APA体例实用教案.ppt
38页
WhatisAPA?APA (American Psychological Association)在社会科学领域，APA是美国心理协会(xiéhuì)最常用的论文格式is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences.第1页/共37页第一页，共38页 WhatdoesAPAregulate?APA regulates:StylisticsIn-text citationsReferences (a list of all sources used in the paper)APA规范的三大基本方面：文体(wén tǐ)、文内引用、参考书目第2页/共37页第二页，共38页 APAstylistics:BasicsØ the third person point of view rather thanØ using the first person point of view or the passiveØ voice使用(shǐyòng)第三人称，而不是第一人称ØThe study showed that…, NOTØ I found out that….Ø the active voice rather than passive voiceØ 使用(shǐyòng)主动语态，而不是被动语态ØThe participants responded…, NOTØ The participants have been asked…. Use:Point of view and voice in an APA paperAPA论文中观点(guāndiǎn)的陈述第3页/共37页第三页，共38页。
Ø clear: be specific in descriptions and Ø explanations清晰(qīngxī)/明了：具体的描述和解释Ø Ø concise: condense information when youØ can简洁：必要时浓缩语言Ø plain: use simple, descriptiveØ adjectives and minimize the figurativeØ language简单：使用简单的、描述性的词语，尽量不用修辞Language in an APA paper is:APA论文中的语言(yǔyán)使用APAstylistics:Language第4页/共37页第四页，共38页 TypesofAPAPapersAPA论文(lùnwén)的类型Ø The literature review:文学综述Øthe summary of what the scientific literature says about the topic of your research– Øincludes title page, introduction, list of referencesØ是本科学领域中对某一研究课题的科学论文的概括，包括标题页、介绍以及参考书目Ø The experimental report:实验报告Øthe description of your experimental research--Øincludes title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references, appendices, tables & figures 实验研究的描述(miáo shù)，标题页、摘要、介绍、研究方式、结果、讨论、参考、附录表格和数据第5页/共37页第五页，共38页。
TypesofAPAPapersØ follow the general format遵循(zūn xún)标准格式Ø consult the instructor向老师请教Ø consult Publication Manual参阅格式手册If your paper fits neither of the categories above, 如果你的论文(lùnwén)不适合于上述类型第6页/共37页第六页，共38页 GeneralFormat标准(biāozhǔn)格式Ø be typed, double-spaced, with two spaces after punctuation between sentences 双面打印，标点符号后空两格Ø on standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) 纸张大小：Ø with 1” margins on all sides 页边距：上下左右均为1cmØ in 10-12 pt. Times New Roman or a similar fontØ 字体为Times New Roman，或者与其相似的字体，字号(zì hao)10-12Ø include a page header (title) in the upper left-Ø hand of every page and a page number in the Ø upper right-hand side of every pageØ 每一页应有页眉（左上方），页码在每页右上方Your essay should:第7页/共37页第七页，共38页。
ReferencesMain Body AbstractGeneralFormat(cont’d)摘要(zhāiyào)、概述Title pageYour essay should include four major sections:论文包括四部分：标题(biāotí)页、摘要、主体以及参考书目第8页/共37页第八页，共38页 TitlePage标题(biāotí)页Page header:(use Insert Page Header)title flush left + page number flush right.页眉（使用内置页眉）：标题左对齐，页码右对齐Title:(in the upper half of the page, centered)name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)标题（左上方，居中）：姓名（无头衔或学位），所属机构（大学等）第9页/共37页第九页，共38页 AbstractPage摘要(zhāiyào)页Page header: do NOT include “Running head:”页眉不包括栏外标题Abstract (centered, at the top of the page)摘要（页面顶端，居中）Write a brief (between 150 and 250 words) summary of your paper in an accurate, concise, and specific manner. Should contain: at research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. May also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. May also include keywords.用准确、简洁、具体的语言概述论文内容（150-200字）。
包括：研究课题、研究问题、参与者、研究方式、结果、数据分析、结论也可以包括研究中可能存在的问题以及未来的发展、关键词第10页/共37页第十页，共38页 MainBody(Text)主体(zhǔtǐ)Ø The first text page is page number 3 Ø主体的第一页在总论文的第三页Ø Type the title of the paper centered, at the top ofØ the pageØ论文标题位于页面顶端，居中Ø Type the text double-spaced with all sectionsØ following each other without a breakØ 段落首行缩进两格，段落中间不要空行Ø Identify the sources you use in the paper inØ parenthetical in-text citationsØ文内引用至于括号内以便说明其来源Ø Format tables and figuresØ 规范(guīfàn)表格和数据第11页/共37页第十一页，共38页。
