全球大气汞污染控制和监测国际经验.pptx

Klikk for redigere tittelstil,Klikk for redigere tekststiler i malen,Andre niv,Tredje niv,Fjerde niv,Femte niv,1,Internationalexperiencesonatmosphericmercurypollutioncontrolandmonitoring,全,球,球,大,大,气,气,汞,汞,污,污,染,染,控,控,制,制,和,和,监,监,测,测,国,国,际,际,经,经,验,验,ThorjornLarssen,NorwegianInstituteforWaterResearch,NIVA,挪,威,威,水,水,研,研,究,究,所,所,Historyofmercuryuse,汞,利,利,用,用,历,历,史,史,Mercuryhasalongerhistorythanmostotherpollutants,与,多,多,数,数,其,其,他,他,污,污,染,染,物,物,相,相,比,比,，,，,汞,汞,历,历,史,史,更,更,长,长,Historyofmercuryuse,汞,利,利,用,用,历,历,史,史,3500yearsago:mercurymininginPerumercury(cinnabar-HgS)usedinreddye,3500,年,前,前,：,：,秘,鲁,鲁,汞,汞,矿,矿,-,汞,（,（,朱,朱,砂,砂,HgS),用,做,做,红,红,色,色,染,染,料,料,Historyofmercuryuse,汞,利,利,用,用,历,历,史,史,2200yearsago:mercuryusedtoprotectthetombofEmperorQinShiHuanginChina,2200,年,前,前,：,：,中,中,国,国,人,人,用,用,汞,汞,做,做,材,材,料,料,保,保,护,护,秦,秦,始,始,皇,皇,陵,陵,墓,墓,Historyofmercuryuse,汞,利,利,用,用,历,历,史,史,1555:Inventionofuseofmercuryinsilverandgoldmining(amalgamation),1555,年：,首,首次,将,将汞,用,用于,金,金矿,银,银矿,的,的开,采,采中,（,（汞,齐,齐化,）,）,Majoruse:silvermining,Historyofmercuryuse,汞利,用,用历,史,史,1850:ThegoldrushinNorth-America(mercuryusedinmining),1850,年：,北,北美,“,“淘,金,金热,”,”（,汞,汞被,用,用于,金,金矿,开,开采,）,）,Historyofmercuryuse,汞利,用,用历,史,史,WorldwarIandII:Mercuryuseinammunition,两次,世,世界,大,大战,：,：汞,用,用于,制,制造,武,武器,弹,弹药,Historyofmercuryuse,汞利,用,用历,史,史,1956:MinamatadiseaseEnvironmentalawarenessbegins,1956,年：,水俣,病,病发,生,生，,有,有关,汞,汞的,环,环境,意,意识,开,开始,觉,觉醒,Historyofmercuryuse,汞利,用,用历,史,史,1956:MinamatadiseaseEnvironmentalawarenessbegins,1956,年：,水,水俣,病,病的,发,发生,，,，有,关,关汞,的,的环,境,境意,识,识开,始,始觉,醒,醒,Photo:EugeneSmith,Historyofmercuryuse,汞利,用,用历,史,史,1960s:HighlevelsofmercuryfoundinfishinScandinavia,20,世纪,60,年代,：,：斯,堪,堪的,纳,纳维,亚,亚半,岛,岛的,鱼,鱼类,体,体内,汞,汞含,量,量过,高,高,Firstinlakeswithdirectreleases,soonlateralsoinremoteareas,最初,仅,仅出,现,现在,直,直接,排,排放,的,的湖,泊,泊受,体,体，,不,不久,又,又出,现,现在,更,更远,的,的区,域,域,Historyofmercuryuse,汞利,用,用历,史,史,1980:RestrictiononusestartsinEuropeGoldminingboominS-America,Africa,SEAsia(mercuryusedinmining),1980,年：,欧,欧洲,开,开始,禁,禁用,汞,汞；,金,金矿,开,开采,在,在南,美,美、,非,非洲,和,和东,南,南亚,如,如火,如,如荼,（,（并,将,将汞,用,用于,采,采矿,）,）,ConsumptionanduseofHg,汞的,消,消耗,和,和利,用,用,PVCproduction(fromcoal,China),聚氯,乙,乙烯,的,的生,产,产（,煤,煤，,中,中国,）,）,Goldandsilvermining,金、,银,银矿,的,的开,采,采,Chlor-alkaliproduction,氯碱,生,生产,Batteries,电池,Thermometers,manometers,etc,温度,计,计和,压,压力,计,计等,Dentalamalgam,牙汞,齐,齐,Electricswitches,电源,开,开关,Lamps,灯具,Pesticides,biocides,pharmaceuticals,农药,、,、杀,生,生物,剂,剂、,药,药品,Paints,涂料,IndustrialconsumptionofHginUSA,美国,的,的工,业,业用,汞,汞,FromSznopekandGoonan,2000,Globalmercuryemissionstoair,全,全球,大,大气,汞,汞排,放,放,Globalemissionofmercurytoair,全球,大,大气,汞,汞排,放,放,(approximate,schematicillustration,估值,；,；简,图,图,),MercuryemissionsinEurope,欧洲,汞,汞排,放,放,(EU-27,1990-2008,fromEEA,2010),（欧,盟,盟,27,国，,1990-2008,年，,欧,欧盟,环,环保,署,署,2010,年数,据,据）,MercuryemissionsinEurope,electricityandheating,欧洲,汞,汞排,放,放,-,电力,和,和供,暖,暖,(,EU-27,1990-2008,fromEEA,2010),（欧,盟,盟,27,国，,1990-2008,年，,欧,欧盟,环,环保,署,署,2010,年数,据,据）,MercuryemissionsinEurope,metalsproduction,欧洲,汞,汞排,放,放,-,金属,生,生产,(EU-27,1990-2008,fromEEA,2010),（欧,盟,盟,27,国，,1990-2008,年，,欧,欧盟,环,环保,署,署,2010,年数,据,据）,MercuryemissionsinEurope,chemicalindustry,incl.chlor-alkali,欧洲,汞,汞排,放,放,-,化工,，,，包,括,括氯,碱,碱,(,EU-27,1990-2008,fromEEA,2010),（欧,盟,盟,27,国，,1990-2008,年，,欧,欧盟,环,环保,署,署,2010,年数,据,据）,DriversforreductionsinEurope,Technologies,Policiesandlegislation,Publicawareness,DriversforreductionsinEurope,Coalfiredpowerplantsandboilers:,Closedownoldpowerplantsandboilers,IncreasinglyadvancedSO,2,PMandNO,X,control,Increasingenergyefficiency,Nospecificmercuryreducingtechnology!,Allco-benefitsofothermeasures,MercuryemissionsinEurope,electricityandheating,欧洲,汞,汞排,放,放,-,电力,和,和供,暖,暖,(,EU-27,1990-2008,fromEEA,2010),（欧,盟,盟,27,国，,1990-2008,年，,欧,欧盟,环,环保,署,署,2010,年数,据,据）,DriversforreductionsinEurope,Metalssmelting:,Largestreductionbefore1990!,Developmentoftechnologiesformercurycontrolsince1970s,eginZnindustry:,Norzink-Bolidenprocess,Outokumpu/Outotecprocess,Increasingenvironmentalawareness,Specificmercuryreducingtechnology!,Veryefficientreductions,Costeffective!,MercuryemissionsinEurope,metalsproduction,欧洲,汞,汞排,放,放,-,金属,生,生产,(EU-27,1990-2008,fromEEA,2010),（欧,盟,盟,27,国，,1990-2008,年，,欧,欧盟,环,环保,署,署,2010,年数,据,据）,DriversforreductionsinEurope,Chemicalindustry:,PhaseoutHgelectrodesinchlor-alkaliproduction,ReducedHginproducts,strictregulations,Batteries,Medicalequipment,Increasedrecycling,Increasedenvironmentalawareness,MercuryemissionsinEurope,chemicalindustry,incl.chlor-alkali,欧洲,汞,汞排,放,放,-,化工,，,，包,括,括氯,碱,碱,(,EU-27,1990-2008,fromEEA,2010),（欧,盟,盟,27,国，,1990-2008,年，,欧,欧盟,环,环保,署,署,2010,年数,据,据）,DriversforreductionsinEurope,Technologies,Policiesandlegislation,Publicawareness,MercuryemissionsinEurope,欧洲汞,排,排放,(EU-27,2008,fromEEA,2010),（欧盟,27,国，,2008,年，欧,盟,盟环保,署,署,2010,年数据,）,）,Europeanstrategyonmercury pollution,欧洲汞,污,污染防,治,治策略,Reduce,emissions,减,排,Reduceuse(,supply,and,demand),减少使,用,用,（供、,需,需）,Resolve long-termfate of mercury,解决汞,的,的远期,去,去向问,题,题,(inproductsstillin,use,orin,storage,),（仍在,使用,或被,储存,的含汞,产,产品）,Protect against,exposure,避免,暴露,Improve,understanding,提高,认识,Support,intern。