跨文化交际Unit3课件.ppt

Unit 3Cultural DiversityWarm Up Friendships China: People are willing to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owned. U.S.: People value more individual achievement and independence rather than relationship with one another, not willing to put themselves in others’ debt.Different Lands, Different Friendships In every country people value friendship. The difficulty is not a lack of appreciation of friendship, but different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.Who is a friend? What does a Frenchman mean when he says: “This is my good friend.” “This is my friend.” Who is closer to him? Simple translation from one language to another is difficult.Friendships in comparison American friendships: superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring French friendships: are of the same sex, basically between men; demands a keen awareness of the other’s intellect, temperament and interests; are compartmentalize; not part of family life German friendships: more a matter of feeling, have much to do with family English friendships: based on shared activitiesCommon Elements in Friendships of Different Styles Friendship, in contrast with kinship, is a matter of free choiceThe sense of being a special individualInevitably a kind of equality of give-and-takeSome Tools for Comparing and Contrasting CulturesKluckhohn & Strodtbeck’s Model (PP. 85-89)Hofstede’s Model (PP. 99-105)Hall’s High-Context & Low-Context Cultures (PP. 110-115)Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck’s ModelFive basic orientations:ØHuman nature: good / evil?ØRelationship of man to nature: Man subjugated by nature; Man in harmony with nature; Man the master of natureØSense of time: past, present, or future-orientedØActivity: being, growing, or doingØSocial relationships: authoritarian, group-oriented, or individualisticHofstede’s ModelFive dimensions:ØIndividualism versus collectivismØUncertainty avoidanceØPower distanceØMasculinity versus femininityØLong-term versus short-term orientationIndividualism versus collectivismThe degree to which a culture relies on and has allegiance to the self or the groupIndividualism: e.g. Australia, Belgium, the Netherland, and the U.S.Collectivism: e.g. Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan, and ChinaIndividualismIndividual: primary source of motivationIndependence, privacy, self, and the all-important IHighly individualistic, believing that people are only supposed to take care of themselves, and perhaps their immediate familyDecision making: based on what is good for the individual, not for the groupDealing with interpersonal problems: confrontational strategiesCollectivismGroup: the most important social unitsGroup-oriented, requiring an absolute loyalty to the groupObligations to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions, a “we” consciousness, and an emphasis on belongingDecision making: based on what is best for the groupDealing with interpersonal problems: avoidance, third-party intermediaries, or the other face-saving techniquesThe ingroup and the outgroupHofstede’s ModelUncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structurePower distance: the degree to which the culture believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and the decisions of the power holders should be challenged or acceptedMasculinity versus femininity (achievement-nurturance): the degree to which a culture values such behaviors as assertiveness and the acquisition of wealth or caring for others and the quality of lifeLong-term versus short-term orientation: time-orientation, a person’s point of reference about life and workHall’s High-Context & Low-Context CulturesHigh-Context Cultures / Communication e.g. Japanese, Chinese, Korean culturesLow-Context Cultures / Communication e.g. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American culturesHigh-Context Communication or MessageMost of the information is in the context or internalized in the person;Very little is in in the coded, explicit part of the message;Communication patterns of indirect verbal mode;Listeners “read between the lines” to infer the implicit intent of the verbal message;Listeners need to observe the nonverbal nuancces and subtleties that accompany and enhance the verbal message;Stress the importance of multilayered contexts Low-Context Communication or MessageMost of the information is given in the explicit code;The context or situation plays a minimal role;Communication patterns of direct verbal mode;Speakers send clear, persuasive message that listeners can easily decodeimplicit intent of the verbal message;Stress the importance of explicit verbal messages to convey personal thoughts, opinions, and feelings.Hall’s High-Context & Low-Context Cultures“I love you. Do you love me?” C: (blushing)You guess… A: (smiling) I love you more.你问我爱你有多深 我爱你有几分 你去想一想 你去看一看 月亮代表我的心Case Study A New ProcedureMs. Cooper: The new tracking procedure hasn’t worked, has it?Mr. Wong: There were some small problems.Ms. Cooper: Whose idea was it anyway?Mr. Wong: We need to learn from this lesson.Ms. Cooper: Yes. It came from Mr. Tung’s division, didn’t it?Mr. Wong: Many people worked on this proposal.Case Study 9 Hierarchical structure in Japan:-Depending mainly on seniority, social roles and gender-People in lower positions should be loyal and obedient to authorityAmerican culture: people are encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions.Case Study 10 What is a company?The company in Japan: a big family-Manager take care of employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves (even sacrifice their own interests) to the development of the companyThe company in France: a loosely-knit social organization-Individuals take care of themselves and their familiesDecision making in the family-In Japan: often females not involved, the right lies with the dominating maleMovie Appreciation: My Big Fat Greek WeddingIndividualism versus collectivism: U.S.A. 200 / Greece -34 Concept of the family: nuclear / extended family (family dinner; wedding)Uncertainty avoidance: U.S.A. -97 / Greece 191 Toula’s father: efforts to be isolated from American culture Ian’s father: tolerance for and acceptance of Greek culturePower distance: U.S.A. -90 / Greece 2 Father’s authority in Greece Independence and social equality in U.S.A.此课件下载可自行编辑修改，供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！。