ReferencesPage参考(cānkǎo)页Ø Center the title– References-- at the top of the pageØ参考（标题）顶端居中Ø Double-spaceØ reference entriesØ首行缩进两格Ø Flush left the first lineØ of the entry and indentØ subsequent linesØ条目左对齐，下面(xià mian)几行缩进Ø Order entries alphabetically by theØ author’s surnamesØ条目后括号内标注作者的姓名Do NOT include “Running head:” in the header after the title page!标题页后的标题中不包括栏外标题第12页/共37页第十二页，共38页 References:Basics参考书目要点(yàodiǎn)Ø Invert authors’ names (last name first followed Ø by initials).作者姓名，姓在前ØAlphabetize reference list entries the lastØ name of the first author of each work.Ø按照(ànzhào)字母表的顺序来排列著作第一作者的姓名ØCapitalize only the first letter of the first word ofØ a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon orØ a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do notØ capitalize the first letter of the second word in aØ hyphenated compound word.Ø只大写下列情况：标题、副标题的第一个字母，标题中冒号、破折号后的第一个词，专有名词。
不要大写复合词中第二个单词的首字母第13页/共37页第十三页，共38页 References:Basics(cont’d)概述(ɡàishù)Ø Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Ø 期刊所有的主要词汇大写Ø Italicize titles of longer works such as books andØ journals.Ø较长作品（如书目、期刊等）的标题斜写Ø Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes aroundØ the titles of shorter works such as journal Ø articles or essays in edited collections.Ø较短作品（如期刊中的文章、资料汇编中的论文等）的标题，不要(bùyào)斜体、下划线、引号第14页/共37页第十四页，共38页 Makingthereferenceslist参考书目的(mùdì)编写Ø Identify a type source: Is it a book? A journal article? Ø A webpage? 确定资料(zīliào)来源：书？期刊？还是网页？Ø Ø Find a sample of citing this type of source in the textbook Ø or in the OWL APA Guide.Ø在课本或者OWL APA 指南中找到引用这种资料(zīliào)的例子Ø “Mirror” the sample. 参照样本Ø Make sure that the entries are listed in the alphabetical Ø order and the subsequent lines are indented (Recall Ø References: basics). Ø确保条目是按照字母表的顺序排列，下面几行缩进APA is a complex system of citation, which is difficult to keep in mind. When compiling the reference list, the strategy below might be useful:APA 是一种复杂的引用系统，很难记忆。
编制(biānzhì)参考书目时，记住以下几点：第15页/共37页第十五页，共38页 In-textCitations:Basics文内引用(yǐnyòng)要点Ø the author’s name and the date of publicationØ作者的姓名，出版日期Øfor quotations and close paraphrases, provide aØ page number as wellØ引用语、释义、提供(tígōng)页码Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: 不管什么时候，只要引用(yǐnyòng)了相关信息，都要用括号，如：In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper. 在论文参考书目部分，文内引用帮助读者确认文献来源第16页/共37页第十六页，共38页 In-textCitations:Formatforaquotation文内引用(yǐnyòng)：规范引用(yǐnyòng)语Ø Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11). Ø A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11). When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase. Make sure to include the author’s name, the year of publication, the page number, but keep the citation brief—do not repeat the information. 在引用时，用简单的词组介绍引用语。
确保要包括作者的姓名、出版年份要是语言(yǔyán)简洁，不要重复信息下面是例子）第17页/共37页第十七页，共38页 In-textCitations:Formatforasummaryorparaphrase规范概述(ɡàishù)和释义Ø provide the author’s last name and the year ofØ publication in parenthesis after a summary orØ a paraphrase:Ø在概述和释义后用括号标注(biāo zhù)作者的姓、出版年份（下面是例子）Ø Though feminist studies focus solely on women'sØ experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating theØ masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).There are several formats for a summary or paraphrase:规范概述和释义有以下几种(jǐ zhǒnɡ)方式：第18页/共37页第十八页，共38页。
In-textCitations:FormatforasummaryorparaphraseØ include the author’s name in a signal phraseØ followed by the year of publication inØ parenthesis:Ø在信号词后（作者的姓名），用括号标注出版年份(niánfèn)（下面是例子）Ø Recently, the history of warfare has been Ø significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987), Ø Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to includeØ women’s personal and cultural responses toØ battle and its resultant traumatic effects.Formats for a summary or paraphrase (cont’d):第19页/共37页第十九页，共38页。
