort lowers the le ve ls of Digoxin, an important heart medication. It also affects the l evel s of a bl ood thinning medi cati on, Warf ari n, s o m e tim e s called Coumadin, and can a lte r the level of blood thinning and have tremendously devastating effects on people who require this blood thinning medication to stay alive.H: Saint John’s wort can also affect levels of oral contraceptives and can interfere with medication taken by many patients w ho hav e had or gan t r a n s p l a n t s . A nother popul ar herb, Gingko Bi l oba, i s thought to enhance memory. But it, too, may cause problems for patients who are on blood thinning medication. G : A n o t h er o n e m o r e c o m m o n l y b e i n g taken by a lot of women in the post-menopausal period is red clover, because red cl over has a number of substances in it that it’ s thought might help with some of the symptoms of menopause. However, red cl over has a very hi gh concentration of natural Coumarins, which is the plant on which Coumadin or Warfarin is based. And so if you take very high concentrations enhance the effect of your blood thinning medication and increase your risk of bleeding.H: Studies have also shown that specific herbs can react with anesthesia. G: There are some medications — herbal products — i n p a r t i c u l a r , Kava and Valerian, that h a v e c le a r pharmacologic effects, so either anti-anxiety effects or relaxation effects that are true and real. But the problem is that if you’ re taking those right b e f o r e y o u have an anesthetic, it may take longer for you to come out from that anesthesia.H: Anesthesiologists are now telling pati ents to stop taki ng herbal supplements at least two weeks before surgery. So with all these warnings, is it even worth it to take them? G: I think that if people have pesky, personal health problems, I think it’s a very reasonable thing, if they’re otherwise healthy, to look for regular, over-the-counter remedi es. On the other h a n d , i f i t ’ s something that’s not resolving itself quickly or easily, it’ s always a good idea to check with a doctor and make sure it’s not reflective of a more serious problem.H: And patients who are on prescription medication should al w ay s check w i t h a p h ys ic ia n before taking any herbal supplements. Just because it’s “natural” does not mean it’s safe. G: Physicians are learning very qui ckl y whi ch of these s u b s t a n c e s can be used saf el y and which cannot in conjunction with other medications. But it’s still a largely unknown area, and we’ re tryin g to learn as quickly as we can.B: Many products now have herbal additives, but check the list of ingredients. If it’s down near the bottom, there probably isn’t enough of it to cause any drug interaction. And for any questions, of course, ask your doctor. 2 Part ConceptPart 2 Listening ComprehensionPart 2 Listening ComprehensionListen to a passage “Safety Questions about Drugs” and complete the following guided summary.Task 5Task 5SummaryUnit 7: Unit 7: Task 5Task 5 — Summary — SummarySymptomsSymptomsSide-effectSide-effectSeveral pain medicines in the United States have been linked to an increase in heart attacks and strokes. Celebrex is a popular pain medicine for people who suffer from (1) , but a ne w s tudyshows that high levels of Celebrex increase (2) . A recent study has also raised safety questions about the pain medicine naproxen, sold as Aleve, which can increase (3) .the bone disease arthritisthe risk of heart attack___________________ the risk of heart attacks and strokes ____________________________________________________Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 5 Task 5 — Summary— SummaryActions to Actions to taketakeThe FDA says it is too early to say what action might be taken on Celebrex and Aleve. The agency can (4) . Or a drug company can (5) . This happened in September when Merck and Company stopped selling its popular arthritis pain medicine called Vioxx. legally remove, or recall, a harmful product from the marketplace _____________________________________________________withdraw a product________________Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 5Task 5 — Summary — SummaryCriticismCriticismAlternativesAlternativesThe recall of Vioxx has led to criticism about the FDA, which has been said to be (6) . Safety concerns about Vioxx, Celebrex and Aleve may lead doctors to consider (7) , another form of pain treatment, to ease the suffering of people with pain in their knees caused by arthritis. unwilling to admit possible safety problems with drugs that it has already approved _________________________________________________________________________ traditional Chinese acupuncture _______________________________Safety Questions about Safety Questions about DrugsDrugsUnit 7:Unit 7: PartPart 2 2 —— AudioAudio Script (I)Script (I)Several pain medicines in the United States have been linked to an increase in heart attacks and strokes. Pfizer Drug Company says a new study shows that high levels of Celebrex increase the risk of heart attack. Celebrex is a popular pain medicine for people who suffer from the bone disease arthritis.The company says it will continue to sell Celebrex. But, it will halt all media advertisements about the drug. The company also says it will continue to market Celebrex directly to doctors. Sales people from drugcompanies often give free supplies of medicines to doctors. Doctors often give them to their patients. A recent study has also raised safety questions about the pain medicine naproxen, sold as Aleve. A study by the National Institutes of Health says the drug can increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. The Bayer Group drug company makes Aleve. People can buy the drug in stores without an order or prescription from their doctor. Patients can also take a prescription form of the drug. The United States Food and Drug Administration says it is too early to say what action might be taken on Celebrex and Aleve. The agency can legally remove, or recall, a harmful product from the marketplace. Or a drug company can withdraw a product. This happened in September when Merck and Company stopped selling its popular arthritis pain medicine called Vioxx. A study by Merck showed that heart attacks were almost two times as common among Vioxx users as among those who did not take the drug. The recall of Vioxx has led to criticism about the FDA. Richard Graham is a drug safety expert with the agency. Last month, he told a Senate committee that the FDA poorly supervised the approval of Vioxx. Doctor Graham said his agency denied evidence that Vioxx was unsafe. He also said the FDA is unwilling to admit possible safety problems with drugs that it has already approved.Safety concerns about Vioxx, Celebrex and Aleve may lead doctors to consider another form of pain treatment. Two new studies show that traditional Chinese acupuncture eased the suffering of people with pain in their knees caused by arthritis. Acupuncture involves placing thin needles in the skin at special parts of the body. 2 Part ConceptPartPart 3 Oral Interpretation3 Oral InterpretationTask 6Task 6Glossary PreviewTask 7Task 7Oral interpretationcounterfeit假冒的；伪造的假冒的；伪造的leukemia白血病白血病malaria 疟疾疟疾artemisinin 青蒿素（抗疟疾药）青蒿素（抗疟疾药）trial　　试验试验Unit 7: Task 6 — Glossary PreviewGet familiar with the following words and expressions for oral interpretation.Task 6Task 6Glossary Preview2 Part ConceptPartPart 3 Oral Interpretation3 Oral InterpretationListen to a passage “Taking Care with Medicines”, take notes when necessary and then interpret it into Chinese. Task 7Task 7Oral interpretation今今天天我我们们讨讨论论具具有有一一个个共共同同点点的的3 3个个不不同同问问题题：：这些问题都涉及药物。

这些问题都涉及药物一一个个问问题题是是伪伪造造药药即即使使是是训训练练有有素素的的医医学学专专业业人人员员也也很很难难鉴鉴别别这这些些药药物物伪伪造造药药看看上上去去很很像像以以真真药药名名字字出出售售的的药药，，但但是是这这些些药药没没有有什什么么益益处处，，而而且且在在一一些些情情况况下下可可能能有有害害，，病病人人也也可可能能错错失失服服用用真真药药的的机机会 Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 7Task 7 — Oral Interpretation — Oral Interpretation_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 7Task 7 — Oral Interpretation — Oral Interpretation世界卫生组织说，全球销售的药物中估计世界卫生组织说，全球销售的药物中估计10%10%是是伪造药物。

