地理信息专业英语复习资料.doc

翻译：1、GIS is a system of hardware，software aad procedures to facilitate the manipulation，analysis，modeling，representation and display of geo—referencedcomplex problems regarding planning and management of resollrces，翻译：gis是一个由硬件、软件和程序组成的系统，便于管理、处理、分析、模拟、表现并显示地理参照数据，从而解决规划和资源管理的复杂问题 2、GIS technology，integrates common database operations such as query and statisticalanalysis with the unique visualization and geographical analysis benefits offered by maps．Theseabilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range ofpublic and private enterprises for explaining events，predicting outcomes，and planning strategies(ESRI)． 翻译：地理信息系统技术将诸如查询和统计分析的常见的数据库操作和地图特有的可视化功能和地理分析优势集成起来。

这些功能是区分地理信息系统和其他信息系统的关键，并且对于众多的公共和私营企业用于事件解析，结果预测和战略规划十分有价值(ESEI) 3、Projection is a fundamental component of mapmaking．A projection is a mathematicalmeans of transferring information from the earth’s three—dimensional，curved surface to a twodimensional medium--paper or a computer screen．Mathematically speaking，map projectionsare transformations of geographic coordinates(1atitude，longitude)into the Cartesian(x，y)coordinate space of the map． 翻译：投影是地图制作的一个基本要素，同时也是将信息从地球的三维曲面上传递到纸张或电脑屏幕二维介质上的一种数学手段。

从数学上来讲，地图投影就是将地理坐标(纬度，经度)转换为地图的笛卡儿空间坐标(x，Y)4、A raster based system displays，locates，and stores graphical data by using a matrix orgTid of cells such as squares，triangular，or hexagonal cells，or even irregular triangles orpolygons，which are tessellated to form geographical representations． 翻译：基于栅格数据的系统采用栅格单元有正方形、三角形或六角形形成了地理表征栅格矩阵或栅格单元显示、定位存储地理数据，这些，甚至不规则三角形或多边形，这些单元嵌合在一起形成了地理表征 5、A vector based system displays graphical data as points，lines or curves，or areas withattributes． Cartesian coordinates (i．e． x and Y) and computational algorithms of thecoordinates define points in a vector system．Lines or arcs are a series of ordered points．Areasor polygons are also stored as ordered lists of points，but by making the beginning and endpoints the same node the shape is closed and defined． 翻译：基于矢量数据的系统用点、线或曲线、面及其属性显示图形数据。

笛卡儿坐标(即光和Y)和坐标计算算法确定矢量系统中的点、线或弧段是一系列有序点面或多边形也是用一系列有序点储存的，但是起始节点和结束节点相同以闭合和确定图形 6、Geo-referencing describes the process of locating an entity in“real world” coordinates，establishing a relation between raster or vector images to map projections or coordinate systems． 翻译：空间参照描述了定位实体在“真实世界”的坐标及确立栅格或矢量影像与地图投影或坐标系统关系的过程7、Map projections are systematic transformations that allow the orderly representation ofthe earth’S spherical gratieule on a flat map．Mathematically speaking，map projections aretransformations of geographical coordinates(1atitudelongitude)into the Cartesian(x，Y)co—ordinate space of the map． 翻译：地图投影是一种系统转换，即将地球球面上的方格网有序地表示在平面地图上。

从数学上来讲，地图投影是地理坐标(纬度，经度)到地图笛卡儿(x，Y)坐标空间的转换8、first of all ,we need to demonstrate more convincingly that existing spatial analysis techniques can be used to address important substantive problems of interest to GIS practitioner and that such techniques are capable of providing meaningful insight which can`t be obtained otherwise. 翻译：首先，我们需要更有说服力的证据来证明现有的空间分析技术可用解决GIS从业者感兴趣的重要的实质性问题，并且这些技术可提供其他方式所不能提供有意义的方案9、today, a GIS can be defined as a computing application capable of creating stronger manipulating visualizing and analyzing geographic information it finds . it strongest applications in resources management utilities management telecommunications whom and regional planning vehicle routing and parcel delivery and in all of the sciences that deal with the surface of the earth. 翻译：今天地理信息系统可以被定义为一个集创造、存储、操作、可视化和分析地理信息的计算机应用程序。

它广泛的被应用于资源管理、公共事业管理、电信城市区域规划的工具路由及包裹计价和在所有的处理地地球表所有事物的科学10、书信格式： Mr. Steve PincusHuman RelationsWinfield Medical100 Main StreetWinfield, FL 09876Dear Mr. Pincus:正文Hire me.SincerelyJohn Apgood(555) 456-789 Home Phone(555) 765-4321 Work PhoneMethodAdvantagesDisadvantages Raster1、Simple data structure2、Compatible with remotely sensed or scanned data3、simple spatial analysis procedures1、Requires greater storage space on computer2、Depending on pixel size，graphical output may be less pleasing3、Projection transformations are more difficult4、More difficult to represent topological relation shipsVector1、Requires less disk storage space2、Topological relationships are readily maintained3、Graphical output more closely resembles hand—drawn maps1、More complex data structure2、Not as compatible with remotely sensed data3、Software and hardware are often more expensive4、Some spatial analysis procedures may be more difficult5、Overlaying multiple vector maps is often time consumingalbers equal—area conic projection 阿尔伯斯等积圆锥投影Cartesian coordinates笛卡儿坐标continuous fields连续字段coordinate systems坐标系统 data capture 数据获取data integration数据集成data output数据输出data structures数据结构datum基准面developable Sulfate 投影面digital elevation models(DEM) 数字地面模digital terrain model(DTM)数字高程模型discrete objects离散对象el。