In-textCitations:FormatforasummaryorparaphraseØ when including the quotation in a Ø summary/paraphrase, also provide a pageØ number in parenthesis after the quotation:Ø若概述或释义中包含引用语，在引用语后用括号标注(biāo zhù)页码（下面是例子）Ø According to feminist researchers Raitt and TateØ (1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women'sØ responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).Formats for a summary or paraphrase (cont’d):第20页/共37页第二十页，共38页 In-textCitations:Signalwords信号(xìnhào)词Ø Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.Ø 用信号(xìnhào)词介绍引用语，如：According to X. (2008), “….” (p. 3).X. (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3).Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases 信号词用过去时或现在(xiànzài)完成时ØUse such signal verbs as:信号词，如下： acknowledged, contended, maintained, responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc..第21页/共37页第二十一页，共38页。
In-textCitations:Twoormoreworks两部或两部以上(yǐshàng)作品Ø When the parenthetical citation includes two orØ more works, order them in the same way theyØ appear in the reference list—the author’s name, Ø the year of publication—separated by a Ø semi-colon:当括号(kuòhào)内的引用语包括两部或两部以上作品时，将它们按照参考书目中的顺序排列——作者姓名，出版年份，中间用分号隔开如：Ø (Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)第22页/共37页第二十二页，共38页 In-textCitations:Aworkwithtwoauthors一本书的作者(zuòzhě)有俩个Ø When citing a work with two authors, use “and”Ø in between authors’ name in the signal phraseØ yet “&” between their names in parenthesis:Ø当引用(yǐnyòng)的这本书有两个作者，文内用and连接两个作者的名字，括号内用“&” 连接。
Ø According to feminist researchers Raitt and TateØ (1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women'sØ responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).Ø Some feminists researchers question that “women'sØ responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt &Ø Tate, 1997, p. 2).第23页/共37页第二十三页，共38页 In-textCitations:Aworkwith3to5authors一本书的作者(zuòzhě)有3-5人Ø When citing a work with three to five authors, Ø identify all authors in the signal phraseØ or in parenthesis:Ø当引用的这本书作者(zuòzhě)有3-5人，在括号内一一列举Ø (Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)Ø In subsequent citations, only use the firstØ author's last name followed by "et al." in theØ signal phrase or in parentheses:Ø 在之后的引用中，只需写出第一个作者(zuòzhě)，然后加上"et al." Ø (Harklau et al., 1993)第24页/共37页第二十四页，共38页。
In-textCitations:aworkwith6andmoreauthors一本(yīběn)的书的作者有六人或更多Ø When citing a work with six and more authors, Ø identify the first author’s name followed Ø by “et al.”:Ø当引用的这本的书的作者(zuòzhě)有六人或更多，写上第一位作者(zuòzhě)的姓名，后面加上“et al.”Ø Smith et al. (2006) maintained that….Ø Ø (Smith et al., 2006) 第25页/共37页第二十五页，共38页 In-textCitations:Aworkofunknownauthor书的作者(zuòzhě)未知Ø When citing a work of unknown author, use the Ø the source’s full title in the signal phrase and Ø cite the first word of the title followed by theØ year of publication in parenthesis. Put titles ofØ articles and chapters in quotation marks; Ø italicize titles of books and reports:Ø当被引用的这本书，其作者未知时，在信号词组中标注原始(yuánshǐ)资料的全部标题，在括号内标注标题的第一个单词、出版年份。
用引号标注文章章节的标题，书籍报告的标题斜体Ø According to “Indiana Joins FederalØ Accountability System” (2008), … ØOr, Ø (“Indiana,” 2008)第26页/共37页第二十六页，共38页 In-textCitations:Organization文内引用(yǐnyòng)中的组织Ø When citing an organization, mention theØ organization the first time when you cite the Ø source in the signal phrase or the parentheticalØ citation:当引用一个组织名称时，第一次提及时在信号词组或括号(kuòhào)内引用其来源Ø The data collected by the Food and DrugØ Administration (2008) confirmed that…Ø If the organization has a well-knownØ abbreviation, include the abbreviation inØ brackets the first time the source is cited andØ then use only the abbreviation inØ later citations:如果该组织有较广为认知的缩写，在第一次提及时标注来源，此后可直接用缩写形式。
