跨文化交际课件-L-13-Nonverbal-Communication.ppt

Lecture Thirteen Studying Areas of Nonverbal CommunicationLearning ObjectivesTime LanguageSpace Language Body LanguageParalanguageGeneral IntroductionlIn broad terms,nonverbal communication covers four studying areas:l1.Time language(chronemics):punctuality,promptness,l time orientation,etc.l2.Space language(proxemics):body distance and bodyl touchl3.Body language(kinesics):posture,stance,gesture,l facial expression,eye contact,appearance,etc.l4.Paralanguage(voice modulation):speed,volume,pausel silence,etc.Part One Time LanguageI.Definition of Time Language l Time language(temporal language or chronemics)refers to the way in which time is used in a culture.A cultures use of time can provide valuable cues to how members of that culture value and respond to time.Different cultures have different senses of time.There are three time orientations:(1)past orientation (2)present orientation (3)future orientationII.Time Orientation(1)past orientation:Chinese,British,Japanese,French and Greek cultures belong to past orientation.Because these cultures have long history and people tend to look back their marvelous traditions.They take long-range view of events and are less likely hurry to make decisions.They believe that the past can be used as a guide to direct how to live in the present and people in such cultures respect and obey the elderly.II.Time Orientation(2)present orientation Some cultures concentrate on the present and dont worry too much about tomorrow.Present-oriented people place an emphasis on living for the moment.Just like Latin Americans who are spontaneous but have a casual relaxed lifestyle.and Arabians who tend to regard the present as a place where the past,present and future come together and believe future events are in the hands of Allah and out of their control.II.Time Orientation(3)future orientation Americans tend to be future oriented.Firstly,their ancestors severed their links with their European roots and started anew.They dont have a long history,and dont like looking back on the past.Secondly,their values of independence and individualism drive them forward to build brighter future.III.Time systemsThere are two time systems,which elaborated by Hall.1.Monochronic Time(M-Time)Monochronic Time is characteristic of people from America,Germany,Australia,Canada as well as North Europe.It emphasizes on schedules,segmentation and promptness.It features one event at a time.Time is perceived as a linear structure,which is concrete and tangible.2.Polychronic Time(P-Time)Latin American,African Arab and most Asian cultures are P-Time.People from these cultures schedule several activities at the time,and time for them is more flexible and human-centered.III.Time systemsComparison of M-Time and P-Time PeopleMonochronic Polychronic do one thing at a timedo many things at onceconcentrate on the jobbe easily distracted and subject to interruptiontake time commitments(deadlines,schedules)seriouslyconsider time commitments an objective to be achieved,if possibleare low context and need informationare high context and already have informationadhere to planschange plans often and easilyIII.Time systemsComparison of M-Time and P-Time PeopleMonochronic Polychronic are concerned about not disturbing others;follow rules of privacyare more concerned with people close to them(family,friends,close business associates)than with privacyshow great respect for private property;seldom borrow or lendborrow and lend things often and easilyemphasize promptnessbase promptness on the relationshipare accustomed to short-term relationshiphave a strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipV.Case Analysis Once,a U.S.diplomat was eager to make an appointment with an African high-level government official,who grudgingly permitted.The American arrived at the agreed time but was made to wait.Half an hour passed,he was nervous,so he demanded an answer from the officials aid,but there was none.An hour passed before he was ushered in.To his surprise,there were many guests present.Obviously,the official was not prepared to receive him alone.What went wrong?Who was to blame?V.Case Analysisl The African official received the American one hour after the scheduled time because it was still considered punctual in his culture.He received several guests at once because it was considered appropriate according to his cultural norm.l The miscommunication which is resulted from the differences between two time systems always occurs.Monochronic-time is first of all characterized by cutting time into bits and scheduling one thing at a time.By contrast,polychronic-time cultures schedule several things at a time so that the time allowed for each is quite flexible.Part Two Space LanguageI.Definition of Space Languagel Definition of space languagel Spatial language or proxemics refers to the study of the way that people use body space and body touch to convey the message.Body space and body touch,which are determined by interpersonal relationship,pe。