然而在发展中国家，服用的药物中有伪造药物然而在发展中国家，服用的药物中有25%25%或更多被认为是伪造药物或更多被认为是伪造药物药物生产商通过人的药物试验方式，向政府机药物生产商通过人的药物试验方式，向政府机构表明新药是安全有效的但是药物试验有时对涉构表明新药是安全有效的但是药物试验有时对涉及的人会有大的风险及的人会有大的风险Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 7Task 7 — Oral Interpretation — Oral Interpretation最最近近在在伦伦敦敦有有6 6人人在在一一种种药药物物试试验验过过程程中中差差一一点点死死去去，，这这些些受受试试者者在在被被注注射射一一种种治治疗疗白白血血病病和和其其他他疾疾病病的的药药物物几几分分钟钟就就产产生生了了严严重重的的反反应应公公众众利利益益组组织织说说，，许许多多制制药药公公司司在在实实验验新新药药中中冒冒太太大大的的风风险险不不过过，，任任何何一一种种药药物物的的安安全全性性和和有有效效性性还还取取决决于于该该药如何使用药如何使用致致病病菌菌会会对对药药物物有有抗抗药药性性，，药药物物服服用用不不当当时时尤尤其其如如此此。

世世界界卫卫生生组组织织对对抗抗药药性性威威胁胁到到现现在在治治疗疗疟疟疾疾最最有有效效的的药药物物发发出出了了警警告告世世界界卫卫生生组组织织在在努努力力迫迫使使制制药药公公司司只只能能与与其其他他抗抗疟疟疾疾药药物物一一起起销销售售青青蒿蒿素专家们说，单独服用青蒿素只会加快抗药性专家们说，单独服用青蒿素只会加快抗药性Unit 7: Unit 7: Task 7Task 7 — Oral Interpretation — Oral Interpretation__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Taking Care with Taking Care with MedicinesMedicinesUnit 7:Unit 7: PartPart 2 2 —— AudioAudio Script (II)Script (II)Today we talk about three separate issues with one thing in common: they all involve medicines. One problem is counterfeit medicines. These can be difficult even for highly trained medical professionals to identify. Counterfeit drugs are made to look and feel like the real medicines whose names they are sold under. But they do little or no good, and in some cases might be harmful. Patients also miss the chance to take the real medicines.The World Health Organization says an estimated 10 percent of the drugs sold worldwide are counterfeit. In developing countries, however, 25 percent or more of the medicines taken are believed to be counterfeit. One way that drug makers show government agencies that new medicines are safe and effective is through human trials. Yet these can sometimes present great risks to the people involved. Recently, six men in London came close to dying during tests of an experimental drug. They developed severe reactions within minutes of being injected with a dr ug f or l euk emi a and other di seases. Publ i cinterest groups argue that many drug companies take too many risks in testing new medicines. Yet the safety and effectiveness of any drug can also depend on how it is used. Disease-causing organisms can become resistant to drugs, especially if the medicines are not taken correctly. The WHO has warned of such a threat to what is now the most effective drug for malaria. The agency is trying to pressure drug companies only to sell artemisinin in combination with other malaria drugs. Experts say taking it alone will only speed up the development of resistance. 2 Part ConceptPart 4 Language FocusPart 4 Language FocusPlease learn some useful expressions or patterns in the unit.One problem is counterfeit medicines. These can be difficult even for highly trained medical professionals to identify.lcounterfeit medicines 伪造药伪造药 lhighly trained medical professionals 训练有素的医学专业人员训练有素的医学专业人员One way that drug makers show government agencies that new medicines are safe and effective is through human trials.ldrug makers 药物生产商药物生产商lhuman trials 人的人的(药物药物)试验试验They developed severe reactions within minutes of being injected with a drug for leukemia and other diseases.ldevelop severe reactions 产生严重反应产生严重反应lleukemia 白血病白血病 Public interest groups argue that many drug companies take too many risks in testing new medicines.lpublic interest groups 公众利益组织公众利益组织ltesting new medicines 实验新药实验新药Disease-causing organisms can become resistant to drugs, especially if the medicines are not taken correctly.ldisease-causing organisms 致病菌致病菌lresistant to drugs 对药物有抗对药物有抗药性药性The agency is trying to pressure drug companies only to sell artemisinin in combination with other malaria drugs.lartemisinin 青蒿素青蒿素lmalaria 疟疾疟疾Experts say taking it (artemisinin) alone will only speed up the development of resistance.ltake …. alone 单独服用单独服用lspeed up the development of resistance 加快抗药性加快抗药性医学英语视听说教程医学英语视听说教程医学英语视听说教程医学英语视听说教程IIIIIIII(Audio-Visual-Oral English for Medical Professionals II)—— 医学教育与健康服务医学教育与健康服务(— Medical Education and Health Service)制作：中山大学中山医学院外语教研培训中心制作：中山大学中山医学院外语教研培训中心。