Ø Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed … FDA’s experts tested…第27页/共37页第二十七页，共38页 In-textCitations:Thesamelastname/thesameauthor作者(zuòzhě)的姓相同Ø When citing authors with the same last names, Ø use first initials with the last names:Ø当作者的姓相同(xiānɡ tónɡ)时，使用名的首字母Ø (B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)Ø When citing two or more works by the sameØ author published in the same year, use Ø lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year ofØ publication to order the references:Ø当两部及以上作品出自同一个作者时， 为规定参考文献应用小写字母标注出版年份 Ø Smith’s (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants…第28页/共37页第二十八页，共38页。
In-textCitations:PersonalcommunicationØ When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., Ø include the communicator’s name, the fact that itØ was personal communication, and the date of theØ communication. Do not include personalØ communication in the reference list:Ø当引用采访、信件、邮件(yóujiàn)、通讯员姓名等私人信息时，不要在参考文献中涉及这些Ø A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students Ø had difficulties with APA style (personalØ communication, November 3, 2002).ØOr, Ø (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4,Ø 2001).第29页/共37页第二十九页，共38页。
In-textCitations:Electronicsources电子信息Ø When citing an electronic document, wheneverØ possible, cite it in the author-date style.Ø If electronic source lacks page numbers, locateØ and identify paragraph number/paragraphØ heading:Ø不管什么时候只要引用电子文件，就要标注作者所标明的日期如果电子文件没有页码(yèmǎ)，标上段落号Ø According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over MatterØ section, para. 6).第30页/共37页第三十页，共38页 APAHeadingsAPA uses a system of five heading levelsAPA所使用(shǐyòng)的五大标题层次系统APA标题层次格式1居中，粗体，标题区分大小写2左对齐，粗体，标题区分大小写3缩进，粗体，标题小写4缩进，粗体，斜体，标题小写4缩进，斜体，标题小写第31页/共37页第三十一页，共38页。
APAHeadingsAPA uses a system of five heading levels方式层次1学习场所层次2参与人员总数层次2老师层次3学生层次3结果层次1空间想象力层次2测试1 有经验的老师培训中的老师测试2动手能力层次3层次4层次4层次3层次2第32页/共37页第三十二页，共38页 APATables 表格(biǎogé)Ø Label a table with an Arabic numeral and provide a Ø title. The label and the title appear on separateØ lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced. Ø用阿拉伯数字给表格编号，需要有标题(biāotí)标签和标题(biāotí)分行（表格上方），左对齐，空一行Ø Cite a source in a note below the table:CountryRegular usersFrance9 mlTable 1Internet users in EuropeNote. The data are adapted from “The European Union and Russia”(2007). Retrieved from第33页/共37页第三十三页，共38页。
APAFigures数据(shùjù)Ø Label a figure with an Arabic numeral and provide a Ø title. The label and the title appear on the same lineØ below the figure, flush-left .Ø用阿拉伯数字给数据编号，需要有标题标签个标题在同一(tóngyī)行（数据下方），左对齐Ø Cite the source below the label and the title:Figure 1. Internet users in EuropeNote: Eurostat Statistical books. (2007) The European Union and Russia: Statistical comparisonØ You might provide an additional title centered above the figure. 也可以添上额外的标题(biāotí)，数据上方，居中第34页/共37页第三十四页，共38页。
IfyouneedhelpwithAPAThere are several reference sources There are several reference sources toto get an answer get an answer toto your specific your specific question about APA:question about APA:下列途径可以下列途径可以获获得得(huòdé)APA(huòdé)APA的具体信息的具体信息ØOWL website: Ø Purdue Writing Lab @ HEAV 226Ø composition textbooksØ Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.Ø 第35页/共37页第三十五页，共38页 The End第36页/共37页第三十六页，共38页 感谢您的观看(guānkàn)！第37页/共37页第三十七页，共38页 内容(nèiróng)总结What is APA。
是本科学领域中对某一研究课题的科学论文的概括，包括标题页、介绍以及参考书目也可以包括研究中可能存在的问题以及未来的发展(fāzhǎn)、关键词段落首行缩进两格，段落中间不要空行按照字母表的顺序来排列著作第一作者的姓名感谢您的观看第三十八页，共38页。
